Social and Cultural Diversity
When a counselor speaks of what her or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to a. recommendations b. the diagnosis c. the prognosis d. the notion of transference
A. recommendations The DSM does not imply or recommend a given treatment process.
The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a a. 52- year old, single, African American male school administrator b. 49- year old, white homeless male c. 40- year old, divorced white female who is put out of work and has three children d. 19- year old Latina mother on welfare with two children
A. 52- year old, single, African American male school administrator Introspect: look within one's self Clients in higher social classes have more time to "look within themselves" (introspect) since they need not dwell as much on external survival needs
Good multicultural counselors are a. flexible b. rigid c. utilize Eric Brene's Transactional analysis (TA), Frits Perl's gestalt therapy, and/ or William Glasser's reality therapy in nearly every case. d. generally behavioristic
A. Flexible Every brand of therapy has it merits and its disadvantages. It is therefore best if the multicultural counselor remains flexible
When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to a. the prognosis b. the diagnosis c. the intervention d. attending behavior
A. Prognosis prognosis: refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition. When charting in a client's file the counselor would do well to discuss the length of treatment and the status expected at the end of treatment.
______________ is associated with obedience and authority a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist b. Arthur Janov, who created primal scream therapy c. A.T. Beck, a cognitive therapy pioneer d. Robert Harper, a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy movement
A. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist Most shocking and frightening investigations of all time. Milgram discovered that people who were told to give other powerful shocks did so on command. This principle is often used to explain "obedience and authority"
It is easiest to emphasize with a. a client who is similar to you b. a client who is dissimilar to you c. Latino/a clients d. Asian American male clients
A. a client who is similar to you Clients who have a counselor of the same ethnicity tend to stay in counseling longer
A client remarks, "Hey I'm African American and its nearly impossible to hide it." Thus is illustrative of the fact that a. race is not the same as ethnicity b. race and ethnicity are virtually identical c. a connotative impediment exists d. severe ambivalent transference exists
A. race is not the same as ethnicity you can generally see racial differences since they are the result of genetics.
In terms of diagnosis a. a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another b. culture is irrelevant in children under 14 c. culture is an issue with males, but not with females d. culture is an issue with females, but not with males
A. a client's behavior can be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another "Cultural relativism" implies that one's behavior can only be evaluated in relations to the culture. Behavior in one culture cannot be judged by that which is considered normal in another culture
The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands b. the counselor must adjust to the client's cultural mores c. a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective d. biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must adjust to environmental demands
A. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands Culture must molds itself such that individuals can best thrive and survive in a given environment. personalism implies that the counselor will make the best progress if he or she primarily sees the clients as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than a diseased patient.
A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to "a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent." This creates an a. approach- avoidance conflict b. avoidance- avoidance conflict c. avoidance of life space d. approach affiliation
A. approach- avoidance conflict presents a positive factor with a negative factor at the same time. Most counselors would agree this is the toughest type of conflict for the client to tackle as it generates the highest level of frustration.
Counselors can more easily advise a. clients from their own culture b. clients from a different culture c. clients of a different race d. clients utilizing ethnocentric statements
A. clients from their own culture To persuade someone is easiest when he or she has similar views, ideas, and background to one's own. It is entirely possible that a client of a different culture has been taught not to trust persons with the counselor's cultural nackground
A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm a. describes how people are supposed to act b. has little to do with expectations c. is irrelevant when counseling a client d. all of the above
A. describes how people are supposed to act Some multicultural practitioners suggest that culture is really a system of norms. Here is an important distinction: A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while cultural norms describes the expectations of how one should act.
Multicultural counseling promotes a. eclecticism b. rigidity c. psychodynamic models d. neurolinguistic programming (NLP)
A. eclecticism Eclectic position: selecting treatment intervention strategies from diverse counseling models. Intercultural counselors need to be "flexible"
A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians on some exams) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the a. emic viewpoint b. alloplastic viewpoint c. etic viewpoint d. autoplastic viewpoint
A. emic viewpoint holds that an approach which is culturally specific is generally the most effective
According to assimilation- contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e. and assimilation error) He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as a. even more dissimilar (i.e. contrast error) b. standardization c. similar to his or her own d. paraphrasing
A. even more dissimilar (i.e. contrast error) If a counselor is highly regarded and trustworthy, his or her statements will be better accepted than if the helper has poor credibility
Counselors who have good listening skills a. facilitate therapeutic surrender b. hinder therapeutic surrender c. often have a monolithic perspective d. are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender
A. facilitate therapeutic surrender A monolithic perspective indicates that the counselor perceives all the people in a given group (say African Americans or Latino/a Americans) as being identical. Counselors are urged to adopt an individualistic, rather than monolithic, perspective. Good listening facilitates any type of helping
Regardless of culture, the popular individual a. has good social skills b. values race over ethnicity c. dresses in the latest styles d. never possess a modal personality
A. has good social skills modal personality: refers to a composite personality, which is the most typical profile of a given group of people. A modal personality is the personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question.
