SOCIAL PSYCH EXAM

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116. Twelve-month-old Joshua enters an unfamiliar laboratory playroom with his mother. When she leaves, he gets distressed. When she returns, he runs to her and hugs her close. After this intense reunion he returns to playing. Joshua demonstrates the characteristics of ____________ attachment. A. secure B. insecure C. avoidant D. ambivalent

117. According to the ethical principles developed by Canada's Tri-Council, investigators conducting research are urged to do all of the following except: A. use of deception that is acceptable in research even when other alternatives exist as long as participants are fully debriefed afterwards. B. treat information about the individual participants confidentially. C. give participants enough information to enable their informed consent. D. debrief participants and fully explain the experiment afterwards.

118. Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink? A. "We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue." B. "Joe, why don't you play devil's advocate and challenge the course of action most of us seem to prefer?" C. "I think we need some outsiders to come in and critique our decision before we proceed." D. "We have made some stupid mistakes in the past. Let's work carefully and not make the same errors again."

119. Increased aggression is predicted by A. male actors, aggressive personalities, provocation. B. the absence of weapons, reduced alcohol use. C. violence abstinence. D. being female.

126. Jan is a highly effective leader who excels in delegating authority, motivating those under her authority, and providing support. Jan excels in A. social leadership. B. laissez faire leadership. C. task leadership. D. feminine leadership.

16. We know that an attractive source makes you pay more attention to the message and the message is subsequently more persuasive. This fact provides us with a good understanding of ______ persuasion is likely to occur. A. when B. where C. why D. how much

19. Which of the following is a characteristic of central route persuasion? A. It uses systematic arguments. B. It relies heavily on the communicator's attractiveness. C. It employs rule-of-thumb heuristics to persuade. D. Its effectiveness depends on a two-step flow of communication.

2. The need for mutual attachments meant survival for our ancestors. This need A. is at the core of our existence and thus is characteristic of people everywhere. B. is largely a 20th century motive that is most evident in industrialized societies. C. is a learned motive that serves our more fundamental need for self-esteem. D. conflicts with our more basic need to survive.

34. A young woman's physical attractiveness is a moderately good predictor of A. how frequently she dates. B. high grades at educational institutions. C. her happiness at her job. D. high economic status.

35. Conformity A. maintains gender prejudice. B. maintains stereotypes. C. maintains cultural attitudes. D. maintains prejudicial ignorance.

5. Acceptance is A. conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure. B. acting in accord with a direct order. C. conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing. D. social sensitivity.

5. According to the text, the factor that determines whether we call attempts at persuasion "education" or "propaganda" is whether A. we believe them or not. B. we know the communicator or not. C. the message is rational or emotional in tone. D. the message is one-sided or two-sided.

50. Small average differences between attractive and unattractive people in areas like self-confidence and social skills are probably the result of A. self-fulfilling prophecies. B. personality traits that are genetically linked with physical appearance. C. psychological reactance to social expectations. D. social and economic differences in family background.

51. Hypothesis is to theory, as __________ is to ___________. A. exam; knowledge B. car; driver C. control; variable D. science; research

53. Studies of computer composites of faces show that A. perfectly average is quite attractive. B. perfectly average is quite unattractive. C. modest caricatures of attractive features are quite unattractive. D. perfectly average is difficult on the eyes.

54. According to research, ______________ is quite attractive, and what's attractive therefore feels ______________ than what's atypical and unattractive. A. perfectly average; more familiar B. below average; more familiar C. above average; more familiar D. above average; less familiar

55. According to evolutionary psychology, sex differences in male and female behaviour is related to A. mating and reproduction. B. male and females' different mental capability. C. male and females' adaptation with nature. D. male and females' different social roles.

55. Good feelings ________ persuasion by: ________ and by ________. A. enhance; enhancing positive thinking; linking good feelings with the message B. diminish; diminish positive thinking; linking good feeling with the message C. enhance; diminish positive thinking; not linking good feeling with the message D. diminish; enhancing negative thinking; not linking good feeling with the message

60. Milgram's variation in which two "fellow participants" (actually confederates) defied the experimenter's commands demonstrates that A. conformity can be constructive. B. obedience to a legitimate authority is absolute. C. peers have little influence over an individual's likelihood of obeying a legitimate authority. D. obedience can be liberating.

