Social Psych Ch. 7 Review

Unconditioned Response

a naturally occurring response

Conditioned Stimulus

a neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to evoke a conditioned response

Conditioned Response

a response that, through repeated pairings, is evoked by a formerly neutral stimulus

Neutral Stimulus

a stimulus that initially evokes no response

Unconditioned Stimulus

a stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response

Social Learning (Observational learning, imitation, vicarious learning)

a type of learning in which people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them

Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning)

a type of learning in which people are more likely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviors that have been punished

Classical Conditioning

a type of learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response

Which concept can be defined as a global evaluation? a. Attitudes b. Belief c. Intentions d. Values

a. Attitudes

Dual Attitudes refer to ____ and ____ attitudes a. Automatic/ deliberate b. new/ old c. private/ public d. rewarded/ unrewarded

a. Automatic/ Deliberate

Fast evaluation is to slow evaluation as ___ is to ___. a. automatic attitude/ deliberate attitude b. deliberate attitude/ automatic attitude c. primacy effect/ recency effect d. recency effect/ primacy effect

a. automatic attitude/ deliberate attitude

Which is faster, believing or disbelieving? a. Believing b. Disbelieving c. They are equally fast. d. It depends on how old the person is.

a. believing

If the word "pink" is followed by negative words and frowns from his mother, the toddler learns to respond negatively to the word "pink". This is an example of ____________ a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. social learning d. verbal learing

a. classical conditioning

Trent was in a serious car crash. he totaled his car and broke his collarbone. Trent considered himself very unlucky. While in the hospital, he saw a story on the local news about another car accident in which the driver totaled his car and suffered serious brain damage. After hearing the news report, Trent now considers himself lucky rather than unlucky. What type of social comparison did Trent make? a. Downward b. Lateral c. Upward d. None of the above

a. downward

Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that when there is little external justification for having performed an act, dissonance will be_________ and attitude change will ______________. a. high/ occur b. high/ not occur c. low/ occur d. low/ not occur

a. high/ occur

Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)

an individual's beliefs about whether he or she can actually perform the behavior in question

Subjective Norms

an individual's perceptions about whether significant others think he or she should (or should not) perform the behavior in question

Behavioral Intentions

an individual's plans to perform the behavior in question

Filter Bubbles

are algorithms used on the internet to selectively guess what information a user would like to see based on information available about that use

According to Gordon Allport, what is the most important concept in psychology? a. Aggression b. Attitudes c. Discrimination d. Social Influence

b. attitudes

Which concept can be defined as pieces of information (facts or opinions) about something? a. Attitudes b. Belief c. Intentions d. Values

b. belief

Sometimes even social psychologists are reluctant to give up their pet theories, even when the data contradict those theories. This tendency is called a. assumptive world beliefs b. belief perseverance c. mere exposure effect d. the A-B Problem

b. belief perseverance

Don says he values the environment. Someone reminds Don that he litters, wastes water, eats a lot of meat, drives a gas-guzzling car alone, and never uses public transportation. Don feels a certain amount of mental discomfort, which is most likely ______________. a. attitude polarization b. cognitive dissonance c. effort justification d. negative attitude change

b. cognitive dissonance

Juan wasn't sure whether he was in favor of capital punishment or not. However, after receiving an "A" on a speech paper denouncing capital punishment, he decides that capital punishment is ineffective and inhumane. This is an example of ___________. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. social learning d. verbal learing

b. operant conditioning

Alissa heard a new song on the radio that she likes. A company used the same song in its advertising jingle, and the song was played over and over, so she was repeatedly exposed to the song. Alissa's attitude toward the song is likely _________. a. become ambivalent b. become more negative c. become more positive d. remain the same

c. become more positive

After 3 year old Davis sees his dad shaving, he covers his own face with shaving cream. This is an example of ___. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. social learning d. verbal learing

c. social learning

Which statement summarizes the basic idea underlying effort justification? a. less leads to more b. more leads to less c. suffering leads to liking d. liking leads to suffering

c. suffering leads to liking

The best way to predict whether people will go see "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2" is to assess their attitudes toward ___________. a. boxing b. films c. the seven previous Harry Potter films d. sports

c. the seven previous Harry Potter films

Post-Decision Dissonance

cognitive dissonance experienced after making a difficult choice, typically reduced by increasing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and decreasing the attractiveness of rejected alternatives

After reviewing the results from 47 studies, what did Wicker conclude in his 1969 article about the relationship between attitudes and behaviors? a. It is almost perfect b. It is strong c. It is moderate in size d. It is so weak that the concept of attitudes should be abandoned

d. It is so weak that the concept or attitudes should be abandoned

Which of the following incidents would violate an assumptive world belief? a. getting a flat tire b. Slipping and falling on the highway on the ice c. getting beaten up by a bully at school d. all of the above

d. all of the above

In 1934, a social psychologist and a Chinese couple drove 10,000 miles across the country, stopping at numerous hotels and restaurants. The Chinese couple received service at all of the establishments except one. Six months later, LaPiere sent a questionnaire to the same establishments, asking whether they would accommodate Chinese guests. how many said they would accommodate Chinese guests? a. More than 90% b. About 75% c. About 25% d. Less than 10%

d. less than 10%

The specific process of avoiding information that is different from what one already believes is called _______________. a. cognitive dissonance b. predictive selection c. rationality d. selective exposure

d. selective exposure

dual attitudes

different evaluations of the same attitude object held by the same person (perhaps one deliberate, the other automatic)

Effort Justification

finding that when people suffer or make sacrifices, they convince themselves that it is worthwhile

attitudes

global evaluations toward some objects or issues

Accessibility

how easily something comes to mind

Coping

how people attempt to deal with stressful traumas and go back to functioning effectively in life

beliefs

pieces of information about something; facts or opinions

Selective Exposure

refers to the tendency of individuals to select information that supports their preexisting views and avoid information that contradicts their preexisting views

Deliberate Attitudes

reflective responses that people think more carefully about

Upward Comparison

the act of comparing oneself to people who are better off

Downward Comparison

the act of comparing oneself to people who are worse off

Belief Perseverance

the finding that once beliefs form, they are resistant to change, even if the information on which they are based is discredited

Attitude Polarization

the finding that people's attitudes become more extreme as they reflect on them

Cognitive Coping

the idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortunes

A-B Problem

the problem of inconsistency between attitudes (A) and behaviors (B)

Mere Exposure Effect

the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

the theory that inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes

Cognitive Dissonance

the uncomfortable feeling people experience when they have two thoughts or cognitions conflict with one another

Assumptions Worlds

the view that people live in social worlds based on certain beliefs about reality

Automatic Attitudes

very fast evaluative, "gut level" responses that people don't think a great deal about