A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect __________________social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture a. less b. more c. the same d. more realistic
A. less We demand more rigid standards from our own culture
Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce a. less- aggressive children b. more- aggressive children c. passive- aggressive children d. passive- dependent children
A. less- aggressive children Children who are abused by their parents are more likely to be abusers when they have children of their own.
Doing cross- cultural counseling a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences b. allows counselors to see that culture is merely a matter of semantics c. is different since clients are more likely to return for help after the first session d. allows counselors to ignore the concept of pluralism
A. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences Pluralism: that an individual exists in more than one category cultural pluralism: when persons of cultural heritage retain their traditions and differences, yet cooperate in regard to social, political, and economic matters
Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and central government. This is reflected mainly by a. national culture b. human culture c. regional culture d. ecological culture
A. national culture universal culture= human culture "Unified world culture" or "unified global culture" may replace traditional culture because of high- tach media and big businesses. TCK- Third culture kid has been used to describe children raised primarily in a culture the is different than their parent's culture during their formative years.
Mores are beliefs and social customs a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior b. which should be the central focus in multicultural counseling c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power d. that are identical with the folkways in the culture
A. regarding the rightness and wrongness of behavior develop as a given group decides what is good and bad for the welfare of the people People are generally punished for violating the mores. Folkways describe correct, normal, or habitual behavior breaking folkways generally results in embarrassment, while breaking mores causes harm to others or threatens the existence of the group.
A monolingual U.S. counselor a. speaks only English b. speaks English and Spanish c. works as a counseling interpreter d. fits the definition of bilingual
A. speaks only English Mono= one or single
The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross- cultural counseling by a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non- White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance; later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development. b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours of relevant graduate work in this area. c. the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000- hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients. d. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses
A. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non- White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance; later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (P.L. 88-352) prohibiting discrimination for reasons of gender, race, religion, or national origin was instrumental in terms of setting the stage for minority concerns.
According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if a. the client likes the counselor b. the client dislikes the counselor c. the client distrusts the counselor d. the counselor is in a higher- economic bracket
A. the client likes the counselor The tendency is based on "balance theory" If you like your counselor, the tendency to accept a suggestion would be balanced. If you did not like or trust the counselor, then accepting his or her suggestions would produce an imbalance
In order to diagnose clients from a different culture... a. the counselor ideally would need some information regarding the specifics of the culture. b. the counselor will find the DSM useless c. the counselor should rely heavily on cultural epoch theory d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis
A. the counselor ideally would need some information regarding the specifics of the culture "material culture": aka artifacts books, paintings, homes, tools "nonmaterial culture": customs, values, humor, social ideas, or traditions "Cultural awareness": counselor must understand cultural factors. "Cultural tunnel vision": opposite of cultural awareness "epoch theory": suggests all cultures pass through the same stages of development in terms or evolving and maturing= not a good option NBCC stipulate that counselors must incorporate "culturally relevant techniques into their practice" and should acquire "cultural sensitivity"
Ethnocentrism a. uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others b. means race c. is a genetic term d. all of the above
A. uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others Ethnocentrism conveys the notion that one's own group is superior. All societies are ethnocentric is the sense that they use their own views as a standard of references and view themselves as superior. "superior race" "savages" "backward people" "the chosen few"
A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor has suggested a. an alloplastic method of coping b. an autoplastic method of coping c. the emic- etic distinction d. the emic viewpoint
B. Autoplastic method of coping The counselor helps the client change him or herself. Auto= self
_____________ helped to popularize the Multicultural counseling movement a. Arthur Jensen's views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism) b. The civil rights movement c. Jung's feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious d. The Tarasoff duty
B. The civil rights movement Jensen tried to prove that African Americans had lower IQs due to genetic factors. Tarasoff case: resulted in a counselor's duty to warn and protect an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence
Social exchange theory postulates that a. a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs c. a relationship will endure of both parties are sexually attracted to each other d. me work harder to keep a relationship strong
B. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs Social exchange theory assumes that rewards are things or factors we like, while costs are things we dislike. Assumes that a positive relationship is characterized by "profit" = reward minus cost equals "profit". Complementarity theory: states that a relationship becomes stronger as the two people's personality needs mesh. Complementary indicates that one personality can make up what is lacking or missing in the other personality.