62. Which of the following statements about correlational research is true? A. It enables prediction of one variable given knowledge of the other. B. It specifies the cause-effect relationship among variables. C. It can only be carried out in controlled laboratory settings. D. It emphasizes that changing one variable definitely changes another variable.

63. Both Asch's conformity studies and Milgram's obedience studies illustrate A. the power of the situation. B. the fact that men are cognitive misers. C. the prevalence of conforming personalities in American culture. D. the power of the person in authority.

64. According to social-learning theory, aggression is most likely when we ___________ and ____________. A. are aroused; it seems safe and rewarding to aggress B. feel hopeless; alternative strategies to achieve important goals have failed C. are deprived; see others profiting from aggression D. suffer a loss of self-esteem; want to impress others

67. Berkowitz proposed that __________ rather than __________ is the basic trigger of hostile aggression. A. aversive stimulation; frustration B. frustration; aversive stimulation C. frustration; pain D. pain; aversive stimulation

67. In correlational research, knowing a person's high school grades may help you to _______ that person's likelihood of succeeding in university. A. predict B. control for C. randomly select D. improve

68. Based on research concerning the link between love and perceived attractiveness, one might say, "The grass may be greener on the other side, but happy gardeners are A. less likely to notice." B. not interested in grass." C. always flitting from flower to flower." D. the most critical gardeners of all."

69. Jen is more in love with Stan today than the day she married him. According to research on the relationship between love and perceived attractiveness, A. Jen probably finds Stan to be more attractive today than the day she married him. B. Jen probably finds Stan to be less attractive today than the day she married him. C. Stan probably finds Jen less attractive today than the day he married her. D. Stan and Jen probably see each other as equally attractive.

8. According to the social-exchange theory, the rewards that motivate helping are A. internal or external. B. internal only. C. external only. D. consciously recognized before the act of helping.

83. Research on the wording of survey questions suggests that A. how questions are framed influence how they are answered. B. how questions are framed have very little influence on how they are answered. C. wording is an unimportant element of survey research. D. framing the questions differently will not influence apparent public opinion.

87. In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must ____________ than when they are allowed to ____________. A. respond publicly; write down their responses in private B. commit themselves in writing; announce their responses in public C. think before acting; react spontaneously D. explain their responses; keep silent

9. Racism and sexism are institutional practices that discriminate ___________________. A. even when there is no prejudicial intent B. only when there is prejudicial intent C. with an intent to harm. D. with no intent to harm.

92. An experimenter exposes participants to different temperature levels to determine its effect on aggression. Temperature is the A. independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. control variable. D. confounding variable.

92. Which of the following is an example of group polarization in one's community? A. Gang delinquency B. Cheering wildly at a football game C. An isolated, troubled teenager shooting his classmates D. A neighbour who recently moved out

98. What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization? A. Informational influence and normative influence B. Minority influence and social facilitation C. Psychological reactance and deindividuation D. Social comparison and self-censorship

38. According to research, A. good physical matches may NOT be conducive to good relationships. B. couples who were more similar in physical attractiveness were more likely, nine weeks later, to have fallen more deeply in love. C. married couples are more closely matched for attractiveness. D. married couples are typically not closely matched for attractiveness.

4. John's belief that women are emotional is an example of _______________. His refusal to rent an apartment to a woman is an example of _______________. A. a stereotype; racism B. discrimination; prejudice C. a stereotype; discrimination D. racism; prejudice

42. Clifford and Walster showed fifth-grade teachers identical information about a boy or girl, with the photograph attached of an attractive or unattractive child. The teachers judged _____ as being _____. A. attractive children; more honest and concerned about others B. unattractive children; more independent and assertive C. attractive children; more intelligent and successful in school D. unattractive children; less popular but probably harder workers and better students

102. Researchers are investigating the effects of music on compliance, wherein 50 percent of the participants listen to happy music and 50 percent listen to sad music. What technique should the investigators use to ensure that any post-test differences in the group's compliance will result from the differences in music listening? A. random sampling B. random assignment C. replication D. correlational measurement

111. The situation is an important factor in understanding altruism. In this way, altruism is like A. the bystander effect. B. conformity. C. groupthink. D. bottom-up processing.

119. According to some researchers, the variations in attachment styles described in the text are attributable to A. the environment. B. parental responsiveness. C. nobody. D. siblings.

