SOCIAL POLICY: Final Exam

the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

(SAMHSA) was established in 1992. Its purpose is to improve the lives of people with or at risk of mental and substance abuse disorders.

Democratic Socialism

"Capitalism incompatible with public good"

Elected executive

(ie adminstration, staff and appointees)

Increased Immigration

1/3 of population, most in cities

Federalism

10th Amendment: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people

Welfare Rights—A New Threat to Power

1960, SSA ruled that states could not exclude single mothers from welfare 1961, invalidated "suitable home" rule 1970, judicial recognition of property right to welfare Also won due process protections Congress responded with "clarifications" of legislative authority This paved the way for TANF

MANDATORY SPENDING CONSUMES APPROXIMATELY WHAT PERCENT OF THE FEDERAL BUDGET EACH YEAR

60%

Immigration and Migration pre Civil War

Almshouses Migration from rural areas increased dramatically; moved to cities for work The supply of housing and services never caught up with the need

Government actions such as increasing or decreasing spending and taxes in response to economic conditions is part of ______________ policy. 1.. fiscal 2. monetary 3. liberal 4. conservative

Answer: 1

Authorizations

Authorizing legislation sets structure and maximum funding levels of programs

Conservative Ideology

Belief that social welfare programs create dependency

Service Delivery Systems

By public or private agencies Within existing systems or through separate entities Should be evaluated based on: Incorporation of client choices Inclusion of existing resources Reflection of the target population Ability to achieve desired outcomes

Although President Clinton failed to pass a national health care plan, President George W. Bush was successful in amending Medicare in 2003. This amendment added Part D (Prescription Coverage) which gave a major role to ______ in providing coverage to the elderly. A. Health maintenance organizations B. The Federal Government C. Private Insurance Companies D. Pharmaceutical companies

C. Private Insurance Companies

Getting on the agenda

Collect stories of clients' capacities and barriers faced Build coalitions of like-minded allies Build relationships with elected officials and media outlets Watch for windows of opportunity Collect information on policy "best practices"

One primary theme about children in the US from the Colonial Period to the Pre-Civil War period seemed to be that children A. should be educated/trained to become productive citizens B. needed to be provided with a loving and caring family C. needed to be protected from exploitation and abuse D. should be educated/trained to become productive citizens E. were entitled to equal protection under existing laws

D. should be educated/trained to become productive citizens

Selective Policy

Eligibility based on criteria ex:TANF

Equal Protection

Equally treated the same way (separate by equal) "no State shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"

Evaluate policy outcomes

Evaluate degree to which goals of policy were accomplished Evaluation results should be shared with policy-makers May be able to message parts of evaluations for media, too Target populations should be involved in research design and execution

Social Policies and Women

First Wave: 19th-early 20th century Focus on women's suffrage 1919 passage of 19th Amendment

Outdoor Relief

Food, shelter, money for 'deserving' ones the poor would be left in their own homes and would be given either a 'dole' of money on which to live or be given relief in kind - clothes and food for example. This was the norm.

Federal Budget Process

Formulation,Congressional,Execution

Social Welfare Policy in the Early U.S.

Greater concerns with "negative effects" of welfare. Move toward indoor relief Services harsh and controlling Anti pauperism Poorhouses, prevention, control Social problems seen as resulting from moral defects

A POLICY THAT TREATS ALL PEOPLE WITH A PARTICULAR NEED EQUALLY CAN BE SAID TO DISPLAY

HORIZONTAL EQUITY

Indoor Relief

Hard Labor with minimal pay for the 'undeserving'

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Helped women to develop political clout. Helped women seek federal action on women's employment issues. Questioned long-standing assumption that women should be primarily child rearers. Women's awareness groups began to raise issues about rape, sexual assault, harassment, and women's health

Policy Process

How relationships and interactions among political, governmental, and interest groups affect policy formation and adoption

Ronald Reagan as a Catalyst for Conservative Era...

Idealized the self-made men who achieved upward mobility through the traditional virtues of hard work, persistence, and risk taking. Discounted the importance of racism and discrimination. Believed the economy worked best when government assumed virtually no role in its regulation and did not tax citizens beyond the minimal amount needed to fund defense spending and keep a police force. 1966 and 1970 elected governor of California. Demonstrated harsh uncompromising attitude toward the poor but increased overall state spending and taxes. Opposed the 1964 and 1965 Civil Rights Acts.

Classification of the Poor

Impotent poor Able-bodied poor Dependent children

The New Nation and Its Constitution

In 1773, slaves in Massachusetts petitioned the legislature for freedom The Constitution did not deal with the problems of the poor Because the political economy of the times was elitist, so was the Constitution The Constitution does guarantee citizens certain freedoms and civil rights Civil rights probably not believed possible at the Revolution have come to pass Patterns of equality were set into law, traditions, and customs

The ________________ Act of 1974 was passed to prevent and control juvenile delinquency and improve the juvenile justice system.

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Domestic Policy During the Kennedy Administration

Kennedy elected in 1960 Had limited understanding of poverty and racism because he was raised in a wealthy Boston family and attended private schools. Considered New Deal programs outdated in the affluent era. Believed poverty existed in inner cities and rural areas but linked to structural changes in the economy. Elected without a social reform mandate from the voters.

1970s Historical Context

LBJ's inability to provide guns and butter Nixon's election representing the "silent majority" Stagflation during Carter's presidency Anti-tax movements (e.g., CA's Proposition 13

THE THREE BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT ARE

LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIAL

Reinstitutionalization in C.System

Lack of adequate funding to build an effective community mental health service system has resulted in the reinstitutionalization of many people with mental illness in our correctional system where mental health services are often lacking.

Neo-conservatism

Limited government and traditional social values

Settlement House movement

Living in, not visiting, poor neighborhoods / emphasis on social reform rather than individual casework Combination of: Service provision Cultural and educational programs Research-informed policy advocacy

Congressional

Looks at the president's proposal, here's what you have in total

THE U.S. ECONOMY CAN BE CHARACTERIZED A

MARKETPLACE ECONOMY

Object or medical

Master status, diagnosis becomes who you are

Medicare/Medicaid in 60s

Medicare provided for hospital benefits in Part A for hospitals and physicians services for all those over the age of 65 in Part B. Did not cover chronic care or nursing homes. Medicaid gave medical service to poor people of all ages and is funded by combination of state and federal resources. Did not encourage innovation or community out reach. Created a system where most physicians would not treat Medicaid patients due to low fees that most states established.

Appropriations

Money must be appropriated to be spent

Slavery in the Americas

Most African slaves came from an area bordering the West Coast of Africa During the slave trade 1502-1860, 9.6 million Africans were brought to the New World By 1789, 1 of 4 colonists was a slave; 1/3 of whom were women

Radical Feminism

Patriarchy is the concept that radical feminists utilize to describe the systematic subjugation of women by men Patriarchy, as a form of social organization that advantages men, has been used by men to dominate the world and privilege their interest over those of women Patriarchy is configured as the oppression from which other types stem. Radical feminism view women's oppression as caused by men's control over women particularly their reproductive capacities Sexuality becomes a key arena in which men's control of women is played out

State Comprehensive Mental Health Services Plan Act, 1986

Policy Goals To provide support for community mental health services. Benefits or Services Provided Increased and expanded mental health services. Eligibility Rules People eligible for mental health services as defined by state. Service Delivery System State agency oversees network of mental health services. Financing Federal block grant to the state.

Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act 1963, 1965

Policy Goals To reduce the number of patients in state mental hospitals. To develop a system of community mental health centers to provide services in the least restrictive environment. Benefits or Services Provided Community mental health services. Eligibility Rules Formerly institutionalized people living in the community and community-dwelling people with mental illness and developmental disabilities. Service Delivery System Community mental health centers provide local services. Financing Federal block grant to the state. Development of medication to control symptoms of people with chronic mental illness, the exposure of inhumane treatment of patients in some state mental hospitals, and the high expense of custodial care in these facilities led to the passage of this act.

Policy Analysis Paper

Policy Process An overview of a social welfare issue, including its history and current state of affairs History of legislation addressing this issue Policy Products Description of a specific policy designed to address this issue Policy Performance How has the policy affected your population of interest? Are other populations affected differently? Who? Future implications for further policy development and its implications for your population of interest.

Commerce Clause

Power to "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among states, and with Indian tribes"

Due Process

Protect of governmental rights of right to privacy government should not interfere "Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law"

Religious Answers to Poverty

Protestant religious groups led the way in social reform Jewish immigrants brought with them their heritage of charity and mutual aid Catholicism supplied its traditional forms of charity MORALITY ARG - Blamed poverty on alcoholism, prostitution, porn shops -- societies / charities popped up to attack poverty and built almshouses and mental hospitals 1800s - cleaned up mental hospitals, like in 70s, spearheaded by Dorothy Edicks (one of the mothers of social work, passed legislation)

Mental Health Center Act of 1963

Provided funding for construction of mental health facilities that offered outpatient services. Kennedy's medical and educational initiatives as well as his civil rights proposals were blocked in Congress at the time of his assassination in November of 1963

Financing

Public vs. private funding Entitlement vs. mandatory Out-of-pocket payments vs. collective responsibility Should be evaluated based on: Adequacy Stability Equity Connection to policy goals

Is TANF or SNAP better for the economy?

SNAP, because goes to consumer good (groceries), not converted to block grant (unlike TANF), and has grown in economic downturn (unlike TANF) and is designed to grow with eco need

THE LARGEST COMPONENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE U.S. GOES TO CASH PAYMENTS TO PEOPLE IN POVERTY

SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS

ONE OF THE REASONS SOCIAL PROBLEMS APPEAR TO BE GETTING WORSE IS

SOCIAL PROGRAM SPENDING HAS INCREASED , BUT NOT ENOUGH TO ADEQUATELY ADDRESS GROWING NEEDS

COMPARED TO OTHER DEVELOPED NATIONS THE U.S.

SPENDS FOR MORE ON SOCIAL PROGRAMS

Settlement Houses

Settlement - live with needy communities Recognized the environment as cause for suffering, more macro→ micro focus, lived in communities they served to develop programs, Catholic Worker houses, Henry St Settlement → out of settlement mvt came groupwork, organizing

Later Mary Richmond

Shift from investigation to diagnosis Look at person in environment Gather evidence to determine course of treatment Goal is overall well being Credibility and professionalization

Social programs

Social programs are a specified set of activities that are designed to solve social problems and/ or meet basic human needs.

Early Mary Richmond

Social work focus: Changing individuals and their capacity to help themselves - public relief is the problem, not the cure Goals: Prevent dependency and promote self-sufficiency Practice strategy: Individual casework

Jane Addams

Social work focus: Changing the structural conditions that create poverty and crime - a focus on individuals is the problem, not the cure Goal: Eradicate poverty Practice strategies: Research, popular agitation, increased social services, and legislative/regulatory reforms

Food Stamp Program

Started in 1964 as response to hunger and to support farm prices Family of 3 eligible with GMI of $1,984 for maximum benefit of $526/month People allowed to purchase discounted coupons and use them to buy food Fully funded by the Department of Agriculture Sadly, the program remained relatively small until subsequent changes liberalized its budget

what does SNAP stand for?