In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents... a. a separate race b. a separate culture c. the concept of color blindness d. a separate national culture
B. a separate culture Race: identification of individuals via distinct physical or bodily (somatic) characteristics such as skin color or facial features. The assumption is that race is based on genetic origin. Colorblindness occurs when you IGNORE a person's race, culture, or color. National culture is used to describe cultural patterns common to a given country. "ideal culture" The way individuals are supposed to behave "Real culture" encompasses all behaviors within the culture, even those which are illicit or frowned upon. "Counterculture" when a group of persons opposes the values of the culture.
An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system" This is the ______________ viewpoint for coping with the environment a. emic b. alloplastic c. etic d. autoplastic
B. alloplastic: the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment. autoplastic: asserts that change comes from the self such as thoughts and behaviors
A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an a. approach- avoidance conflict b. approach- approach conflict c. avoidance- avoidance conflict d. avoidance vector
B. approach- approach conflict: the individual is presented with two equally attractive options simultaneously. easiest to help clients cope with since in most cases the client attempt both options: first one, then the other. Approach- approach conflicts typically instill less anxiety than the other two types
A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply a. too Rogerian b. attacking the system c. too Freudian d. too cognitive
B. attacking the system alloplastic: making external changes to more effectively cope
Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with a. attraction b. cognition and attitude formation c. cognitions and emotion d. none of the above
B. cognition and attitude formation The notion is the discrepancies or inconsistencies that create tension are caused by cognitions and attitudes
Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of the group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to the studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that a. he totally disagreed with their assessment b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful c. he really wasn't certain how he felt about the activity d. a and c
B. he too felt the group activity was very helpful Asch situation: predict that the person would most likely sell out and agree with the other five.
____________ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior a. Instinct theorists b. Innate aggression theorists c. Social learning theorists d. Followers of Erik Erikson
C. Social learning Theorists emphasizes the environment rather that genetics or inborn tendencies Albert Bandura: noted children who view live or filmed aggression imitated that behavior.+ Social Learning or Observational Learning
In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which elevated a. socioeconomic trends b. how and individual felt toward other ethnic groups c. disadvantaged youth d. language barriers between African Americans and Asian Americans
B. how and individual felt toward other ethnic groups Ethnicity: that which pertains to a large group of individuals who are categorized by national, religious, linguistic, or cultural attributes. The Bogardus data were indicative of negative attitudes toward a number of groups, including African Americans, Jews, Mexicans, and Turks. A replication of the study in 1947 revealed that the negative attitudes still prevailed. Wanting to keep a social distance from a certain group of people is seen as a form of prejudice.
The statement "Even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance plans low" a. is displacement b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions c. is projection d. would never reduce dissonance in an individual
B. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions This could also be described as the "sweet lemon" variety of rationalization
When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference a. is interpreted as positive transference b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance c. is interpreted as white privilege d. none of the above
B. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance White privilege: special advantages, privileges, and opportunities that nonwhites don't have.