12. The death penalty has not been shown to effectively deter homicide. One reason for this is that most murders are the result of A. hormonal influences. B. hostile aggression. C. instrumental aggression. D. a malfunctioning amygdala.

124. Tom, a successful foreman in a large furniture factory, emphasizes the attainment of production goals and sets high standards for the workers under him. Tom's style is an example of ________________ leadership. A. normative B. task C. autocratic D. social

127. Task leadership is to a __________ style as social leadership is to a __________ style. A. democratic; directive B. directive; democratic C. feminine; masculine D. collectivistic; individualistic

17. Instinctive behaviour is behaviour that is A. survival-oriented and common to most members of a species. B. innate, unlearned, and shown by all members of a species. C. reflexive and automatic but easily overcome by learning. D. the way members of a species ought to behave.

18. Persuasion that occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness, is referred to as ____________ route persuasion. A. central B. peripheral C. subconscious D. emotional

18. Sigmund Freud argued that aggression ultimately springs from A. an innate sexual drive. B. a primitive death urge. C. observation of aggressive adult models. D. blocking of goal-directed behaviour.

20. In contrast to Freud's view of aggression, Lorenz argued that A. aggression is innate. B. aggression can be adaptive rather than self-destructive. C. aggression is biologically influenced but is not instinctive. D. aggression is socially learned.

29. Contemporary studies of right-wing authoritarians by Bob Altemeyer at the University of Manitoba confirm that there are individuals whose fears and hostilities surface as _______________. A. discrimination B. prejudice C. ethnocentric D. insecurities of childhood

32. Gordon Allport concluded, "The role of ______________ is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice." A. power B. religion C. self-esteem D. education

34. Asch's conformity experiments were high in A. mundane realism. B. experimental realism. C. acceptance. D. stimulus ambiguity.

34. Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that A. hormonal influences are as strong in humans as they are in lower animals. B. after age 25, testosterone and rates of violent crime decrease together. C. variations in testosterone seem to have no effect on behaviour within the normal range of teen boys and adult men. D. after age 45, testosterone and rates of violent stop altogether.

34. According to the text, which of the following is a true statement? A. If we define religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people are the less racially prejudiced. B. Bigots often do not rationalize bigotry with religion. C. If we assess depth of religious commitment with criteria other than church membership, the very devout are more prejudiced. D. The role of religion is paradoxical.

36. Elaine Hatfield and her coworkers matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a "Welcome Week" computer dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, what determined whether they liked each other? A. similarity of values B. similarity of academic competence C. physical attractiveness D. common family background

46. Which of these situations contradicts the physical attractiveness stereotype? A. Eve finds that her classmates listen more carefully to her opinions after she had her nose straightened. B. Chris did not have time to shave, comb his hair, or dress nicely before arriving to teach his first social psychology class. He notices that his students seem inattentive. C. Shannon is not physically attractive but is very happy. Few people believe her when she says how happy she is. D. Students listen attentively to a blind guest speaker's motivating speech.

5. The first social psychology text was published A. in the early 1930s, when researchers examined the effects of deprivation on aggression and altruism. B. in World War I, when psychologists conducted studies of social conflict and cooperation. C. in World War II, when researchers performed studies of persuasion and soldier morale. D. in the early 1900s, shortly after social psychology experiments began to be conducted.

63. A researcher finds that higher social status is associated with greater health. What factor(s) does NOT explain this positive correlation? A. Having a high social status leads to better health. B. Being in good health allows one to achieve higher social status. C. Other facts like family background may contribute to a greater likelihood of having good health and high status. D. The relationship between good health and social status is accidental.

63. Men everywhere tend to marry younger women. Evolutionary psychologists believe that it shows natural selection, which predisposes men to feel attracted to female features associated with A. beauty. B. external appearance. C. physical shape. D. fertility.

72. In most studies of attack aggression, competing participants get to choose how much shock to give the loser after they beat him or her in one round of a contest. Which of the following axioms seems to guide the behaviour of participants who have received escalating shocks from a programmed opponent? A. "Turn the other cheek." B. "The word is mightier than the sword." C. "A soft answer: turneth away wrath." D. "An eye for an eye."