Supplemental nutrition assistance plan, prior: food stamps

Taxation and Social Welfare

Taxation important not only for amount of revenue it creates, but also how revenue is collected Regressive taxes Sales taxes, especially on food and clothing "Sin taxes" Progressive taxes Income tax

Institutional approach

The institutional approach to social welfare policy asserts that the government should ensure that the basic needs of all citizens— particularly for food, housing, health, income, employment, and education— are adequately met. Advocates of the institutional approach focus on creating universal programs, funded through taxation, that address these common human needs.

Social Justice

The term social justice refers to the equitable distribution of societal resources to all people as well as equity and fairness in the social, economic, and political spheres.

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.

This human rights instrument spells out the economic, civil, political, social, and cultural rights of children. Countries that ratify it are bound by international law and compliance is monitored by the United Nations (UN).

Benefits and Services

Type of "good" provided to beneficiaries Should be evaluated based on: Stigma Incorporation of strengths Likelihood of alleviating the problem/addressing need Maximization of choice

Privilege

Unearned advantage and or the absence of disadvantage

Issues in urban spaces

Unemployment surge Unions

The Oppression of Vulnerable Populations in the era of Regan and Bush Sr.

Vulnerable populations knew that conservatives policies would erode their gains. Reagan opposed the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965. Opposed assertion of group rights. Predictions Come True Reagan and Bush Era represent the largest redistribution of resources and rights upward in U.S. history. Welfare state remained intact but poor people's situation and economic inequity worsened.

Federal Advocacy

What were the advocates trying to accomplish for Americorps? Recommendations for effective Organize a coalition Enlist bipartisan support Target efforts Reframe the conversation Garner media coverage

selective programs

are means tested, include TANF, SNAP, WIC< public housing, SSI, general assistance, EITC

Social Darwinists

believed that Helping the poor was a detriment to the well being of society.

Executive

carries out laws

Use of Metaphor-Organism

community virus

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

created in 1965 as well as legislation prohibiting discrimination in housing enacted in 1967

Judicial

evaluates laws

Use of Metaphor-Religious

evil, immoral

How are you eligible for SNAP?

gross annual income must be at or below 130% of the FPL

Muckrakers

journalists who fought monopolists / stood up to industrialists -Lewis Hines photos of children working in factories, The Jungle - Upton Sinclair, tenement photographer Jacob Riis , editorial cartoonist // tammany hall - LES, catholic

Social policy

laws, rules, and regulations that govern the benefits and services provided by governmental and private organizations to assist people in meeting their needs.

Children's Aid Society

to deal with neglected children - Charles Loring Brace

Libertarianism

"Government grows at expense of personal freedom"

Global poverty

"The lack of basic security connotes the absence of one or more factors enabling individuals and families to assume basic responsibilities and to enjoy fundamental rights. The situation may become widespread and result in more serious and permanent consequences. The lack of basic security leads to chronic poverty when it simultaneously affects several aspects of people's lives, when it is prolonged and when it severely compromises people's chances of regaining their rights and of reassuming their responsibilities in the foreseeable future."

Social determinants of health

"the circumstances, in which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age, as well as the systems put in place to deal with illness"

Bureaucratic executive

(ie career employees)

Nativism / Xenophobia

/ Irish immigration - anti-Catholic / Chinese exclusion act - unassimilable (immigration bc of railroad in West, gold rush) White backlash - workingmen's party, feeling jobs were being taken away - racialized sentiments → massacres - LA 1924 - immigration act

Among the reasons that the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 is considered the most important piece of federal legislation to impact child welfare practice is its: 1. Emphasis on family preservation as a major goal of the child welfare system. 2. Granting of authority over the disposition of Native children to tribal entities. 3. Radical restructuring of the financing of child welfare activities. 4. Redefinition of the standards for abuse and neglect

1. Emphasis on family preservation as a major goal of the child welfare system.

An example of a 'universal' social program is: 1. Old Age, Survivors, Disability and Health Insurance 2. Food Stamps 3. Temporary Assistance to Needy Families 4. Section 8 housing

1. Old Age, Survivors, Disability and Health Insurance Answers

Evidence on privatization within child welfare has demonstrated that: 1. outcomes for children are far superior in a privatized environment 2. social workers are more satisfied with their child welfare work in private agencies 3. private agencies can protect children much more efficiently than public agencies 4. it is still unclear whether client outcomes are maximized in privatized arrangements

1. outcomes for children are far superior in a privatized environment

Elizabethan Poor Laws

1601 *An Important aspect of the Poor Laws was that they established categories of persons to receive relief *Indoor relief placed people in the poorhouses as a response to dependency Worthy (e.g., orphans, widows, handicapped, frail elderly) vs. Unworthy (e.g., drunkards, shiftless, lazy). The impotent poor (people who can't work) were to be cared for in almshouse or a poorhouse. The law offered relief to people who were unable to work: mainly those who were "lame, impotent, old, blind" The able-bodied poor were to be set to work in a House of Industry. Materials were to be provided for the poor to be set to work. The idle poor and vagrants were to be sent to a House of Correction or even prison. Pauper children would become apprentices.*

Colonial Period

1604-1867 French and English model: French settlers assigned needy to Catholic Church English settlers charitable organization on local basis Increasing poverty Workhouse - work test that determines eligibility for help

How many bills will become law?

163

Colonial Period

1647-1776

Settlement Act

1662; The Poor Law Act (43 Eliz) was passed, putting the administration of the poor rates into the hands of each individual parish. Some parishes were more generous than others: this led to some people exploiting the legislation by moving into these more generous parishes. The ratepayers objected to this abuse and in 1662 the Settlement Laws were passed in order to prevent it. Unfortunately, the laws also reduced the mobility of labor and discouraged the unemployed from leaving the parish of their birth in order to find work. After 1662, if a man left his settled parish to move elsewhere, he had to take with him a Settlement Certificate which guaranteed that his home parish would pay for his 'removal' costs from another parish back to his home parish if he became a claimant on the poor rates. Naturally enough, parishes were unwilling to issue such certificates so people tended to stay where they lived — and where they knew that if the occasion arose, they could claim on the poor rates without any additional difficulty.

Pre-Civil War Period

1777-1860

The Yates Report

1823; In 1823, Secretary of the State of New York, John Van Ness Yates, helped create reform laws in order to improve the treatment of the poor. Like Quincy, just a few years before, he traveled around New York State to view the standards of how counties dealt with poverty. The Yates Report had a strong impact on how poverty was to be addressed in the state of New York. In fact, New York State created a law in 1824 declaring that poorhouses must be built and that those in need must be cared for. Due to the Yates Report, improvement on how the United States treated its citizens in need soon became more federally funded, as taxes were created that helped the needy. *Consequently, poorhouses began to be built throughout the state between 1824-1828.*

After Civil War Period

1860-1900

Industrial Period

1868-1940 Workers Compensation (1914) Mother's Allowance (1916) - only available to widows and deserted women, not single mothers Right for women to vote (1918) Government Annuities Act- option to pay into gvmt -operated pension plan (The elderly) Old age pension- first time federal gvmt provides income security - not available to Aboriginals and Inuits Great Depression - Bennet made Relief Act - unemployment relief camps for men Ottawa Trek

Plessy v Ferguson

1896 - Plessy v Ferguson 1896 - segregation by legislation - if ⅛ black / mixed / colored - considered black / colored, Plessy (early Rosa Parks on train) was arrested → court determined SEP BUT EQUAL Voting rights stripped Segregation de facto through housing and banking policies Jim crow, american apartheid Mostly by state but also federal

Progress and Reform Period

1900-1930 Americans lacked a set of coherent ideas for changing the economic/social structure By the 1920s the United States became the richest country in the world Revolutions in technology Decrease in farm population Even though personal wealth was increasing, The wage earner's share of the net product in manufacturing actually declined Farmers were having a hard time finding land to purchase Well-being of African Americans was worse than any time since slavery The Progressive Era was not one of progress for African Americans or Native Americans Population shift to the North Increased labor productivity

National Urban League

1910, to serve needs of black population

During Franklin D. Roosevelt's first year in office, he proposed three types of remedial legislation. Which of the following was proposed 1. Tax cuts to stimulate the economy 2. Public works programs to stimulate investments 3. Grants to locla businesses to hire new employees 4. Temporary private and public employment programs

2. Public works programs to stimulate investments

The main impetus for the Indian Child Welfare Act was 1. extremely high rates of child abuse and neglect among Native communities Correct2. disproportionate out-of-home placements for Native children 3. high costs for foster care for Native children 4. need for greater incentives to recruit more foster care families to take custody of Native children

2. disproportionate out-of-home placements for Native children

The most common type of child maltreatment reported is: Answers: 1. physical abuse 2. Childhood Sexual Abuse 3. Neglect 4. domestic violence against both spouses and children

3. Neglect

Dependency ratios refers to the number of 1. children related to one father 2. aging parents depending on their children 3. beneficiaries to workers 4. children in a family

3. beneficiaries to workers

Ronald Reagan's administration focused on "supply side" economics which 1. allowed for growth in the service sector and more employment opportunities for women and minorities 2. Encouraged American Companies to expand their international interests in cheap labor Correct3. deregulated businesses and provided tax cuts as a means of stimulating the economy 4. called for a return to the government providing jobs to address the high unemployment rates

3. deregulated businesses and provided tax cuts as a means of stimulating the economy

Supplemental Security Income provides income assistance to: Answers: 1. low-income families with children 2. single mothers Correct3. poor people who are elderly, blind, or have disabilities 4. people who live in states with very high costs of living

3. poor people who are elderly, blind, or have disabilities

Which of the following is NOT a stated goal of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Answers: 1. end families' dependence on government benefits by promoting job preparation and work 2. encourage formation and maintenance of two-parent families 3. prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies 4. reduce poverty to below the pre-1996 level

4. reduce poverty to below the pre-1996 level

Retirement plans in which employers promise specific pensions for workers based on their years of service is called 1. Social Security Old Age Assistance 2. Individual Retirement Accounts 3. Personal Savings Account 4. Defined Benefit Plans

4. Defined Benefit Plans

General Assistance is: Answers: 1. a federally-funded program to provide income support for those who do not qualify for TANF 2. a term used to describe all of the government's means-tested programs 3. restricted to individuals with disabilities 4. funded entirely by the states, counties, and localities that administer it; decreasing or vanishing as they battle deficits

4. funded entirely by the states, counties, and localities that administer it; decreasing or vanishing as they battle deficits

AN ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM IS

A PROGRAM FOR WHICH ALL CITIZENS WHO MEET THE ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS LEGALLY QUALIFY

Welfare Reform

A combination of punitive and liberal reforms were enacted in 1967 including a work requirement, enhanced childcare, and a provision allowing many working women to keep part of their welfare grants when they worked

What's the distinction between the Charity Organization Societies (COS) and the Settlement House Movement?