Most experts would agree that a Multicultural counselor's diagnosis a. must be performed without regard to cultural issues b. must be done within a cultural context c. a and b d. none of the above
B. must be done within a cultural context "cultural approach to normality" suggests that the behavior of the majority of the people defines what is considered "normal" Deviant behavior, such as in the case if a very powerful leader or genius, may be lauded
Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation, According to this theory, and individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will a. perform better if he or she is alone b. perform better if he or she is part of a group c. perform better if he or she has undergone psychotherapy d. perform better if he or she is an auditory learner
B. perform better if he or she is part of a group The presence of other persons improves an individual's performance even when there is no verbal interaction
The statement "whites are better than African Americans" illustrates a. a weakening of the caste system in the United States b. racism c. sexism d. codependency
B. racism Racism occurs when an assumption is made that some races are better than others. The race that feels superior can deny the other race rights and respect. Sexism- one sex assumes that the other is inherently inferior
The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender a. an analysis of cognitive dissonance b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self- disclosure c. paradoxing the client d. analyzing flight- to- health defense mechanism variables
B. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self- disclosure. Flight- to- health defense mechanism is an analytic concept which asserts that the client has improved too rapidly and the real difficulty has not been resolved. Flight- from- reality: is used when the client resorts to psychosis to avoid dealing with current life difficulties
According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach- approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch. a. she will feel intense guilt b. she will read positive reviews on the silver watch- and possibly negative reviews about the gold model- after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post- decisional dissonance c. According to the theory she will remain a tad ambivalent about her choice d. She will be angry because in reality she wanted both watches, but could not afford them
B. she will read positive reviews on the silver watch- and possibly negative reviews on the gold model- after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post- decisional dissonance to justify behavior to create a state of "consonance" (a fancy word for harmony) between attitudes and behavior.
A client from another culture will a. talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a peer b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background c. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor d. generally play dumb to receive the counselor's sympathy
B. speak to the counselor differently from the way her or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background. Often individuals are courteous and polite with those who are of the same cultural origin, but are suspicious and don't trust outsiders.
A women who is being robbed a. would probably get the most assistance in the crowd with a large number of bystanders b. would find the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases c. would rarely have a bystander from a different race try and help her d. none of the above
B. would find the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases The number of people who will help a victim in distress decreases, and the time it will take to intervene increases, as the number of bystanders increases "the bystander effect" or "bystander apathy"= everybody assumes someone else will step in and take charge- diffusion of responsibility Altruism= helping someone who is in distress
When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an a. approach- approach conflict b. approach vector c. avoidance- avoidance conflict d. avoidance cohesiveness
C. avoidance- avoidance conflict conflict in which both choices are undesirable Clients often daydream, flee from the situation, or regress instead of confronting the choices Client may waver or vacillate when he or she comes close to making a choice
A(n) __________________ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self- disclosure when speaking to a white counselor a. white female b. African American female c. African American male d. upper- class white male
C. African American male Males in general sometimes have a difficulty expressing feelings. According to the literature, African American males are especially hesitant about revealing themselves to whites
Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client... a. is culturally biased b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity c. belongs to a different culture from the helper d. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues.
C. Belongs to a different culture from the helper Multicultural counselors work with an entire range of human difficulties just like other counselors. Cultural relativity: connotes that a behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of a given culture. The behavior must be evaluated relative to the culture. ** The multicultural counselor must assess the client's behavior based on the client's own culture- not merely based on the counselor's culture. The meaning or desirability of a given behavior, trait, or act is based on the culture. Counselor must transcend the "culture- bound values": barrier in which the counselor is "bound" to their own values and tries to impose them on clients.
Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that... a. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another. b. culture excludes customs c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct d. culture is never socially learned
C. Culture provides individuals with standards of conduct Cultures often differ markedly from each other, and most experts would agree that the customs are nearly always learned and shared with members of the society.
A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory is social psychology is __________ cognitive dissonance theory a. Dollard and Miller's b. Crites and Roe's c. Festinger's d. Holland and Super's
C. Festinger's The concept of balance theory suggests that people strive for consistency/ balance in terms of their belief systems. Simply put, individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs State of incompatibility is known as "dissonance"= discord People don't like inconsistency in their thoughts or attitudes versus behavior Dissonance is often reduced using denial
___________and _________ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight. a. Maslow; Rogers b. Ellis; Harper c. Freud; Lorenz d. Glasser; Rogers
C. Freud; Lorenz Freud believed that man was basically driven by the instincts of sex and aggression. Lorenz believer in the "innate aggression theory" based on his work with tropical fish. The fish will attack an alternate target even when the actual target of aggression is removed. McDougall: could also join Freud and Lorenz as an "instinct theorist"
A wealth of research demonstrates that... a. surprisingly enough, African Americans general request Asian American counselors b. surprisingly enough, Asian Americans generally request African American counselors c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background d. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race, yet a different culture
C. In most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the dame race and a similar cultural background In multicultural counseling "likes attract" Similarity increase attraction Research demonstrates that if the other person is a member of a different nationality, race, or culture but is perceived as "similar" then you still will be more attracted to the individual perceived as "similar" despite race or cultural barriers.