72. Which of the following proverbs finds greatest support in the research on social attraction? A. "Familiarity breeds contempt." B. "Absence makes the heart grow fonder." C. "You can't tell a book by its cover." D. "Birds of a feather flock together."

73. A great disadvantage of correlational research is that A. it does not allow us to examine factors like race and social status. B. knowing that two variables change together does not allow us to predict one when we know the other. C. it rules out consideration of confounding variables. D. it does not specify cause and effect.

86. Jason had signed up for a social psychology study where he was completing a survey about prejudice and racism. Even though he holds a belief that some minority groups are lazy and feels negatively towards them, he completed the survey according to what he thought the researchers would want to hear. He also made himself appear in a positive light. The tendency for people to do this is called A. hindsight bias. B. naturalistic fallacy. C. unrepresentative sampling. D. social desirability.

89. The fact that people associate mostly with others whose attitudes are similar to their own suggests the prevalence of naturally occurring A. social facilitation. B. group think. C. minority influence. D. group polarization.

61. Our tendency of perceiving relationships or connections when none whatsoever exist is called A. imaginary parallel. B. counterfactual thinking. C. illusory correlation. D. regression toward the average.

34. A researcher finds that university students wash their hands on an average of three times a day. She concludes that an educational program is necessary to encourage frequent hand washing by those who wash their hands less than once a day. The researcher is probably guilty of A. hindsight bias. B. the "I knew it all along" phenomenon. C. illusory correlation. D. the naturalistic fallacy.

41. The preference for those who are physically attractive is evident among A. adults judging adults. B. children judging adults. C. babies gazing at other babies. D. adults judging children.

66. Variable X is correlated with Variable Y. Which of the following could explain this correlation? A. X does not cause Y. B. Y does not cause X. C. A third variable causes or influences both X and Y. D. correct causes Y, and vice versa.

7. Sincere inward conformity is to ____________ as insincere outward conformity is to ____________. A. acceptance; reactance B. reactance; submission C. obedience; compliance D. acceptance; compliance

118. Social psychology experiments A. allow the results to be generalized to everyday life. B. lead to conclusions about the effects of a dependent variable. C. always reflect everyday reality. D. confirm hunches gained from everyday experience.

17. According to Hovland and his colleagues, any factor that helps people clear hurdles in the persuasion process A. increases the likelihood of persuasion. B. decreases the likelihood of persuasion. C. does not have any effect on the likelihood of persuasion. D. sometimes increase and sometimes decrease the likelihood of persuasion.

17. Some straightforward questions such as "Is it true that blacks have gotten more economically than they deserve?" can be used most likely to measure _______________ attitudes. A. prejudicial B. stereotypical C. discriminatory D. racist

103. Researchers have explored several areas in search of the conformer. Which of the following is one of those areas? A. Religion B. Personality C. Sexual orientation D. Race

110. When a laboratory experiment deeply absorbs and involves participants, the experiment has A. field quality. B. experimental realism. C. situational validity. D. mundane realism.

36. The quote, "One problem with common sense is that we invoke it after we know the facts," from your textbook describes A. the naturalistic fallacy. B. the hindsight bias. C. the illusory correlation. D. the social representations bias.

37. The tendency for men and women to choose as partners that are a good fit in attractiveness and other traits defines the A. attractiveness phenomenon. B. matching phenomenon. C. mere exposure effect. D. mirror-image phenomenon.

79. Surveying about _____ will enable a survey researcher to be 95 percent confident of describing the entire population, with only a 3 percent margin of error. A. 12,000 randomly assigned participants B. 1,200 randomly selected participants C. one-third of the total population D. one-twelfth of the total population

96. In an experimental study of the effects of fear on the desire to affiliate, fear would be the ______________ variable. A. experimental B. independent C. control D. dependent

98. An experimenter exposes participants to different temperature levels to determine its effect on aggression. Aggression is the A. independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. control variable. D. confounding variable.

98. fMRI studies have identified neural activity the brain regions dedicated to ______ became active, when research participants conformed to a wrong answer. A. sensation B. perception C. emotion D. memory

99. Why do people conform? A. They want approval from elders. B. They want to be right. C. Conforming boosts the ego. D. Conforming ensures a high social status within the group.

111. For a social psychological experiment to be useful and conclusive, it must have A. experimental realism. B. demand characteristics. C. low generalizability. D. low control.