A major distinction between the Charity Organization Societies (COS) and the Settlement House Movement was that the COS workers Believed the cause of poverty to be moral weakness among the poor.

A New View of Child Welfare post Civil War

A new view that child care was to be separate and special An Act to Regulate the Treatment and Control of Dependent, Neglected, and Delinquent Children Act to Provide for the Better Care of Pauper and Destitute Children Removal of children from catchall almshouses Belief that children's association during early life could create a generation of dependents Was slow to actually happen

Social Justice

A vision of just practice , just organizations, communities, policies and society

5. Which part of the following were demands by unions and worker political parties in the early 1800s?

A. Equal and universal free education

Which of the following were demands by unions and worker political parties in the early 1800's? A. equal and universal free education B. better working conditions for Blacks C. establishment of an eight-hour workday D. changes in basic property relationships

A. equal and universal free education

Neo-liberalism

Active government and vigorous social institutions

Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA)

Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act (AACWA) and is meant to ensure permanency and child safety through the promotion of adoption and acceleration of the termination of parental rights. Adoption promotion and support services are provided to foster children and adoptive families as well as coverage of health insurance for special needs children if necessary to ensure adoption. Additionally, adoption incentive payments are provided to states if yearly adoption numbers increase and for the adoption of special needs children. Services provided by various professionals, under federal oversight, including: social workers, case managers, other therapeutic professionals, and individuals in the court system.

Policy Advocacy

Advocacy is a general term that can be simply supporting a cause or speaking up for something you believe in Involves political activities performed within the political system

Social Reform: Working Conditions in Progressive era

Advocacy of child and women's labor legislation Child labor had steadily declined Regulate conditions and hours of work for female workers The average workday remained at eleven hours Work-sharing systems Unionized and nonunionized industries Major corporations pursued the "American plan" during the 1920s "Welfare capitalism" Racism and nativism began to subside Increasing participation of women in the labor force Unionization of women was nevertheless slow and fraught with difficulty AFL's lack of interest

Mental Health - access and equity

Although African Americans, Hispanics or Latinos, American Indians, and Asian Americans are no less likely than whites to suffer from mental illness, they often do not get the help they need. For example, historically mental health services for African Americans were not widely available until 1965 when the state hospitals were desegregated. When members of minority groups do get access to treatment, the treatment may be substandard or too late. There is evidence that even diagnosis is affected by individuals' race or ethnicity. Barriers to adequate care that create these disparities include the large percentage of families in these groups who have historically lacked health insurance; treatment that is not tailored to people from different cultures or who speak different languages; lack of research specific to minorities; and lack of mental health services in isolated areas. Additionally, concerns about stigma and lack of physicians, particularly specialists, from these ethnic groups, negatively influence treatment. Because of these barriers, disparities in access to mental health services will persist even after the 2010 health reform legislation which will increase access, is fully implemented and, as a result, individuals' mental health and overall well-being will suffer. Work to eliminate these disparities must continue.

An entitlement program is:

An entitlement program is one for which all citizens who meet the eligibility requirements legally qualify. Perhaps the most prominent examples are Social Security and Medicare. Chapin, Rosemary (2014-03-05). Social Policy for Effective Practice: A Strengths Approach (New Directions in Social Work) (Kindle Locations 4098-4100). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition.

Taxes that require people with lower incomes to pay higher rates or proportions of their income are known as ________________ taxes 1. progressive 2. regressive 3. proportional 4. restrictive

Answer: 2

"Policy practice" refers to: 1. social work practice that is in accordance with the worker's agency policies 2. social work done by those working for government agencies 3. the effort to change policy in legislative, agency, and community settings, whether by establishing new policies, improving existing ones, or defeating the policy initiatives of other people 4. social work students' practice in designing and analyzing policies

Answer: 3

In its first annual report in 1818, the New York Society for the Prevention of Pauperism stated that the causes of poverty included A. gambling B. sexism C. racism D. ignorance

Answer: ignorance

Which of the following is a principle of the English Poor Laws? A. Local responsibility B. Individual responsibility C. Parliament responsibility D. Church responsibility

Answer: A

Ida B. Wells-Barnett

Anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist, and speaker. In Chicago, she helped develop numerous African American women's and reform organizations

Assets and Poverty

Asset poverty is highly correlated based on race/ethnicity, income, and education level. A person is considered "asset poor" if the access he/she has to wealthy-type resources is insufficient for he/she to meet basic needs for a limited period of time (Haveman & Wolff, 2001). 50% of households of color, 34% of households headed by someone without a high school education, and 59% of female-headed households are "asset poor" (Caner & Wolff, 2004).

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDP)

Assistance provided to states and local governments to address juvenile delinquency and improve the juvenile justice system. Focus on community-based treatment to avoid unnecessary entry in the juvenile justice system as well as protection for juveniles against exposure to adult inmates and jails. Oversight of the Act's provisions provided by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention in the U.S. Department of Justice.

The Road to "Reform"

Attitudes changed as more "worthy" poor women moved to Social Security survivors' benefits Increasing public dissatisfaction Welfare rights movement changed recipient profile (to one with less support) Also repositioned them as adversaries, not charity cases State waiver applications for reforms Incremental changes from 1967 to 1988

Universal Policy

Available to everyone : Federal Emergency Relief

Which of the following was the result of the Freedmen's Bureau? A. provisions of transportation and homes for new immigrants B. distribution of medical supplies and establishment of hospitals C. implementation of land distribution to increase economic power D. authorization of the right to vote for African Americans

B. distribution of medical supplies and establishment of hospitals

During the Colonial period, the view that people were evil and lazy led to policies which: A. were designed to marginalize certain groups B. resulted in coercive alternatives C. became generous and charitable D. developed a harsh and punitive prison system

B. resulted in coercive alternatives

Subjective Poverty

Based on people's assessment of how much they really need Deprivation Index: Determination of the level "necessary" to survive

1950s Historical Context

Belief that prosperity widely experienced Much of New Deal dismantled, except for Social Security programs Migration from South to urban North Increase in welfare recipients McCarthyism Strengthening civil rights movement amidst continuing discrimination

Private Philanthropy

Benjamin Franklin was a strong proponent of voluntary associations and self-help

Mary Church Terrell

Born to former slaves Many "firsts" Started in education, went on to form several prominent associations Focused efforts on women's suffrage and anti-segregation

Which of the following factors has the greatest influence on social welfare policy? A. The political party in office B. The needs of the clients C. The governments' ability to collect taxes D. The global economy and political stability

C. The governments' ability to collect taxes

In the 1960's the "man in the house rules" specified that A. Welfare mothers had to have a husband in order to receive assistance B. Men had the final authority to make family decisions C. Women could only receive assistance if there was no man in the house D. Men were essential snd important to provide family stability

C. Women could only receive assistance if there was no man in the house

Benjamin Franklin challenged the Poor Laws because he believed that: A. they were unfair to the upper class B. they were a constant reminder of English rule C. people were responsible for their own welfare D. supporting the poor was up to their owners

C. people were responsible for their own welfare

Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act

CHIP In 2009, President Obama signed the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (CHIPRA) and SCHIP became CHIP. CHIPRA included a provision allowing children who are legal residents with permanent status to participate in CHIP without waiting the requisite five years. But states are not required to provide this coverage, and in today's recession, relatively few do. For more information on immigrants' eligibility for public benefits, visit the website of the National Immigration Law Center The ACA also impacts CHIP. Entire families, including children, are now eligible for Medicaid if their income is below 138 percent of poverty in states that have accepted Medicaid expansion. So, in those states, some of the children formerly served by CHIP will now be insured through Medicaid.

Cautions in applying strengths perspective

Can lose urgency, May have trouble analyzing policies created from a problem-centered perspective, May face resistance from policymakers and others operating from deficit model, Your framing of the situation will not match theirs

Retrenchment: 1980s-present

Challenge to Opportunity Victories Inequitable Outcomes English Only Laws as state referenda Deprives civil rights (e.g. vote, legal proceedings, and education) for those with limited English proficiency Anti-affirmative action legal challenges Erode the small employment and education gains that have been made and increase the likelihood of return to previous practices

Charity orgs

Charity - identify needs, reorg resources, Darwin - survival of the fittest** "friendly visitors" to assist "fitness" - if ppl were drinking, if good parenting, etc - moralism, tried to fundamentally changes lives of ppl "helping" and educating - and putting unwanted ppl in almshouses → Issues: Science of the charity -- trying to regulate amount of money ppl received - set up ledger system similar to worthy and unworthy poor, stigmatizing → out of charity org came CASEWORK or CLINICAL

Supply-side economics: A positive Way to be Negative

Claimed tax cuts for affluent persons increase economic growth. Reagan and his staff were influenced by supplied-side economics

Skills for strengths-based policy practice

Communication with clients, Communication with external stakeholders, Group facilitation, consensus-building, Solicitation of client feedback, Analytical skills that integrate data and values, Understanding of policy development and change, to serve as resource for clients

Helping to get policy enacted

Consider whether entirely new policies are needed, or modifications to existing ones Consider rule changes that do not require new legislation Investigate worker training as a strategy Remember that judicial advocacy can play a role Conduct cost-benefit analysis Include the costs of inaction

War on Poverty

Consisted of job training programs, youth programs, employment and medical services, community action programs, and legal aid and services. Job Corps provided impoverished youth with job training Job Corp Neighborhood Youth Corp Head Start Community Action Program Many policies reflected "culture of poverty" thesis

Policy Framing

Context in which social problems are defined and policies are proposed, debated, and either adopted or rejected

Charity Organization Societies

Coordination of private philanthropy efforts Detailed investigation Central registration: concerns about families manipulating the system Coordination among agencies Use of "friendly visitors" Important because first coordinated attempt to systematically address poverty

Workhouses

Correction and poverty aid. Long hours. Families separated. Children

Problems with state of child welfare

Currently a needs based system, based on elimination of problems and a low standard, but not raising the standard and not preventative Designed to promote well being, ensuring safety, achieving permanency, strengthening families to care for children - but system doesn't work Foster care - unfit families System designed to deal with physical and sexual abuse Devolved design and privatization Despite the high correlation of poverty with child abuse, neglect, and involvement with the juvenile justice system, symptom-focused problem remediation remains the major focus of work with the families of these children. Despite the high correlation of poverty with child abuse, neglect, and involvement with the juvenile justice system, symptom-focused problem remediation remains the major focus of work with the families of these children. The strengths perspective urges greater focus on wrap-around services and family capacity building, including attention to increasing income and job opportunities.