Positive transference is to love or affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and ambivalent transference is to a. anger b. hate c. uncertainty d. admiration
C. uncertainty occurs when the client rapidly shifts his or her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past.
An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was "bad," though she literally means it was good. The counselors misunderstanding could be best described as a a. client of color error b. cognitive dissonance error c. connotative error d. confounding variable
C. connotative error Connotation applies to the emotional content of a word. Three major barriers to intercultural counseling are culture- bound values, class- bound values, and language differences. The tendency for words to convey different connotations is often referred to as a "semantic differential"
The statement "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different" is based on the a. emic viewpoint b. alloplastic viewpoint c. etic viewpoint d. autoplastic viewpoint
C. etic view point
A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee "You can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anybody else" is espousing the a. emic viewpoint b. alloplastic viewpoint c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to the sounds that remain the same in any language d. autoplastic viewpoint
C. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to the sounds that remain the same in any language. counselors with an etic viewpoint will use the same strategies and techniques on virtually any client.
Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive a. are nonassertive b. are aggressive c. have other positive traits d. are socially adept but not very intelligent
C. have other positive traits This can cause professional counselor difficulty if he or she tends to minimize a client's problems merely because he or she is good looking. Clients- like books, cannot be judged by their covers, yet this tendency is quite common
In the United States, middle- and upper- class citizens seem to want a counselor who a. will give them "a good talking to" b. gives a specific and steady stream of advice c. helps them work it out on their own d. is highly authoritarian and autocratic
C. helps them work it out on their own The theory here is that MOST middle- and upper- class citizens are taught that independence is a virtue. The person would not want to be dependent on a therapist, parents, or others.
Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society a is defined as a set of mores b. has a distinct lack of norms c. is a self- perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory d. none of the above
C. is a self- perpetuated independent group which occupies a definitive territory The boundaries of a culture and a society are not the same. Cultures operate within societies; however, all members of a given society may not share the same culture.
A counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing my comprehensive exam." This a. is displacement b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension d. is projection
C. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension Displacement and projection are ego defense mechanisms. Reading this book are caring less about the comprehensive exam are inconsistent
The tendency to affiliate with others a. is highest in the middle child b. is highest in children with DSM diagnoses c. is highest in firstborns and only children d. is based on hormonal output
C. is highest in firstborns and only children affiliation refers to the need one has to associate with others. Stanley Schachter: concluded the need to affiliate decreases for later- born children
Early vocalization in infants a. is more complex in African American babies b. is more complex in white babies c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe d. is the finest indicator of elementary school performance
C. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe The initial sounds made my babies is very similar all over the globe. The cultural environment then strengthens certain verbalizations via the process of reinforcement. Child usually spoken first word after one year of life. The child may use one- or- two word phrases initially known as "holophrases" Initially the child's language is very egocentric. By age 4 children can construct simple sentences. Anne Fernald discovered that by age 2 there was a 6- month language gap between child who are living in poverty and those who are not.
A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying a. severe negative transference b. positive transference c. normal behavior within the context of her culture d. ambivalent transference
C. normal behavior within the context of her culture
According to the foot- in- the- door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home a. should conduct the interview from the porch b. should double- bind the client c. should ask to come in the home d. should exude accurate empathy, but never ask to enter the home.
C. should ask to come in the home Social science researchers report that trivial commitments lead to a so- called "momentum of compliance" Jonathan Freedman and Scott Fraser study in 1966 in which housewives who were first asked to sign a safe- driving petition were more apt to comply with the request to put a large "Drive Carefully" sign on their front lawns. The moral of the experiment is to always ask for a small favor and you'll have a better chance of getting a person to day "yes" when you ask for a bigger favor.
Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor's training a. must come from an APA- approved graduate program b. must come from a supervisor who is from a different culture than the graduate student c. should be broad and interdisciplinary d. need not include rational- emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
C. should be broad and interdisciplinary An adept multicultural helper ideally would study topics which go beyond traditional counseling theory.
In intercultural/ multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means a. nothing- it is not a valid term b. most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident c. the client psychologically surrenders herself or himself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts d. the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance
C. the client psychologically surrenders herself or himself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts occurs when a client is able to trust the counselor and self- discloses.
Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement? a. Freud B. Durkheim C. McDougall D. Berne
D. Berne Eric Berne: the father of transactional analysis Freud: Book "Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego" - suggested that the group was held together by a bond between the leader and the group members that was seen as somewhat similar to a hypnotist and his or her subject. Emile Durkheim: one of the founders of modern sociology. Also known for his work around suicide. McDougall: the father of "hormic psychology":- Darwinian viewpoint, suggests that individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies. Believed in Eugenics- genetics (selective breeding of those with high intelligence) would improve the gene pool and human condition. dubbed "scientific racism"
______________ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues. a. Mark Savickas, a major figure in career construction theory relying on narrative therapy b. Alfred Adler, the father of individual psychology c. Maxie Maultsby, the father of rational behavior therapy d. Franks Parsons, the father of guidance
D. Frank Parsons Frank Parsons and his associates are considered the first social reformers concerned with guidance in the United States. He wrote " Choosing a Vocation"
In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy. a. this trend seems to be true in any area of the world b. this is true for Licensed Professional Counselors (LPCs) but not true for Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs) c. This is true for LPCs and LCSWs but not licensed clinical psychologists d. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help
D. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help E. Fuller Torrey's thought provoking book " The Mind Game: Witch Doctors and Psychiatrists" he explains that in Nigeria helpers have accepted a female client as a wife in lieu of a fee. He also notes that in other cultures a therapist connote accept a fee unless the treatment is successful
In 1908 books by ____________________ helped to introduce social psychology a. Moreno and Yalom b. Holland and Roe c. Baber and Salter d. McDougall and Ross
D. McDougall and Ross McDougall: "Introduction to Social Psychology"- "hormic psychology" (position that individual as well as group behavior is the result of inherited tendencies to seek goals Ross: "Social Psychology" Jacob Moreno: pioneers psychodrama and coined the term group therapy Irvin Yalom: existential therapy "Death and Dying" John Holland: stressed a person's occupational environment should be congruent with his or her personality type Anne Roe: postulated that jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs T.X. Barber: espoused a cognitive theory on hypnotism Andrew Salter: pioneer in behavior therapy creating a paradigm dubbed conditioned reflex therapy, and a behavioristic theory of hypnosis, and autohypnosis
All of these statements are ethnocentric except a. You can't trust anyone over the age of 40 b. Americans are generous c. Blue- collar workers are mean and selfish d. The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico.
D. The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico Ethnocentrism is based on opinion. Ethnocentrism was clearly expressed in the World War II joke which suggested that Hitler couldn't build a race of supermen because Superman could only be an American
In the case of an individual who purchased a $50, 000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum model b. he or she might sell the $50,000 watch immediately following the purchase c. he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models d. a and c
D. a and c He or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50, 000 platinum model. He or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models. Cognitive Dissonance Theory predicts that the person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior. Consistency is considered a desirable personality trait in most cultures
A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at a boys' summer camp near Robbers' Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that a. most people cooperate in a social setting b. competition plays a small role in most of our lives c. a and b d. a cooperative, or so- called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation
D. a cooperative, or so- called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation Robber's Cave Experiment: two distinct groups of 11- year old boys who were hostile toward each other. Concluded that the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups was to give them an alternative, a SUPERORDIANTE GOAL, which required a joint effort and could not be accomplished by a single group
In terms of research related to affiliation a. misery loves ,miserable company b. firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later c. people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear d. all of the above
D. all of the above
Culture refers to... a. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups b. Values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group c. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation d. all of the above
D. all of the above A person's culture can really be delineated by those customs which set him or her apart from another culture. "Culture Conflict" manifests whenever a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, due to divided cultural loyalties. May also describe the difficulties which arise when persons of different cultures live in the same geographical area. Macroculture or Majority Culture= dominant culture or culture that is accepted by the majority of the citizens. Privilege: unearned advantage, giving that person dominance, access to resources, and therefore power.
In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures, a. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice c. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate d. all of the above
D. all of the above An active- directive model works best with persons who respond well to an authority figure.
America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and or cultural background is known as... a. cross- cultural counseling b. multicultural counseling c. Intercultural counseling d. all of the above
D. all of the above Some research indicates that clients from minorities have been misdiagnosed, misunderstood, and found counseling less helpful than those from the majority culture. The Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) "Fourth Force of counseling theory" Cultural Pluralism: a minority cultural group will keep their own unique cultural values, yet they will still participate in the wider or dominant culture.