112. The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined is called A. companionate love. B. storage. C. secure attachment. D. committed friendship.

116. Janet is a very directive leader of a highly cohesive student group on campus. When discussing important policy decisions, the group will be at greatest risk for groupthink if it is also A. isolated from dissenting viewpoints. B. composed of majority and minority students. C. composed of only minority students. D. prone to pluralistic ignorance.

117. According to research about ____ in 10 infants, and ____________, exhibit secure attachment. A. 7; nearly that many adults B. 2; nearly that many adults C. 5; nearly that many adults D. 6; nearly half of that many adults

8. The belief that Italians are passionate is an example of _______________; the refusal to hire Hispanics is an example of _______________. A. a stereotype; discrimination B. a stereotype; prejudice C. racism; prejudice D. discrimination; racism

84. Persuasion messages get communicated through a ___________ of communication. A. channel B. route C. flow D. process

84. Research on group polarization began with the erroneous conclusion that group decision leads to A. a risky shift. B. groupthink. C. pluralistic ignorance. D. group moderation.

99. A research psychologist manipulates the caffeine intake (2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg) in human participants in the laboratory and then examines the effect of the different levels of caffeine on the participants' mood. In this study, the mood scores are the __________ variable. A. dependent B. correlational C. independent D. experimental

71. The great strength of correlational survey research is that it A. brings important factors into the laboratory. B. studies factors in real-world settings that cannot be manipulated in the laboratory. C. establishes clear cause-effect connections among variables. D. maintains high mundane realism and thus increases generalizability.

95. Which theory provides the best explanation for the effects of proximity, similarity, and attractiveness on liking? A. triangle theory B. simple reward theory C. disclosure theory D. attachment theory

107. According to Janis, the tragedy on the Titanic was likely the result of A. persuasion. B. conformity. C. groupthink. D. obedience.

106. Norman Triplett is to ________________ as Irving Janis is to __________________. A. social facilitation; social loafing B. deindividuation; group polarization C. groupthink; social loafing D. social facilitation; groupthink

47. Berkowitz's revised frustration-aggression theory argues that A. frustration always leads to some form of aggression. B. aggressive people are more sensitive to frustration cues. C. frustration can produce many emotional responses, not solely aggression. D. frustration produces anger; anger is released when confronted with aggressive cues.

50. Which is more influential: reason or emotion? Persuasion research has revealed that the best answer to this question is A. reason is more influential. B. emotion is more influential. C. both reason and emotion together in a message are necessary to produce persuasion. D. it depends on the audience.

55. Disparaging an innocent victim leads an aggressor to justify further hurtful behaviour. Research studies show that this pattern occurs especially when the aggressor A. identifies with the victim as similar to himself or herself. B. engages in verbal but not physical aggression. C. is coerced into the attack by threats from superiors. D. is coaxed but not threatened or coerced into aggression.

56. Evolutionary psychology suggests that _______________ gain more access to females. A. more passionate males B. more intelligent males C. more attractive males D. more physically dominant males

6. Aggression is any physical or verbal behaviour that A. may result in physical or psychological damage. B. springs from anger or hostility. C. results in harm regardless of intent. D. is intended to hurt someone.

55. Juanita is a social psychologist who is interested in studying aggressive behaviours in crowd settings. She observed this crowd behaviour when two people got stabbed in the aftermath of a playoff victory celebration for Edmonton Oilers fans that turned into a riot in 2006. She designs an experiment where she has defined her "crowd" as 30 people in a small classroom who are watching a hockey game. The way in which her experimental variable relates to the theoretical concept of "crowd" pertains to A. how the variable is tested. B. what the hypothesis about crowds is. C. how the variable is operationalized. D. whether she can infer correlation or causation.

62. Which of the following statements is true? A. Categorization can provide misleading information about people with a lot of effort. B. It is difficult to categorize people into groups. C. Categorization provides a cognitive foundation for prejudice. D. Categorization is very time-consuming.

64. Evolutionary psychologists suggest that men are motivated to attain and display the sort of status and resources that A. society asks of them. B. they feel their family will approve of. C. women will find attractive. D. make them less likely to be ostracized by the group.