In the late 1800's, the Charity Organization Societies attempted which of the following? A. motivating the public to accept Social Darwinism B. using specific sets of procedures to help the poor get aid C. organizing schools of social work to develop curriculum to train friendly visitors D. coordinating private social welfare services to avoid costly duplication

D. coordinating private social welfare services to avoid costly duplication

Deinstitutionalization

Deinstitutionalization refers to the policy of providing community-based services for people with disabilities who were formerly served in institutions. The Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act and the State Comprehensive Mental Health Services Plan Act were two major pieces of legislation that contributed to the deinstitutionalization of people with mental illness. refers to the policy of providing community-based services for people with disabilities who were formerly served in institutions. Thousands of people with mental illness left state institutions, new admissions to state institutions were strictly limited, and many state hospitals closed. Many of the people who were released were successfully reintegrated into communities. However, due to inadequate funding and services, large numbers of people received little or no mental health care. As a result, some people with mental illness have been reinstitutionalized in prisons or nursing homes, while others are living in homeless shelters or on the streets.

Key Historic Welfare Debates

Deserving vs. Undeserving Poor Economic Security vs. Disincentives to Work Bare Subsistence vs. Adequate Standard of Living Fact of Need vs. Cause of Need

Define needs and strengths

Determine needs Identify assets available within the target population Make an initial claim for attention to the needs as articulated by the target group

State and Local Advocacy

Differences with the federal level Legislative sessions More homogenous Political culture and partisan control of government Best practices "Decentralization of policy making must lead to decentralization of knowledge gathering"

Elizabethan Poor Laws

Distinction among categories of needy persons Distinction between worthy and unworthy poor Societal obligation to help the needy Incorporation of family responsibility Local responsibility for administration of social welfare Coercive work and residency requirements Stigmatization of pauperism Main points of the 1601 Act The impotent poor (people who can't work) were to be cared for in almshouse or a poorhouse. The law offered relief to people who were unable to work: mainly those who were "lame, impotent, old, blind". The able-bodied poor were to be set to work in a House of Industry. Materials were to be provided for the poor to be set to work.[9] The idle poor and vagrants were to be sent to a House of Correction or even prison.[5] Pauper children would become apprentices.

History of Mental Health Care

During the mid-1800s, Dorothea Dix led a social movement to garner national attention for the plight of people with mental illness. She wanted the federal government to provide for institutions for these people. Although she was not successful in securing federal support, more than 30 state hospitals were established by the mid-1800s. The period witnessed a growing belief in the efficacy of treatment for people with mental illness. However, inadequate funding soon led to overcrowding and largely custodial care in some state institutions. Sterilization as civil rights issue Attn post WWI The federal government became involved in the delivery of mental health services to the general citizenry with the passage of the 1946 Mental Health Act, which established the National

Up until the civil war...

Egalitarian ideals took second place to: Laissez-faire capitalism, industrialization, and expansionism The 1800s brought social experimentation, with money, time, & energy Immigration and Migration Almshouses Migration from rural areas increased dramatically; moved to cities for work The supply of housing and services never caught up with the need Employment and Unionization Families were often paid in liquor, tobacco, or company scrip Trade unions formed as early as 1790 By 1837 there were at least five national unions

Conservatives

Emphasize self-reliance & independence as hallmarks of American character Oppose most social welfare interventions Believe "excessive" social welfare policies have failed & increase dependency and sap individual initiative Prefer natural workings of the market economy

Undeserving

Employable but unemployed. criminalized. punished for begging without license.

Inequality

Even outside the context of absolute poverty, inequality is a growing and quite serious problem in the United States. Asset distribution in the U.S. is dramatically more unequal than income distribution. Policy changes in recent years, particularly the Bush Administration tax cuts, as well as global economic factors, have exacerbated inequality.

Child Abuse and Prevention Treatment Act (CAPTA)

Federal program that provides funding to states to develop systems and programs for reporting, investigating, treating, and preventing child abuse and neglect. Also established the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect as an information clearinghouse.

Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act (AACWA)

Financial incentives provided to states to reduce the amount of time children spend in foster care by developing permanency plans for all children in the foster care system that emphasize family preservation, reunification, or adoption. Mandates that reasonable efforts must be made to keep children in the home or reunite children with their families.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

First time since the Reconstruction federal government assumed role in protecting voting rights. Required desegregation of public facilities and transportation. Prohibited discrimination in hiring practices. Final impetus = The 1964 murders of Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman

Fiscal policy

Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy through which a central bank influences a nation's money supply.

1960-1990 Historical Context

Focus on Civil Rights (race, color, religion, sex, national origin) African Americans NAACP's policy of taking grievances to court increased legal rights of people of minorities Militancy increased with the evidence of the ineffectiveness of court action SNCC organized "freedom rides" Television brought an immediacy to civil rights The Voting Rights Act 1965 and Legal Rights Effectively ended legalized segregation Equal pay act of 1963

The Oppression of Gay Men and Lesbians

Focused on winning Civil Rights in the1970s AIDS epidemic was acknowledged in 1982 by public health authorities. Gay population attempted to mobilize against epidemic but encountered indifference from President Reagan. Efforts to combat disease were hampered by homophobia in the Reagan Administration. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop played a key role in developing support programs to attack AIDS.

Outdoor Relief

Food, shelter, money for 'deserving' ones

Problems with "aging out of foster care"

Foster children who age-out of the system at age 18 face many barriers to successful transition to adulthood because they lack many of the *supports other young people receive* to help them make this transition.

The Multi-Ethnic Placement Act (MEPA)

Funding provided to states to implement provisions focused on removing barriers to permanency for children in the child welfare system, except for those covered by ICWA. Looks to shorten time between entry into system and adoption by prohibiting child welfare agencies from denying placement or adoption based on race, color, or national origin of the child or prospective foster or adoptive parent. Requires that state child welfare agencies actively recruit and maintain foster and adoptive parents reflective of the racial and ethnic diversity of the children in their foster care system.

Execution

Funds given to different agencies

Voting Rights Act 1965

Gave the federal government the right to presume discrimination in any state or its subdivision where less that 50% of people of color voted in federal elections. Gave federal government right to presume discrimination in areas that used literacy and other screening tests.

Earned Income Tax Credit

Goal of decreasing the impact of payroll taxes on low-income families with children and to encourage nonworkers to enter the workforce Does not count as income or impact eligibility for other programs Need earned income to qualify Phased out based on income level (IRS, 2009, for tax year 2008): With 1 child, maximum EITC $2,917 (income<$33,995 or <$36,995 for married) 2+ children, maximum $4,824 (income<$38,646 or <$41,646 for married) No children, maximum $438 (income<$12,880 or $15,880 married) Residual and means-tested but low stigma and cost-efficient (only have to file tax return)

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country annually.

Indoor Relief

Hard Labor with minimal pay for the 'undeserving' the poor would be taken into the local almshouse the ill would be admitted to the hospital orphans were taken into the orphanage the idle poor would be taken into the poor-house or workhouse where they would be set to work

Some Outcomes of the War on Poverty

Head Start - strengthened the legitimacy of early intervention and supported the value of day care. Improved nutrition and health care for young children. Enhanced parental involvement in education. Poverty reduced - from 22% to 11.2% (from 1960-1974) Community involvement - Poor people provided governance of community action programs Career ladders - Indigenous community members became paraprofessionals in human services and continued their education

State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)

Health insurance for children in families with too much income to qualify for Medicaid, but who cannot afford health insurance. Eligibility varies from state to state. It is administered at the state level, and supported by the federal government with expanded support under the Affordable Care Act of 2010.

Medicaid

Health insurance for medical and health-related services including nursing facility care, for low-income people. Eligibility varies from *state to state.* Medicaid provides health insurance to low-income people who fall within the state guidelines for "categorically needy." Medicaid is jointly funded by federal and state governments. Medicaid provides health insurance for people who otherwise would likely have none. This policy is compatible with values such as social justice and adequacy to the extent that it provides some opportunity for oppressed groups to access health care. However, information about Medicaid eligibility needs to be made more accessible to a culturally diverse U.S. population, and service adequacy should attend to the specific needs of vulnerable populations, including those who live in underserved rural areas and those with particular and chronic health concerns.

Medicare

Health insurance for older adults and people with disabilities. Eligibility is set at the *federal level.* Eligibility is based on attachment to the workforce and the program is financed in part by payroll taxes. Medicare provides health insurance for eligible people over age 65, people with certain disabilities, and people with end-stage renal disease. Medicare is administered at the federal level, funded by payroll taxes (Part A) and premium payments and the federal general fund (Part B). The Medicare Prescription Drug Act was passed in 2003 and provides limited coverage for prescription drugs. Medicare was used as a vehicle to expand civil rights by requiring hospitals receiving Medicare to be integrated in the 1960s, and again in 2010 by requiring hospitals receiving Medicare and Medicaid to give same-sex couples the right to be with a partner who is sick or dying.

Managed care

Here, the insurer controls the person's health care. If services can be provided more cheaply than the prospective payment rate, or avoided completely, then the provider makes a profit.

The New Nation and Its Constitution

In 1773, slaves in Massachusetts petitioned the legislature for freedom The Constitution did not deal with the problems of the poor Because the political economy of the times was elitist, so was the Constitution The Constitution does guarantee citizens certain freedoms and civil rights

The Reagan Policy Blitzkrieg

In his first 8 months in office Reagan secured budget cuts, tax cuts, elimination of many government regulations, block grants and increased military spending. A Number of reasons allowed Reagan to be successful including: Democratic party demoralized due to Reagan's landslide victory. Democratic party experienced leadership problems. Southern Democrats voted for Reagan-type policies. Announced he would preserve the safety net for the ill and elderly to appear compassionate. Chose not to cut big programs such as Medicare and Social Security while focusing his cuts on programs used by poor people.

State Children's Health Insurance Program

In order to help remedy this problem, the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 created a new children's health insurance program called the (SCHIP). The Act established SCHIP under Title XXI of the Social Security Act and made health insurance for children more widely available. This law authorizes states to offer health insurance for children up to age 19 who are not already insured. This program is state administered, and each state sets its own guidelines regarding eligibility and services. Eligibility rules are much more generous than are those for Medicaid, and working families without insurance may qualify. Services provided to children under this program are the same as services received by Medicaid recipients in each state.

The Dust Bowl

In the 1910s and 1920s the southern Plains was "the last frontier of agriculture" according to the government, when rising wheat prices, a war in Europe, a series of unusually wet years, and generous federal farm policies created a land boom - the Great Plow-Up that turned 5.2 million acres of thick native grassland into wheat fields. Newcomers rushed in and towns sprang up overnight. As the nation sank into the Depression and wheat prices plummeted from $2 a bushel to 40 cents, farmers responded by tearing up even more prairie sod in hopes of harvesting bumper crops. When prices fell even further, the "suitcase farmers" who had moved in for quick profits simply abandoned their fields. Then the drought began. It would last eight straight years. Dust storms, at first considered freaks of nature, became commonplace. Static charges in the air shorted-out automobiles on the road; men avoided shaking hands for fear of shocks that could knock a person to the ground. Huge drifts of dirt buried pastures and barnyards, piled up in front of homesteaders' doors, came in through window cracks and sifted down from ceilings.