In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender a. it is easier to trust people from one's own culture b. lower- income people often don't trust others from higher social class c. lower- income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class. d. all of the above
D. all of the above Language barriers, on part of the client or the counselor, intensify the difficulty of therapeutic surrender. Steer clear of slang or fancy therapeutic jargon and try to speak in a clear, concise, and direct manner
Milgram found that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as a. a peer b. an equal c. an individual from another culture d. an authority figure
D. an authority figure If the authority figure was in the room the, the tendency to obey was higher than if he or she was not physically present.
Balance theory postulates a. a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency b. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive scale d. b and c
D. b and c A move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency. A tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive scale Inconsistent thoughts are often referred to as "dissonance". Most counselor agree that "dissonance" is a distasteful state of mind which the individual will attempt to change.
A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be a. universal culture b. national culture c. ecological culture d. b and c
D. b and c Ecological Culture and National culture Ecological culture implies that cultural norms are often the result of practical and survival behaviors related to the climate or the resources in a given physical or geological environment Clemmont Vontress noted that universal culture can be distinguished from national, regional, racio- ethnic, and ecological culture. Vontress noted that multicultural counselors would do well to remember that we are all part of a universal culture.
Ethnocentrism a. is not universal b. promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age. d. b and c
D. b and c: promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty. Promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age. Robert LeVine and Donald Campbell referred to ethnocentrism as a universal phenomenon in which an ethinic group tries to prove it is superior. acculturation- suggests that ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture. assimilation: is said to occur when the individual has such a high level of acculturation the he or she becomes part of the dominant, macro, or majority culture. The opposite can happen where persons of the dominant culture like to dress, talk, or follow customs set forth via a minority culture.
Sex- role stereotyping would imply that a. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client b. a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's c. female clients are treated the same as male clients d. choices a and b
D. choices a and b A counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client. a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's According to studies, male and female counselors can display prejudice toward women. According to a study females were as biased as males caste system: implies that there are fixed layers of superiority and inferiority which you are born into and thus cannot escape
Overall, Rogerian person- centered counseling a. is rarely utilized in cross- cultural counseling b. is too nondirective for intercultural counseling c. a and b d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between culture and races
D. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between culture and races Person- centered therapy is nonjudgmental and thus is considered a superb modality for multicultural/ multiracial usage.
Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic a. is associated with the Supreme Court decision of 1954 outlawing segregation b. suggests that all clients are alike regardless of culture c. is associated with rational behavior therapy (RBT) d. is a "culture specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.
D. is a "culture specific" perspective from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language. Emic can be defined as an insider's perception of the culture. Etic: adheres to the theory the humans are humans regardless of background and culture, thus the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps. Etic counselor emphasizes the sameness among clients- a univeralism perspective- that literally transcends cultural boundaries.
The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Phillip Zimbardo demonstrated that a. passivity is the norm for most individuals b. assertive behavior is clearly the healthiest behavioral alternative c. it takes people several weeks to change their behavior d. people conform to social roles
D. people conform to social roles College students and Stanford University Psychology building participated in an experiment in a mock prison in the basement. Some students were guards the others were prisoners. Shut down after 6 days it was supposed to run two weeks. Guards became aggressive and assertive. Prisoners became passive. Initially ruled as ethical. Today that would not be that case. This experiment lead to stricter ethical guidelines.
You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be a. she is displaying malingering b. she was severely abused as a young child c. she is suicidal d. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference
D. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference A conversion disorder is evident when a person displays symptoms (generally neurological) which cannot be accounted for via medical exams. Clients with conversion disorders sometimes display la belle indifference also called belle indifference, meaning they do not seem to be bothered or concerned with their condition
________________ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling. a. Frankl's experience is concentration camp b. Perl's use of the German concept gestalt c. Freud's visits to the United States d. the 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation
D. the 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation Desegregation created culturally different populations for school counselors. Viktor Frankl: the father of logotherapy, an existential form of treatment which stresses "healing through meaning" Fritz Perls: the father of Gestalt therapy, which attempts to ameliorate a mind/ body split supposedly responsible for emotional distress. Gestalt: means "whole" form, figure, or configuration.
Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by a. ecological culture b. mores c. regional and national culture d. universal culture
D. universal culture The Human Genome Project has verified that biologically we are all more alike than different. The adept multicultural counselor will always keep in mind that he or she is like the client- is a product of a universal culture.
An adept multicultural counselor a. generally believes in the melting pot concept b. has a strong ethnocentric worldview c. will not ask the client for information related to religion or level of faith development d. usually supports the salad bowl method of diversity
D. usually supports the salad bowl method of diversity Salad bowl method: people are mixed together, like in a salad, they retain their unique cultural identity
In cross- cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective a. when structured exercises are utilized b. when a counselor takes an active- directive stance c. when nondirective procedures are emphasized d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session
D. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session. In the context of multicultural counseling, structure indicates that the counselor will explain the role of the helper as well as the role of the helpee. The greater the social/ cultural gap, the more important the need for structuring.
In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that a. sleep learning facilitates social skills b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator, but remembers the message c. after a period of time, one remembers the communicator, but forgets the message d. REM sleep facilitates insight
b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator, but remembers the message Sleeper effect asserts that when you are attempting to change someone's opinion the change may not occur immediately after the verbal exchange. a delay may occur before the client accepts the message the communication may have more impact after sometime has passed
The term contextualism implies that... a. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate d. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross- cultural counseling
b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs Culture did not really begin to emerge as a true, accepted subspecialty until the 1970s. Worldview: a person perception of his or her relationship to the world as a whole.
The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are a. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs c. culture, race, assertiveness d. ego strength, anxiety, race
b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs Proxemics of the study of proximity, relates to personal space, interpersonal distance, ad territoriality. Social psychologists refer to the tendency for people who are in close proximity (say working at the same office or living close) to be attracted to each other as propinquity reciprocity of attraction or liking suggests we are attracted to people who like us and find us attractive. For long- term relationships, the matching hypothesis asserts we very often pick a partner who roughly matches our level of attractiveness.
The frustration- aggression theory is associated with a. Albert Ellis b. Robert Havinghurst, who created the idea of the developmental task concept c. Eric Brene, the creator of transactional analysis (TA) d. John Dollard and Neal Miller
d. John Dollard and Neal Miller The Dollard/ Miller hypothesis asserts that frustration leads to aggression. Frustration occurs when an individual is blocked so that he or she cannot reach an intended goal (or the goal is removed). Albert Ellis- father of REBT does not agree with the frustration- aggression theory. Some social psychologists believe that when individuals lose their identity (sometimes called "deindividuation") they are likely to become aggressive or violent.
A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that a. too many counselors choose gerontology as their specialty b. individuals over 65 tend to overuse hotline and helpline crisis counseling services c. surprisingly, attractiveness is a fine predictor of retirement adjustment d. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment
d. Surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment. 9.5% of all Americans age 65 and older have an income below the poverty level. Myths which impact counselors working with the aged: 1. IQ scores (intelligence) drops markedly as folks age- reality scores remain fairly stable over the life span. 2. the elderly are incapable of sex
Carol Gilligan, although she was the assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development a. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic b. as she felt it was too behavioristic c. as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females
d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females. According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory did not delineate the notion that women place more emphasis on caregiving and personal responsibility than do men, who focus more on individual rights and justice
Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage- crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He a. is the father of multicultural counseling b. wrote the 1978 classic "Seasons of a Man's Life" and the 1997 sequel "Seasons of a Woman's Life" C. Postulated a midlife crisis for men between the ages 40 and 45 and for women approximately five years earlier d. b and c
d. b and c Three major transitions First transition- EARLY ADULT TRANSITION- is said to occur between ages of 17 and 22- the individual makes decisions about college, the military, and breaking away from one's parents. This is the "leaving the family stage". Dream of the ideal life is formulated. Second transitions- AGE 30 TRANSITION- (ages 28- 33) the individual attempts to make the dream a reality. Third transition- MIDLIFE TRANSITION (ages 40- 45 or approximately five years earlier for women) This stage is seen as stressful The person questions their dream and acknowledges that goals may not have been met. One's mortality becomes and issue Age 50 transition: LATER ADULTHOOD- (ages 60- 65) The individual makes peace with the world This theory is considered biased against women. Proposing that women receive life satisfaction and fulfillment by meeting the needs of their husbands and their families.