64. Historians suggest that in Nazi Germany, citizens who were reluctant to support the Nazi regime experienced a profound inconsistency between their private beliefs and A. running a private business in Germany. B. enrolling their children in German schools. C. reciting the public greeting "Heil Hitler" as a conformist greeting. D. saluting the German flag but not the swastika.

64. Jim believes he can actually guess correctly the outcome of heads or tails of 10 consecutive fair coin trials. His belief can perhaps best be explained in terms of A. self-fulfilling prophecy. B. regression toward the average. C. illusory correlation. D. hindsight bias.

65. The perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members is called A. self-perception. B. racial categorization. C. out-group homogeneity effect. D. homogeneity of variance.

65. To men who have recently been viewing pornographic material, average women seem _______ attractive, thereby confirming the _______. A. more; contrast effect B. more; mere exposure effect C. less; contrast effect D. less; mere exposure effect

74. Because we are sensitive to distinctive events, the simultaneous occurrence of two such events is especially noticeable. Our attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create A. the group-serving bias. B. authoritarianism. C. the out-group homogeneity effect. D. illusory correlations.

74. Milgram is to _____________ as Sherif is to _____________. A. conformity; obedience B. conformity; norm formation C. obedience; conformity. D. obedience; norm formation

79. Who among the following psychologists believes that genuine empathy-induced altruism is part of human nature? A. Darley B. Schaller C. Cialdini D. Batson

82. A practical lesson of much conformity research is that it is easier to stand up for something if you A. believe the matter is trivial. B. do so all at once instead of paving the way with smaller actions and hints. C. go about it alone and face the criticism independently. D. get someone else to stand up with you.

85. Group polarization occurs when group discussion _________ group members' initial inclinations. A. challenges B. reverses C. neutralizes D. strengthens

77. Charlie wants to play a trick on his best friend, Bill. He wants to get Bill to agree that a green jacket is actually blue. Conformity research suggests that he will most likely succeed if A. one other friend agrees to go along with Charlie's trick. B. four other friends agree to go along, but a fifth friend calls the jacket green. C. five friends agree to go along with Charlie's trick. D. ten friends agree to go along with Charlie's trick

8. Which of the following would be considered as aggression according to the text? A. A motorist accidentally hits a child who has run into the car's path. B. An assertive salesperson manages to sell $200,000 worth of automobiles in one month. C. A child attempts to hit a playmate with a rock but misses. D. A girl inadvertently spills food on a friend's new dress.

89. Persuasion studies demonstrate that the major influence on important beliefs and attitudes appears to be A. television. B. print media like newspapers and magazines. C. our contact with people. D. major social institutions and the values they foster.

90. According to research, people _____ affected by the characteristics of the group; people _____ when faced with the unanimous reports of three or more attractive, high-status people. A. are not; conform least B. are not; conform more C. are; conform most D. are; conform least

35. Research on neural, genetic, and biochemical influences on aggression suggest that A. aggression is inevitable in most individuals. B. violent behaviour is biologically programmed into human nature. C. biological influences predispose some people more than others to react aggressively to conflict. D. war is caused by instinct.

46. Frustration triggers the most aggression when we perceive the frustration as A. inevitable. B. deserved. C. unjustified. D. unwelcome.

48. Your textbook author describes Marc Lepine's murder of 14 women at the École Polytechnique de Montréal as an example of A. instrumental aggression. B. the effects of alcohol on aggression. C. frustration due to a disparity between expectations and attainments. D. frustration due to retroactive association.

121. Compared with ________, social psychology focuses more on individuals with methods that more often use experimentation A. personality psychology B. cognitive psychology C. clinical psychology D. sociology

128. In experimental research, the dependent variable is the variable that the researcher manipulates. FALSE ?? FALSE

1. You have just gone to a concert and you thought the artist was okay, but not great. At the end, people in the audience begin standing up and clapping for an encore. You would just like to go home, but as more and more people stand up, you do as well. Social psychologists refer to this scenario as an example of A. conformity. B. cooperation. C. obedience. D. submission.

109. Closed-mindedness is most clearly fostered by which of the following symptoms of groupthink? A. rationalization B. unquestioned belief in the group's morality C. an illusion of unanimity D. conformity pressure

130. What are the risk factors of exposure to violent media? A. exposure to violent media is a significant predictor of aggression B. exposure to violent media ensures aggressive behaviour C. exposure to violent media makes people more sensitive towards aggression D. exposure to violent media creates an aversion for hate-group websites

15. Which of the following is false? A. Animals' social aggression and silent aggression seem to involve the same brain region. B. Alcohol enhances violence by reducing people's self-awareness. C. Poor diets may cause impulsivity. D. Hostile aggression springs from emotions such as anger.