Eco Aid

In the beginning... In 1911 Mothers' pensions to widows introduced (very few unmarried recipients) 40 states offered them by 1920 Aid to Dependent Children created in 1935 (part of Social Security Act) In the 1950s, it began to serve more divorced women as widows moved to Social Security survivor benefits Renamed Aid to Families with Dependent Children in 1962 A Totally Changed Mission Mothers' pensions were originally conceived to allow women without adequate financial support to stay home to raise their children In 1967, the first significant departure with WIP (Work Incentive Program)/WIN 1988 guaranteed childcare for recipients' children TANF includes strict work requirements and penalties for noncompliance

Negotiating consensus on policy goals

Include historical analysis in your recommendation of policy alternatives Solicit the participation of clients, elected officials, and other stakeholders Build relationships among stakeholders Find areas of goal convergence, and negotiate at the point of divergence

Lobbying

Interest Groups - formed to advance the personal or financial interests of members E.g., NASW, AARP Political Action Committees (PACs) - formed by interest groups to make donations E.g., NASW's PACE:

World War II_internment

Internment of Japanese Americans As the United States went to war, its selective racism showed on many fronts Japanese Americans were detained and then transported; Without any semblance of trial or due process, to barbed-wire concentration camps When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, did the United States finally enter the war in an uneasy alliance with China and communist Russia. In response, immediate action against the Japanese took place on federal, state and local levels: State and federal police raids intensified, and Japanese businesses were forced to close and citizens illegally detained, evicted, and fired. By fall 1942, more than 112,000 people of Japanese origin, two-thirds of them citizens, were interned in ten camps under military guard.

The Beleaguered President Johnson in a Trap of his Own Making:1967-1968

Johnson able to keep political balance through 1966 Refused to decrease commitment to the Vietnam War. Began to lose support in 1967 and 1968. Popularity with liberals began to decrease due to Vietnam War and poor funding of Great Society. Vietnam War eroded Johnson's credibility with conservatives who wanted even greater funding for it and wanted him to cut the Great Society to fund it. When Richard Nixon was elected President in 1968, the Great Society came to an official end.

Racial Regulation

Justified by belief that people of color threaten the social order: Not adopting dominant values and norms Economic drain (e.g., dependence on welfare) Disproportionate involvement in crime Anger and resentment towards society High fertility rates

Stare Decisis

Lat. "to stand by that which is decided." The principal that the precedent decisions are to be followed by the courts. To abide or adhere to decided cases. It is a general maxim that when a point has been settled by decision, it forms a precedent which is not afterwards to be departed from. The doctrine of stare decisis is not always to be relied upon, for the courts find it necessary to overrule cases which have been hastily decided, or contrary to principle.

Policy

Laws, public or private regulations, formal procedures or simply normatively, sanctioned patterns of behavior

Some Outcomes of the War on Poverty

Legal Services Corp - funding for legal services to the poor (but later restrictions on advocacy efforts in 1996) Job Corps - heightened consciousness that public service employment was important Vista Corps - strengthened JFK's Peace Corps by instilling idealism towards volunteerism in social issues.

Early American Poor Laws

Local Responsibility - Residency Requirements Qualifying for poor relief Family Responsibility Some outdoor relief was given to those who were more or less worthy Means Testing Able bodied were expected to work Worthy vs Unworthy Deserving vs Undeserving

Early American Poor Laws

Local Responsibility - Residency Requirements Qualifying for poor relief Family Responsibility Some outdoor relief was given to those who were more or less worthy Means Testing Able bodied were expected to work Worthy vs Unworthy Deserving vs Undeserving Classification of the Poor Impotent poor Able-bodied poor Dependent children

Social Movements

Loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of a change in society's policies, structures, or values HSMs

Mental disorders inequality

Major mental disorders are experienced by one in five people in the U.S. These disorders often go untreated owing to barriers such as a fragmented mental health delivery system, inadequate funding, stigma attached to service utilization, and lack of cultural competence.

Social Treatment in the 1800s

Medical Care and General Hospitals Those who could not avoid hospitals often paid for it in the coin of experimentation Medical treatments were often worse than the problem Men generally controlled the medical field during the decades of the 1800s Mental Hospitals and Psychiatry Benjamin Rush In the early 1800s, private asylums were established on Rush's model The push toward state care of the mentally ill Dorothea Dix Education Education as a way to individual achievement is a persistent American ideal Care of Blind, Deaf, and Developmentally Disabled People Children who were blind, deaf, or otherwise disabled were usually placed in almshouses

Between the Civil War and the end of the 19th century, main changes:

More dynamic and industrial New social welfare Rural rebellion of smaller farmers Social movements to address poverty, exclusion, and disaffiliation

Discretionary spending

National defense Agriculture Transportation Most social services

Nonwhite Minorities: Expendable Commodities in The New Nation

Native Americans: A Case of Genocide The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act Chinese in America Chinese were among the first immigrants to North America after its rediscovery in 1492 The Contributions of People of African Descent The price of slaves increased until it became cheaper to breed than to buy them Slave Owner and Cotton Culture Slave Families The Work of Slavery Slave Rebellions Free People of African Descent Hispanic Americans Hispanic Americans have a history divergent from that of Native Americans Lawlessness against Mexicans

Era of Erosion

Neo-liberalism- economic growth declined Welfare-State dismantled Guaranteed Annual Income debate - Mincome Experiment CAP to CHST National Daycare Plan thwarted Kelowna Accord Thwarted Employment Insurance Immigration Policy Environmental Policy Federal Downloading to Provinces NAPO national anti poverty organization Fiscal Policy

"The Scottsboro Boys"

No crime in American history-- let alone a crime that never occurred-- produced as many trials, convictions, reversals, and retrials as did an alleged gang rape of two white girls by nine black teenagers on a Southern Railroad freight run on March 25, 1931. Over the course of the two decades that followed, the struggle for justice of the "Scottsboro Boys," as the black teens were called, made celebrities out of anonymities, launched and ended careers, wasted lives, produced heroes, opened southern juries to blacks, exacerbated sectional strife, and divided America's political left. When New York attorney Samuel Leibowitz received a call from the International Labor Defense asking him whether he would defend the Scottsboro Boys in their new trials, he was considered by many to be the "new Clarence Darrow," the man to call if you were charged with a capital crime. In over fifteen years of criminal defense work, Liebowitz had represented seventy-eight persons charged with first-degree murder. His remarkable record over that period was seventy-seven acquittals, one hung jury, and no convictions

Workers' compensation

No state required to have, and no minimum standards State legislation limiting liability, capping benefits, requiring compulsory coverage Most states pay ~2/3 of worker's weekly earnings at time of injury or death

Programs of Social Insurance Based on Social Security Acts

Old Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Unemployment Compensation: Title III Workers' Compensation: State Social Insurance Provides benefits to victims of work-related accidents and illnesses regardless of fault Old Age Assistance (OAA) Set to provide an income for people over 65 Who did not have enough savings for retirement or had never worked Aid to the Blind (AB) and Aid to the Disabled (AD) Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) Those deprived of "parental support" rather than those in need Federal financing probably enacted because it was tied to other, more popular bills AFDC became a federal-state program AFDC Became_ _ _ _

History of child welfare

Originally dealt with orphans, first laws in 1800s. 1960s increased focus on maltreatment First act-- Child abuse prevention and treatment act of 1974 Adoption assistance and child welfare act 1980 - most important for child welfare be focused in family preservation, according to Chapin Act of 2014 - preventing child sex trafficking and strengthening families

Older Americans Act, 1965

Policy Goals To create a comprehensive, coordinated service network for older adults. Benefits or Services Provided Planning and coordination as well as services. Access services including transportation, outreach, case management and in-home services, supportive services, legal assistance, and congregate and home delivered meals. National Family Caregiver Support Program. Eligibility Rules Age 60 and over. Priority is given to low-income minority elders and older adults living in rural areas. Service Delivery System The federal Administration on Aging coordinates overall implementation. State agencies oversee local Area Agencies on Aging, which deliver services directly or through contracts with private agencies. Financing Federally funded by general revenue taxes.

Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 1974

Policy Goals To regulate the private pension system by setting minimum standards and providing limited pension guarantees. Benefits or Services Provided Established minimum standards for participation, vesting, benefit accrual, and funding in qualified programs. Ensures payments to employees who have met the time requirements for nonforfeiture. Eligibility Rules Participants in employer-provided defined benefit pension plans covered by the Act who meet time requirements for full participation in the plan. Service Delivery System Benefits paid through the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC). Federal oversight by the Labor Department's Employee Benefits Security Administration and the Internal Revenue Service. Financing The PBGC is funded by insurance premiums paid by employers, investments, and recovered assets from terminated plans.

Social Programs in the Kennedy-Johnson Years:

Poverty was easier to deal with than civil rights President Kennedy's 1962 plans were modest Kennedy's Social Security Amendments Social Security Amendments of 1962 Under Johnson, the Social Security Acts were further amended The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Overtly aimed at calming riots and providing job training and employment for: The poor and people of color Community Action Programs Maximum Feasible Participation Programs Amended Under Johnson Medicare Medicaid Social Security Amendments of 1967 During 1967, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare underwent reorganization Sexual morality of single mothers was an issue Other Kennedy-Johnson Social Programs Food Programs Mental Health and Developmental Disability Housing Specialized Programs

ACA insured vs uninsured

Prior to passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), over 15 percent of the American population was uninsured. When the ACA is fully implemented, the percentage of people without insurance is projected to be less than 8 percent. While falling short of universal health care, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as modified by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act (ACA) will expand coverage to an estimated 30 million people when fully phased in. This legislation includes major changes to Medicaid and Medicare.

AFDC Analysis

Problem Definition: Poverty in households with children Underlying Values: Assisting children (attitude towards parents has changed) Policy Goals: Assist families with children in meeting basic expenditure needs Eligibility: Asset test and income level (all eligible families aided) Only families with children Benefits: Cash, job training & placement, CSE, childcare, family planning Levels inadequate to lift from poverty Administration/delivery system: centrally-administered with some state flexibility to set rules within a federal framework Financing: State matching funds (federal share 50 to 78.5%—based on state fiscal capacity)

Problem-centered approaches

Problem-centered approaches begin with labeling a situation a "problem" to be corrected. This focuses attention on pathology and is often stigmatizing.

Policy evaluation

Problem-centered approaches focus on cost-effectiveness. Policies are evaluated based on goals that may not reflect client priorities. Strengths-based approaches highlight client outcomes. Client feedback is incorporated into all phases of policy evaluation.

