Social 1 - ch1

Karl Marx Theories: Marxism (Conflict Theory)

(1818-1883) • Social change is driven by economic influences "All human history thus far is the history of class struggle" • Conflict brought on by the exploitation of the poor by the rich under capitalism will bring social change • Capitalism: An economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit • Ruling class (bourgeoisie): those that own capital (factories, machines, large sums of money). •Working class (proletariat): They do not own the means of their livelihood but must find employment by the owners of capital.

Émile Durkheim Theories: Functionalism

(1858-1917) • Sociology must study social facts. • Functionalist Division of Labor: The specialization of work tasks. • A society of hunter-gathers has a low division of labor (each household carries out the same tasks to survive). • In the modern post-industrial age, there is a high complex division of labor that is international in scope. • The higher the division of labor, the more people are dependent on one another. • Each person needs goods and services that those in other occupations provide. • Division of labor is the basis of social cohesion. ------ ---French sociologist Émile Durkheim defined the term and argued that the discipline of Sociology should be understood as the empirical study of social facts.

Auguste Comte created the term sociology

-French philosopher who coined the term "sociology" -He believed the scientific method (scientific method is the rules to do research) could be applied to studying human behavior

Conflict Theory "Karl Marx"

Conflict Theory is a theory propounded by Karl Marx that claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources. It holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and conformity.

Modern Theoretical Approaches Functionalism

Functionalism • The best way to study society is to identify the roles that different aspects play. Society is made up of different parts that work together) Social Order***: Society is made up of parts that carry out functions that contribute to the whole (due to different parts of society having their own roles, their is social order) • Manifest Functions - Intended* • Latent Functions - unintended* Manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern, while latent functions are those unrecognized and unintended consequences. To analyze the manifest functions of any social institution, we have to study its contribution to the continuation of a group, community, or society.

Macro Level Theories

Macro-level sociology looks at large-scale social processes, such as social stability and change. (sociology looks at things at a larger scale such as immigration. Ex: How does immigration affect the lifestyle of peoples in different countries)

Functionalism (Latent/Manifest)

Manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern Latent functions: are those unrecognized and unintended consequences. To analyze the manifest functions of any social institution, we have to study its contribution to the continuation of a group, community, or society.

Micro Level Theories

Micro-level sociology looks at small-scale interactions between individuals, such as conversation or group dynamics.

W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963 Neglected Founders

Neglected Founders • First African American to graduate from Harvard • Known for "double consciousness" (people who are discriminated for example slaves begin to look at themselves in the eyes of their master) • Double consciousness: to maintain two behavioral scripts. One takes the external opinions of prejudiced onlooker into consideration. • One's sense of self and identity are influenced by historical and social circumstances.

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) Theories: Feminist Theory Neglected Founders

Neglected Founders • Translated Comte's writings • The first feminist social scientists writing in the English language • Active in early women's and abolitionist (slavery) movements • Studied the institution of marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations.

Qualitative Sociology

Qualitative Sociology is an academic journal dealing with sociology. It publishes research papers on the qualitative interpretation of social life. This includes photographic studies, historical analysis, comparative analysis, and ethnography Qualitative research, also called field research, typically involves fieldwork in which the researcher observes and records behavior and events in their natural setting. The researcher physically goes to the people, setting, or site in order to observe the subject as it normally and naturally occurs or behaves.

Quantitative Sociology

Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of data that is quantifiable. What does this mean? For data to be quantifiable, the data must be able to be counted or mathematically calculated. Also, quantitative research provides a means for researchers to be able to generate statistics with the data that is collected. The general idea of quantitative research is to get information that can be inferred (or generalized) to large populations of people. This concept is referred to as generalizability**. For example, if you wanted to know the differences between neighboring states in terms of attitude towards state government, a quantitative research design would offer comparison and statistics to demonstrate the differences between both states.

Key Terms/Concept: - Sociological Imagination * - Constructivism *

Sociological imagination: an awareness of the relationship between a person's behavior and experience and the wider culture that shaped the person's choices and perceptions. (awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society. Another way of describing sociological imagination is the understanding that social outcomes are based on what we do) Constructivism: An idea or practice that a group of people agree on exists. It is maintained over time by people taking its existence for granted.( things that all sociologists agree on)

Social Theory Industrial Revolution*** (1760 - 1829)

Sociology is rooted in questions about social change, social conflict, and social problems brought on by industrialization and urbanization Society: a group of people that live in a territory, are subject to a common political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity -Industrial Revolution (late 1760-1820 or 40): The Industrial Revolution is the name given the movement in which machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of manufacture. About the time of the American Revolution, the people of England began to use machines to make cloth and steam engines to run the machines. - New technology took over and U.S became more advanced!!!

Society

Types of Societies. According to sociologists, a society is a group of people with common territory, interaction, and culture. (Ex: Honor Society) Social groups consist of two or more people who interact and identify with one another. Territory: Most countries have formal boundaries and territory that the world recognizes as theirs.

Social facts

a thing originating in the institutions or culture of a society that affects the behavior or attitudes of an individual member of that society. -----In sociology, social facts are the values, cultural norms, and social structures which transcend the individual and are capable of exercising social control. French sociologist Émile Durkheim defined the term and argued that the discipline of Sociology should be understood as the empirical study of social facts.

Symbolic Interactionism

exchange of symbols through social interactions (are made through actions and the interpretations of each individual)

Karl Marx Marxism and Conflict Theory

• Conflict is a normal feature of society •Individuals and groups use power to promote their interests •Power: the capability of people to make their interests count, even when others resist. Power is exerted through force, rules, laws, and ideologies •Ideas used to justify the actions of the powerful

Max Weber Theories: Symbolic Interactionism

• Cultural ideas and values shape society (not just economics) • Studied religions • Aspects of Christian beliefs and practices led to the development of capitalism

Modern Theoretical Approaches

• Feminism and Feminist Theory • Gender relations and gender inequality are central to the study of society • Intersectional Theory: intersection of gender, race, and social class

Level of Analysis • Macro Level Theories (Macrosociology)

• Macro Level Theories (Macrosociology) • Functionalism and Marxism are macrosociology because of their study of social institutions, political and economic systems, industrialization, and globalization

Level of Analysis • Micro Level Theories (Microsociology)

• Micro Level Theories (Microsociology) • Symbolic interactionism is microsociology because of its study of face-to-face interaction

Research Methods Qualitative* Sociology:

• Qualitative Sociology: collects information that is not easily converted into numeric form. (interviews, participant observation) -Looks at the meanings that people give for their actions or to describe how social processes occur.

Research Methods • Quantitative* Sociology:

• Quantitative Sociology: seek to obtain information about the social worlds that with data that we already have or that can be converted to numerical form. (i.e. Census Data and GSS). -Using NUMBERS* • Uses statistical analysis (SPSS, STATA, SAS)

Neglected Theorists

• Racial ethnic minorities and women were not given the opportunity to become professional sociologists during the "classical"period. • All of the classical theorists ignored questions of race and gender, even as they focused on inequality, exploitation, and stratification.

George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

• Symbolic Interactionism* • Exchange of symbols through social interaction • one's sense of self develops through interactions with others • How do face to face interactions create the social world? • Interactions with others teach individuals how to act, what to say, and what to think