16. In analyzing the causes of aggression, social psychologists have focused on three primary ideas. Which of the following is not one of them? A. Aggression is a variable trait; some humans rarely behave aggressively, while others cannot control aggressive impulses. B. There is an inborn aggressive drive among human beings. C. Aggression is a natural response to frustration. D. Like other social behaviours, aggression is learned.

22. In terms of persuasion, which of the following is the best example of a peripheral heuristic? A. The advertising phrase, "Be All That You Can Be" B. A book being recommended by a classmate you do not get along with. C. A recipe shared by an aunt who is not a great cook. D. Appreciating a painting by an artist whose work you do not understand.

22. _______________ help(s) justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power. A. Prejudice B. Stereotypes C. Unequal status D. Discrimination

25. We know if a message offers convincing arguments it will be more persuasive. This "cognitive response" approach helps us understand A. why persuasion occurs more in some situations than in others. B. when persuasion occurs. C. where persuasion occurs. D. how much persuasion occurs.

31. According to the correlations found between religion and prejudice, which of the following individuals is likely to be the most prejudiced? A. Sarah, a member of a small fundamentalist Christian church B. Jesse, who thinks that religion is an end in itself and has strong religious values C. Martin, who scores high on Gallup's "spiritual commitment" index D. Erin, who is a minister in a Protestant church

33. A cross-cultural researcher finds that across the world most legislators are male. He concludes that the political office in his own country should be closed to women. The researcher is most clearly guilty of A. the naturalistic fallacy. B. the hindsight bias. C. illusory correlation. D. false consensus effect.

36. Jessie's car had a flat tire in the rain. After she managed to fix it, she arrived home late only to have the parking spot that is just in front of her apartment taken by a faster driver. Entering her home, she kicks her pet cat, who is waiting at the door. Jessie's behaviour is perhaps most easily explained in terms of A. frustration-aggression theory. B. the adaptation-level phenomenon. C. Murphy's law. D. social learning theory.

36. Schools reinforce A. dominant cultural attitudes. B. cultural intuitions. C. attitudes. D. prejudice.

4. Petty, Cacioppo, and colleagues theorized that persuasion is likely to occur via two routes: A. central and peripheral. B. persuasion and conformity. C. normative and informative. D. verbal and nonverbal.

4. The act of human interaction with the intent to minimize one's costs and maximize one's rewards defines A. social-exchange theory. B. egoism. C. the reciprocity norm. D. self-theory.

40. Which of the following is not a persuasion principle as outlined by researcher Robert Cialdini (2000)? A. personal proof B. authority C. consistency D. liking

43. The physical-attractiveness stereotype refers to the idea that A. what is beautiful is good. B. beauty is only skin deep. C. beauty is in the eye of the beholder. D. beauty fades, personality lasts.

44. Aggression is _______ likely when we are aroused and it seems safe and rewarding to aggress. A. most B. least C. unnoticed D. subtle

49. Daniel is in a psychology experiment, where he is shown a bunch of words as stimuli and is supposed to categorize them as "good" or "bad" as quickly as possible. Although he doesn't know it, he is also very briefly (below the threshold of perception) shown an image of an attractive or unattractive face prior to the presentation of each word. What type of face will be associated with the fastest response time for "good" words? A. attractive B. unattractive C. both faces will increase reaction time due to the facial priming effect. D. both faces will decrease reaction time and will interfere with word processing.

58. Fear-arousing messages are effective if they A. tell people how to avoid the danger. B. raise a moderate but not high level of fear. C. are presented by similar rather than dissimilar communicators. D. follow the peripheral rather than the central route of persuasion.

59. Patricia Devine suggests that even for the low-prejudice person, overcoming prejudice is like learning to A. break a bad habit. B. play a musical instrument. C. write a novel. D. walk a tightrope.

60. A researcher is interested in learning whether young people whose fathers are absent from home are more likely to engage in delinquent behaviour. She compares the arrest rates of boys whose fathers are absent with those of boys whose fathers are present at home. This is an example of A. a correlational study. B. an experimental study. C. a field experiment. D. a self-report study.