Social Welfare

Programs intended to assist vulnerable populations

Public opinion forced Kennedy to propose civil rights legislation in 1963.

Prohibited job discrimination on basis of race or gender and segregation of public facilities, public transportation, and voter registration.

Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)

Provides protection to all children who are members of federally tribes through the provision of minimum standards for the removal and placement of Native American children in the child welfare system. Mandates efforts be made to keep Native American children in their homes or place them in homes that reflect their culture. Establishes tribal authority over federal and state courts in the protection of Native American children.

TAXES THAT REQUIRE PEOPLE WITH LOWER INCOMES TO PAY HIGHER RATES PROPORTIONS OF THEIR INCOME ARE KNOWN AS

REGRESSIVE TAXES

Social Policy Retrenchment

Reaganomics- governement making things worse Block Grants Neoliberalism of the Clinton years G.W Bush :Domestic spending cuts, privatization and charitable choice

Combination of factors contributed to Johnson's success:

Received public sympathy in wake of Kennedy's death. Continued pressure from Civil Rights groups to enact civil rights legislation. Expressed genuine compassion for those in need. Used his infamous political skills to pass legislation Maintained political support from many legislative and interest groups.

Private Philanthropy

Religious Answers to Poverty Protestant religious groups led the way in social reform Jewish immigrants brought with them their heritage of charity and mutual aid Catholicism supplied its traditional forms of charity The Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor A bitter winter from 1837 to 1838 broke the back of private charity AICPs spread throughout the country Today's Community Service Society Special Interest Charities Ethnic groups also formed mutual aid societies Government Responses The American Revolution scarcely changed poor laws Institutionalization Each year poorhouse conditions deteriorated; overcrowding waxed and supervision waned Outdoor Relief The 1820 Quincy Report exposed how paupers were treated within the state of Massachusetts. Written by Senator Josiah Quincy III the report was an attempt to improve the methods used to treat the impoverished. In 1821, the Report was released explaining how the practices of binding out, auctioning off, outdoor relief, and removing paupers from towns they held no residence in were ineffective

During the 1950's and the early 1960's welfare reform focused on A. Requiring all recipients to reapply in order to weed out fraudulent cases B. Strict enforcement of state residency requirements to keep recipients from moving to higher paying states C. Drives by Social Workers to publicize new requirements to assist welfare applicants D. Centralizing authority on the federal government to assure state equity and compliance

Requiring all recipients to reapply in order to weed out fraudulent cases

Residual Approach

Social welfare programs: are only needed when individual needs cannot be met by the other institutions that exist in society should only be available in emergencies and for a limited time can be provided by family, charitable non-governmental organizations, market forces

Institutional Approach

Social welfare programs: are seen as a preventive effort built into the social system are a legitimate function of society can be provided by the government

Role of the social worker in strengths-based policy practice

Social worker is resource person for target population, Rather than act as "expert," social worker draws attention to target population's perspectives, Each client is an "expert" on his/her own situation

Development of Policy Goals

Social workers identify opportunities and resources necessary for the target population to reach its goals. Strengths-based approaches place clients' goals at the center. Clients are actively engaged in goal development. Both perspectives seek to build consensus around policy goals.

Proposed changes to mental health / health system

Social workers need to be involved in educating people about the ACA, ensuring that rules and regulations developed in their state are equitable, helping people to get the health benefits for which they are now eligible, and ensuring that the patients' rights afforded by the legislation are enforced. Promotion of health and wellness rather than a narrow focus on treatment of illness is central to the strengths perspective. The challenge is to develop policies that create an environment in which people have the maximum chance for good health and can develop their strengths more fully.

Develop, enact, and implement

Specific considerations vary based on level and branch of government Must also include step of securing funding allocation, through the appropriations process Details of policy implementation are usually not specified in legislation Rule-making and agency discretion determine many policy details

The Ascendancy of Conservatism due to a number of developments.

Standard of living for working and middle classes improved markedly. Most believed that Keynesian economic theory could adjust government spending downward or upward. American economy was perceived to be expanding and would benefit all. 1980 Ronald Reagan elected Republicans able to persuade disillusioned Democrats to vote for Republican candidates including white Southerners and white blue collar Voters The Legitimization of Conservatism Goldwater's defeat convinced conservatives that they needed to be more involved in the political process. Conservative constituency expanded when religious groups joined their ranks with the encouragement of such groups as the Moral Majority. Reagan and Bush Era was the first conservative era since the 1950's Resulted in a shift of white Americans, Northern Americans, Catholics, and Southern White Democrats in moderate and lower income brackets from the Democratic to the Republican Party.

Principles of strengths-based policy practice

Strengths and goals of clients as starting places in policy development, Clients' definitions of needs center stage, Structural barriers emphasized in causation, Policies build on individual and community resources, Goals focus on access and opportunity to empower target populations The role of the social worker is not that of the expert who helps shape policy for hapless victims. Rather, it is that of the collaborator and resource person who helps gain attention for the perspectives of the target group and supports clients in advocating for policies

Proposed changes to Child welfare system

Systems view of child maltreatment Home visits Neighborhood supports Parent education Income support job training Substance abuse treatment The strengths perspective urges greater focus on wrap-around services and family capacity building, including attention to increasing income and job opportunities. Because families are the primary providers for children, policies that support and strengthen families in that role are basic to promoting child welfare. Social workers need to partner with families to advocate for policies that build on family strengths. Respect for diversity in families, including immigrant and gay and lesbian families, should be reinforced in policy.

early 19th century 20th Historical Context

Technology Labor force experience during WWII Economic need for two-wage families More educational opportunities Rising divorce rates/single motherhood Contraception The Feminine Mystique and changing cultural views

Unemployment compensation

Temporary source of income for workers Federal funding providing grants to states to implement UI programs ~97% of all workers covered Emergency federal fund triggered in times of state crisis Especially critical during economic recession—Congress extended multiple times, as workers exhausted benefits without finding work

The 1820 Quincy Report

The 1820 Quincy Report exposed how paupers were treated within the state of Massachusetts. Written by Senator Josiah Quincy III the report was an attempt to improve the methods used to treat the impoverished. In 1821, the Report was released explaining how the practices of binding out, auctioning off, outdoor relief, and removing paupers from towns they held no residence in were ineffective

ACA

The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010: Insurance companies were no longer allowed to deny children coverage based on a pre-existing condition. Insurance companies had to allow children to stay on their parent's insurance plans until the age of 26. People denied insurance due to a pre-existing medical problem were provided with immediate access to high-risk insurance plans. People on Medicare received a $ 250 rebate toward prescription drugs once their benefits ran out due to the donut hole currently encountered by people with high prescription costs. This hole in coverage will eventually be closed as health care reform is fully implemented. Insurance companies were prohibited from imposing lifetime dollar limits on essential benefits like hospital stays. Undocumented immigrants remain uninsured

Government Responses to Poverty

The American Revolution scarcely changed poor laws Institutionalization Each year poorhouse conditions deteriorated; overcrowding waxed and supervision waned Outdoor Relief

Charity Organization MOVEMENT

The Charity Organization Movement was modern in methods and outlook Initiated many practices of modern social work Scientific approach to poverty and pauperism Darwinian and Social theories First report to the First Conference of Charities and Corrections Immigrants, compared to where they came from, were living better lives Irish and potato crop failures, for example Belief that deterioration of character was a cause of poverty Inherited tendencies toward pauperism

Children's defense fund

The Children's Defense Fund is an American 501 nonprofit organization that focuses on child advocacy and research. It was founded in 1973 by Marian Wright Edelman

The Economic Opportunity Act

The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Overtly aimed at calming riots and providing job training and employment for: The poor and people of color Community Action Programs Maximum Feasible Participation

Reagan Tax Reduction

The Economic Recovery Tax Act provided for 20% cuts in income taxes over a three year period for all social classes. Provided major reductions in corporate taxes. Gave larger tax cuts to affluent persons.

Federal Poverty Guidelines

The FPG are administrative guidelines used by certain federal agencies to determine the financial eligibility of applicants to qualify for federally administered aid programs. Many states and private foundations also voluntarily use the FPG in determining eligibility for their programs. The FPG are a series of income levels that increase based on family size. The Department of Health and Human Services publishes the FPG annually in the Federal Register.

The Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act

The Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act, 2008 (Public Law 110- 351) extends federal funding for youth in foster care to the age of 21. This legislation also creates a federally subsidized guardianship program for kinship providers; mandates, expands and increases adoption incentives; and provides new funding to promote permanency and additional funding for tribal child welfare services.

Freedman's bureau

The Freedman's Bureau Provided a variety of services to meet the needs of former slaves within the states that were under reconstruction. public welfare programs post civil war, reconstruction 1865-69 - provided education and hospitals, 40 acres and a mule, formerly recognized unequal treatment and inhumane enslavement BUT New Prez stopped funding -- $$$$ > or may cut funding to decrease efficiency of program to make case for elimination

The Great Depression

The Great Depression did not crash full-blown on the economy in 1929 The first people laid off were Hispanic and African-American men Wage-earning women in 1930 numbered more than 10 million Wagner-Rainey Bill Social Revolt and Temporary Relief Demonstrations, strikes, and riots occurred nationwide Roosevelt's Emergency Measures Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) No set guidelines for relief giving existed except for means testing National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) Instituted federal control of production, prices, and the rights of workers in industry Title II Massive unionization of unskilled workers The Works Progress Administration (WPA) Other New Deal Programs Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Agricultural Adjustment Act Farm Credit Administration Youth Programs Civilian Conservation Corps

The New Deal

The New Deal created many jobs for social workers American Association of Social Workers took active part in organizing series of Senate committee meetings on unemployment relief "...One could not overestimate the central importance played by social workers..." in creating and implementing New Deal policies. (Robert Wagner, major architect of New Deal)

Settlement Act 1662

The Poor Law Act (43 Eliz) was passed, putting the administration of the poor rates into the hands of each individual parish. Some parishes were more generous than others: this led to some people exploiting the legislation by moving into these more generous parishes. The ratepayers objected to this abuse and in 1662 the Settlement Laws were passed in order to prevent it. Unfortunately, the laws also reduced the mobility of labor and discouraged the unemployed from leaving the parish of their birth in order to find work. After 1662, if a man left his settled parish to move elsewhere, he had to take with him a Settlement Certificate which guaranteed that his home parish would pay for his 'removal' costs from another parish back to his home parish if he became a claimant on the poor rates. Naturally enough, parishes were unwilling to issue such certificates so people tended to stay where they lived — and where they knew that if the occasion arose, they could claim on the poor rates without any additional difficulty. The Settlement Laws were a great economic advantage to the owners of large estates where they controlled the housing. It was not unknown for landowners to demolish empty houses in order to reduce the population on their lands and also to prevent the return of those who had left. At the same time, they would employ laborers from neighboring parishes: these people could be laid off without warning but would not increase the rates in the parish where they worked.

The Oppression of Poor People and Persons of Color

The economic conditions of lower 1/5 eroded for three reasons: Loss of union jobs eroded paychecks. Cuts in social benefits. Payroll taxes increased.

Which of the following factors has the greatest influence on social welfare policy?

The political party in office The needs of the clients *The governments' ability to collect taxes* The global economy and political stability

Reconstruction

The term Reconstruction Era, in the context of the history of the United States, has two senses: the first covers the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War (1861 to 1865); the second sense focuses on the attempted transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Congress, with the reconstruction of state and society. Three visions of Civil War memory appeared during Reconstruction: the reconciliationist vision, which was rooted in coping with the death and devastation the war had brought; the white supremacist vision, which included terror and violence; and the emancipationist vision, which sought full freedom, citizenship and Constitutional equality for African Americans.[2]

Health maintenance organization (HMO)

They offer comprehensive health care to enrolled members. Members, their employers, or the government prepay a fixed amount to enroll for a specified time, typically one year. Health care services are offered through designated providers who contract with the org. They provide managed care.

Social Welfare Policy

To enhance the social and economic well-being of society's members

U.S. Expenditures Compared Internationally

U.S. devotes less of its overall wealth to social welfare spending than most other OECD countries U.S. taxes its citizens at a lower rate U.S. has worse indicators of social welfare in many categories than do comparable OECD nations

Deserving

Unable to work. Received licencees to beg.

Policy Products

What benefits are offered? Cash, in-kind, voucher, service, etc. To whom are they offered? Universal vs. selective Eligibility criteria How are they delivered? Public vs. nonprofit vs. private How are they financed? Public vs. nonprofit vs. private

policy goals

What the policy is supposed to accomplish May be abstract Objectives are more specific statements Often found in enabling legislation Also legislative history, media statements Manifest v. latent goals Should incorporate client perspectives

Eligibility Rules

Who receives the benefit or service Based on: Prior contributions Attachment to the workforce Means test Judicial decisions Should be evaluated for: Stigma Incentives for people to build on strengths

Women's Mvt in 1800s

Women could not vote; could not practice law, theology, or medicine; Could not sign wills or contracts without their husbands' consent; could not serve on juries Common interests between women & slaves bound them together until after the Civil War The National Suffrage movement

The Social Welfare of Women post Civil War

Women in the suffrage movement split over support of the 15th Amendment The National Woman Suffrage Association The American Woman Suffrage Association Patrons of Husbandry General Federation of Women's Clubs National Women's Christian Temperance Union Temperance Movement Increase ability for women to work Need for women to work, too The Widow's/Mother's Pension Movement

The Oppression of Women, 80s

Women remained underpaid, denied access to jobs, subjected to a "glass ceiling", and greatly underrepresented in political offices. Encountered political opposition in the 1980s and early 1990s as some opponents suggested that the clock go back to 1950s with respect to abortion and women's rights. Family Protection legislation, which was defeated, sought to rescind federal laws providing equal support in education by prohibiting the sexes from intermingling in sports, mandating schools to teach girls marriage and motherhood, cutting funding to schools that used textbooks depicting women in non-traditional roles, and prohibiting legal aid funds for women seeking abortion or divorce.

Classifications under the Poor Laws

Worthy (e.g., orphans, widows, handicapped, frail elderly) Unworthy (e.g., drunkards, shiftless, lazy). An Important aspect of the Poor Laws was that they established categories of persons to receive relief Indoor relief placed people in the poorhouses as a response to dependency

Abraham Flexner

acted to reform medical education in the early 20th century. gained prominence as an educator through critical essays, surveys, and reports about American educational institutions and practices.

Johnson elected

after Kennedy's assassination in 63

Industrialization / immigration

creation of railroads, Regional shifts - mvt west, expansion of cities

universal income programs

designed to provide income to those in the face of age or work related events; stabilize economy bc end up using money on necessities, food-shelter-clothing-health care etc

Substance Abuse treatment issues

five million people in the U.S. who annually meet the criteria for both serious mental disorders and substance abuse, known as co-occurring conditions. Since the advent of the War on Drugs in the 1970s, there has been more emphasis on law enforcement and less on substance abuse treatment. The combined effects of this emphasis on jailing people who use illegal drugs and closing mental hospitals has meant large numbers of people with mental illness are now incarcerated in correctional facilities. Many people with these co-occurring conditions are also homeless. Since 1981, most federal funding for substance abuse services has come in the form of block grants to states. Substance abuse funding is heavily reliant on state and local sources which are often inadequate. PTSD and suicide with Veterans

Use of Metaphor-War/Catastrophe

group a threat to

Use of Metaphor-Animal

harmful, being a body

Eligibility rules for WIC, benefits

income of up to 185% of FPL, avg $61/month, mainly vouchers

relative poverty

influenced by societal standards; allows ppl to afford an "adequate standard of living" at a given time in a society

Child maltreatment

is harm caused by parents or primary caregivers and includes neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse or neglect.

Triangle shirtwaist factory fire

led to more sensitive, safety-oriented laws for working class, and improved working conditions and beg of American labor mvt - frances perkins

WHICH POLITICAL GROUP BELIEVES THAT GOVERNMENT GROWTH THREATENS INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS?

libeterian

Legislative

makes the laws

Oppression

mechanisms that create barriers to participation in society or ability to take advantage of opportunities and exercise rights Powerlessness, Marginalization, Exploitation, Cultural Hegemony, and Violence

single-payer health care plan

one where the government pays for all health care and thereby is able to control costs.

Black codes

post civil war - vagrancy codes, had to prove had a job Eliminated during Reconstruction, AA elected to high offices - Senate etc -- all held together by military occupation of South

Historically, child welfare policies emphasized child _________ rather than family strengthening.

saving Currently, there is ongoing tension between the family's right to preservation and the public's desire to protect children and keep them safe.

Social welfare of veterans

seen as "worthy" poor, marginalized The Welfare of Soldiers and Veterans - During and After the CW: Benefits to soldiers and veterans Pension system enacted Sanitary Commission - Started during The Civil War Women's Central Association of Relief for the Sick and Wounded of the Army

Orphan Train Mvt

sending orphans out west to farms as rescue mission, children abandoned by mothers (anne of green gables), forerunner to foster care system

Use of Metaphor-Altrustic

social control limits rights to certain group

Social development approach

social development approach seeks to harmonize economic development with social welfare policy by redistributing wealth and resources in ways that also promote economic growth

Public education

started by protestant church, so children could read the bible - catholic church rather wanted control of education through priests and church

SW Professionalization

switch to family dynamics and individual personality development; therapy Fostered the split between professional social workers and public welfare A new breed of activist arose to champion the cause of the poor: The workers in Bureaus of Social Aid

absolute poverty

system whereby government determines an objective income level threshold or poverty line; if fall below line, then defined as poor

Formulation

talks to different organizations on what kind of spending

The first major federal social policy specifically intended to prevent child maltreatment was...

the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 (CAPTA). This Act emphasized the need for increased state efforts in reporting and investigating child abuse and neglect.

WIC stands for...

women, infant, children: support for pregnant women and children up to age 5

Strengths perspective applied to aging population

• Policies and programs for older adults should not focus primarily on disability and deficits but, rather, promote aging well. Aging well is the process of minimizing the negative effects of losses associated with aging by adapting to the challenges and maximizing the benefits of long life. • The use of the strengths perspective in work with older adults can help refocus our understanding of this stage of life. The strengths perspective emphasizes the new goals and resources that can have a transformative

Keynesian Economics

"Demand-side" Instead, he posited that modern economies are not self-correcting; therefore, government stabilization efforts are necessary to keep a capitalist economy running smoothly. Specifically, Keynes argued that the government should stabilize the economy through the use of fiscal policy, that is, by increasing or decreasing spending and taxes in response to economic conditions. Demand-side economics also emphasizes the importance of public investment in human capital— that is, programs such as education, health care, and job training that make people more productive— in order to increase national wealth.

What year was TANF created? What did it replace? Changes

1996, AFDC End to lifetime entitlement Lifetime limit of 5 years (with exceptions for 20% of caseloads) Increased emphasis on work; less on training Heads of HH must work within 2 years; community service until employed State control—race to the bottom Block grant with no COLA or population adjustments Real value of the TANF block grant to states has already fallen by 27% New devolution model State penalties for not meeting goals; maintenance of effort at 75% of 1994 level Cut off all Lawful Permanent Resident recipients in U.S. fewer than 5 years Major source of TANF cost savings

Market Failure

A market failure is a "circumstance in which the pursuit of private interest does not lead to an efficient use of society's resources or a fair distribution of society's goods" **Furthermore, people in power and their constituencies must recognize the problem and support political intervention to solve it.

Tax Expenditures

Analyzed separately from direct expenditures Mortgage interest deduction Child tax credit Untaxed retirement savings Represent lost revenue Used to support specific social policy goals Disproportionately benefit upper-income households Non-stigmatizing, as compared to direct expenditures for social welfare

Advantages of strengths-based policy development

Antidote to victim blaming, Gives voice to marginalized populations and ideals, Reduces apathy and hopelessness, Reflects core social work values, Provides fresh ideas, Engages consumers in the process

Universal vs. Selective Programs

As their name suggests, universal programs provide services and benefits to all citizens in a broad category. For example, our public school system is a universal program because it makes education broadly available to all the country's children. Universal programs are generally considered more efficient than selective programs in determining eligibility. Because universal programs typically attempt to treat all aid recipients equally, they are identified with the concept of horizontal equity. Residual policies tend to create selective programs, defined as programs that provide benefits and services only to those segments of a population that meet specific eligibility requirements; the main intent of the programs is NOT to treat all people equally.

Black Feminism

Black feminism have taken racism as the starting point of their analysis of the oppression of women and promoted more differentiated understandings of women's conditions Black feminists aim to ensure that the story of the complexities of their position as women subjected to various forms of oppression is not neglected by white analysis Black women have concentrated on racist dynamics in white societies without ignoring the patriarchal nature of their own cultural systems and have taken black men to task for perpetuating the oppression of women in a range of areas: physical violence, sexual violence, female genital circumcision, property rights and public roles for women

Formulate policy alternatives

Craft workable solutions Expected to achieve outcomes Based on congruent values Minimize risk Easy to implement Low cost Flexible Communicable Likely to pass

Supplemental Security Income

Eligibility based on age, blindness, disability plus income/asset test Federal entitlement funded through general tax revenues September 2009, 7.7 million recipients Average monthly payment, $497.50 Since the 1990s, have increased restrictions for those with substance abuse problems, immigrants, and disabled children

Reformation Theology

Emphasis on personal responsibility. E.g., Poverty is a result of x deficit. YOU are responsible for your own poverty Criminalizing the poor Banned outdoor relief Build more workhouses

3 Branches of Government

Executive, Judicial, Legislative Executive: At the federal level, the executive branch includes the president, the vice-president, the cabinet, the president's advisers, and all of the offices and agencies that serve the president and execute federal policy. At the state level, the governor, the cabinet, and all of the offices and agencies charged with executing state policy belong to the executive branch. When they develop budgets, champion legislation, and create the rules and regulations necessary to implement laws, they are making social policy. Congress, the major component of the legislative branch, is bicameral; that is, it consists of two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Both chambers are charged with passing legislation. They are independent of each other, but they must agree on proposed legislation for it to become law. The judicial branch comprises the court system. Both federal and state judiciaries include a supreme court, a court of appeals, and district courts. When the judicial branch interprets legislation, rules on legal intent, or determines whether legislation violates the Constitution, it is actually exerting great influence over social policy.

Liberals

In recent years, they have also been called Progressives Believe in expanded government role to protect individuals and families. Generally favor more generous welfare benefits Believe that social welfare policies are based on fair play and compassion and improve people's lives Regard 20th century reforms as necessary to help many Americans whose needs are not addressed by market Critical of last 30 years of social welfare policy and seek return to era of greater government role

Role of the private sector

Includes for-profit and nonprofit entities More flexible than government Employ variety of funding strategies Restricted during economic downturns Often fewer services for those without the ability to pay privately May have more conditions for service than public entities

Evaluating policy based on client outcomes

Incorporate evaluation into policy design Collect baseline data before implementation Create mechanisms to collect, analyze, and communicate outcome data Include clients' perspectives in outlining the evaluation plan Use evaluation results to guide future policy practice

The Five Values that make up the American Mindset

Individual Autonomy, Work Ethic, Family Ethic, Community Autonomy, Limited Government (IWFCL) Individual Autonomy - refers to the belief that individuals have a significant degree of control over their destinies and that, as a minimum, they can provide for themselves. You make your own choices! You are responsible for the consequences. Success is evidence that YOU MADE THE RIGHT CHOICES. Conversely, failure is of your own making, and it is, therefore, your own fault. Work Ethic - is a virtue at the heart of both our conceptions about ourselves and our expectations about others. Laziness and idleness are signs of weak character. Diligence and "applying yourself" - in short hard work - not only demonstrate character, but they also pay off! The more you work, the greater the material rewards. Wealth comes from disciplined effort, and poverty indicates laziness. Family Ethic - This is a group version of individual autonomy. Its standard is the nuclear family. The functional unit is sacred. The privacy of the family should not be invaded. By the same token, the expectation is that the nuclear family should take care of itself. The preference for a two-parent family stems in part from the belief that this form of organization offers optimal financial security for its members and can provide competent socialization for children - that is bring them up properly. Community Autonomy - reflects a sense of resistance against interference from outsiders. The belief - a mix of privacy and independence - is that community members should be the ones to take care of their own problems. Efforts to maintain schools under local control exemplify the urge for community autonomy. Limited Government - echoes the maxim that "the government that governs best is the one that governs least." The tradition goes back to the early days of the republic. It is bundled with the notion of "Laissez-faire."

Explanations for the development of the social welfare system (TANF Example)

Industrialization-Welfare Hypothesis Breakdown of family requires government to provide support Maintenance of Capitalism Hypothesis Low-income women forced into low-wage employment Accumulation and Legitimizing Hypothesis Suppresses dissent and enhances stability Social Conscience Hypothesis Assuages public conscience at seeing poor women and their kids Marshall and Titmuss Hypotheses Benefits limited to those included in "citizenry"

Mandatory spending

Legal entitlement, including, but not limited to: Interest on the national debt Social Security Medicare Medicaid

Liberal Feminism

Liberal feminism has focused on women becoming freed by gaining access to the same opportunities as men - Friedan 1963 Their value system includes independence, equal opportunities and individualism Liberal feminists have attacked limitations on women's educational and employment chances and demanded policies that can be realized by individual women Liberal feminists deem women's exclusion from public domain a phenomenon perpetrated by men who refuse to acknowledge women as their equals any by women who do not make the most of their talents

Libertarians

Libertarian Party emerged in 1971 Believe that government destroys liberty and is antithetical to democratic principles Oppose government intervention into economic sphere and area of social welfare Commitment to laissez-faire government and civil liberties - roots back to Thomas Jefferson

What keeps poor families off TANF?

Long waits for appointments with caseworkers, and delays in the processing of applications and other paperwork; Burdensome requirements imposed on applicants and participants, including job search expectations that have not been modified to reflect the economic times; In some areas, caseworkers explicitly discourage applications for cash assistance (there is no penalty for states not serving eligible families); Former recipients who were terminated due to time limits or sanctions may believe (correctly or not) that they are not eligible to reapply for benefits; and Stigma about welfare receipt that may make newly eligible families reluctant to apply for cash assistance (CLASP, 2009).

Supply-side Economics

Monetary policy and tax cuts In contrast, supply-side economics guides the conservative political view of social welfare, represented in our political system today by some within the Republican Party. Ultimately, some of these benefits should "trickle down" and improve economic conditions for low-income groups.

Identifying target population

Policy rooted in practice wisdom Help target populations articulate their vision for social change Understand dimensions of: Population demographics Population size Diversity within target population

Welfare State Period

Post-war consensus- economic growth and social policies can coexist Acceptance of gvmt intervention and Keynesian economics Program expansion for Family Allowance Act, Old Age Security Act, Canada/Quebec Pension Plan CAP Canada Assistance Plan

Analysis of Social Security

Problem Definition: Individuals who can no longer work or have lost their supporting breadwinner through death need additional income Underlying Values: Reward for connection to workforce, economic independence in retirement, safety net for those with attachment to work/contributions Goals: Increase income for retirees, survivors, and disabled workers; promote retirement; safeguard industry Eligibility: Covers ~94% of workforce today Benefits: Monthly check payments to retirees, disabled workers, and their dependents and survivors (Cost Of Living Adjusted (COLA)) Administration/delivery system: Centrally-administered and universal (less than 1% administrative costs) Funding: Regressive tax on workers (payroll tax, 12.4% shared by employers and workers)

Claimsmaking

Problem-centered approaches focus on public opinion in claimsmaking. Data on problem, causes, and consequences are exalted. Strengths-based approaches base claims in: Right to self-determination, Social justice. Clients play integral roles in this process.

Radicals

Question the ability of the market economy to deliver social justice to marginalized groups Generally favor more federal policies to redistribute income and provide essential services like health care Some radicals believe the federal government should control economic processes of market: e.g., through wage and price controls. Criticize social welfare policies as example of social control and means of preserving unjust system. Roots of radicalism in U.S. history

Identify initial policy goals

Reach for consensus regarding policy goals Incorporate views of stakeholders Elected officials Social service professionals Client groups Advocacy organizations Researchers

State budgets and social welfare

States required by law to balance their budgets States impacted by economic downturns, often even more seriously than the federal government States more limited than federal government in meeting residents' basic needs States also affected by federal government actions: Block grants often require supplementation with state funds Federal tax changes affect state tax codes Unfunded mandates require unexpected state outlays

Policy implementation

Strengths-based approaches base program design and implementation in client involvement. This requires a different process and product than policy implementation from a problem-centered model.

Strengths-based approaches

Strengths-based approaches identify basic needs and barriers to meeting needs. Client goals are the center of this definition. This includes analyzing available resources and strengths. The strengths perspective and social work values: Based on values of self-determination and social justice, Client-centered, Empowering, Non-stigmatizing

Formulation of policy alternatives

Strengths-based approaches identify ways that barriers to reaching goals are currently overcome by clients and through programs. This highlights strengths and best practices. Paves the way for new policy successes

Does the strengths perspective deny problems?

Strengths-based policy approaches do NOT require that we deny deficit or misery. Instead, they identify resources that can be part of the solution. Strengths-based approaches, then, are more holistic ways of addressing social needs.

Neo-Liberalism

Supplanted New Deal liberalism as mainstream liberal ideology during Clinton administration Less supportive of government programs to effect change & more committed to role of market economy Believe in investment in human capital, such as education, instead of anti-poverty social programs Regard personal responsibility as more important than entitlement to government programs like welfare More friendly to business interests and wary of using federal government to social problems

Regulatory Programs

TANF and SSI - which are both parts of the Social Security Act, provide direct economic relief for people in need. Food Stamps, public housing, and publicly financed health care provide goods and services for people in need. Beyond this kind of provision of income and services, there are social regulations that can mandate benefits or protections or erect barriers for vulnerable groups. Chapin, Rosemary (2014-03-05). Social Policy for Effective Practice: A Strengths Approach (New Directions in Social Work) (Kindle Locations 3671-3673). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition.

Marketplace economy

The US has a marketplace economy, which means that citizens exchange goods and services, typically by working for a salary. Citizens may also possess assets such as stocks, property, and other investments that are sources of income. ISSUES: the marketplace system intensifies inequality, which, even beyond absolute deprivation for some members of a society, has detrimental effects on disadvantaged individuals' relative well-being and on the overall social fabric. This asset and income inequality contributes to the development of an economic and political aristocracy which crafts and advocates for policies that sustain private wealth and maintain structural barriers to equal opportunity.

Economic vs Political context of Social Policy

The economic context of social policy focuses on the production, distribution, and use of income, wealth, and resources. In contrast, the political context focuses on the pursuit and exercise of power in government or public affairs.

Equity - types

The principle of equity revolves around an underlying question: will the policy treat all people with a particular need equally, a concept referred to as *horizontal equity,* or will it redistribute resources to people in need who possess fewer resources and/ or greater need and thus exhibit *vertical equity*

Economic efficiency

economic efficiency focuses on three interrelated issues: 1. the probable effect of the intervention on the overall economy, including the impact of increasing federal debt; 2. the relative merits of spending on one social program rather than another; 3. the ways in which the incentives and/ or disincentives created by the program will likely influence individual behavior.

TANF

monthly cash assistance for low income families with children under 18; must be engaged in employment or work related activities within 2 years reflects changing attitudes about role of women in society, collective obligation to those in financial crisis Reauthorized February 2006 More recipients work (60%), and average incomes increased for those on TANF. 20% of former TANF recipients lack a job, working spouse, cash or disability benefits—these families have fallen through the cracks (essentially no income) (Congressional Research Service, 2007). Caseloads declined dramatically in the years immediately after TANF passage. In 2008, all but one state have benefit levels less than 50% of the federal poverty line (CBPP, 2008). TANF—The Frame that Won: Devolution for its own sake Recipients need motivation to compete in job market Welfare families dysfunctional Current system dysfunctional Today's beneficiaries are different than intended Cost savings

framework for policy analysis

policy goals benefits and services eligibility rules service delivery systems financing

Institutional Programs

regularized, permanent, universal, considered a right, utilization is encouraged

Residual Programs

temporary, minimal, discourages utilization, stigma the residual approach posits that the government should intervene only when the family, religious institutions, the marketplace, and other private entities are unable adequately to meet the needs of certain populations.