61. A naturally occurring relationship among variables is known as A. a correlation. B. a coefficient. C. an attribution. D. a causal link.

64. Which of the following research situations best represent an example of correlational research? A. A psychologist administers to his participants a mood questionnaire and collects their demographics data and then looks at the relationship between the variables he considered. B. A psychologist administers to her participants either 3 mg of sugar or 8 mg of sugar and then asks them to complete a mood questionnaire. She will subsequently examine if sugar had an effect on participant's mood. C. A psychologist collects data on delinquent behavior and relates it with high self-esteem. D. A psychologist collects data on delinquent behavior and relates it with overachievement.

70. Cause-effect relationships are studied using A. experimental research methods. B. correlational research methods. C. field research methods. D. survey research methods.

71. Research in the laboratory and in real life suggests that pain, personal attacks, and overcrowding are _______ experiences that _______ the likelihood of aggression. A. aversive; increase B. aversive; decrease C. frustrating; do not affect D. frustrating; decrease

75. Persuasion research has revealed a number of A. complex effects. B. simple main effects. C. findings consistent with "Occam's razor." D. common sense findings that could have easily been predicted.

78. In a revision of frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz maintained that frustration most directly produces A. anger. B. aggression. C. relative deprivation. D. arousal.

79. In a revision of frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz emphasized the importance of A. aggressive cues, such as weapons. B. the role of biochemical influences, such as alcohol. C. relative deprivation and the adaptation level phenomenon. D. catharsis as a reducer of frustration.

79. Which of the following proverbs is clearly not supported by the research findings? A. "Opposites attract." B. "Familiarity breeds fondness." C. "Out of sight, out of mind." D. "Even virtue is fairer in a fair body."

88. A simple rule that summarizes the effects of the media's influence on attitude change is that persuasion decreases A. as the significance and familiarity of the issue increases. B. as the complexity of the issue increases. C. as the significance and familiarity of the issue decreases. D. if the issue is trivial.

89. If a researcher intends to demonstrate that the presence of others results in decreased performance on a spatial task, which of the following research method will be the most effective in demonstrating it? A. an experiment B. a correlational study C. a survey D. a field study

9. Doing as others do and fads such as tattoos are examples of A. conformity. B. obedience. C. norm formation. D. procrastination.

1. Prejudice is defined as A. an inaccurate idea about a group based on insufficient information. B. a negative attitude toward a group and its individual members. C. an intentional or unintentional policy of discriminating against out-groups. D. a cognitive categorization based on overgeneralizations.

10. Smart advertisers adapt ads to their consumers' thinking, and the consumers respond with favourable thoughts. This process is referred to as A. the central route to persuasion. B. the peripheral route to persuasion. C. automatic persuasion. D. the heuristic route to persuasion.

10. ___________ aggression in humans appears to parallel __________ aggression in animals. A. Hostile; silent B. Hostile; social C. Instrumental; social D. Social; silent

101. An experimenter studying competition wants to compare the behaviour of students performing a difficult task with that of students doing an easy task. She designates participants for each task, making sure that each student has an equal chance of being in either the hard or the easy condition. This procedure is known as A. random sampling. B. random assignment. C. conditional selection. D. selective designation.

113. The symptoms of groupthink illustrate which of the following social psychological processes? A. vulnerability B. self-censorship C. nonconformity D. strong unanimity

114. Cues in an experiment that tells participants what behaviour is expected of them are called A. hidden values. B. demand characteristics. C. naturalistic fallacies. D. coefficients.

117. Which of the following is not a prescriptive strategy to prevent groupthink from developing? A. One or more members should be assigned the position of devil's advocate. B. Group members should be kept together as one unit and not divided into separate discussion subgroups. C. Outsiders should attend the meetings and challenge the group's views. D. After reaching a preliminary decision, the group should call a second-chance meeting and ask each member to express remaining doubts.

19. James is a high-powered CEO and is known at his company to be biased against the advancement of women as executives. However, when he is directly asked, he denies such biases. The best way to evaluate James' prejudice is to A. give him a paper-and-pencil questionnaire that asks him his feelings towards women. B. assess his behaviour, especially when other motives seem available to hide behind. C. ask him overt questions about women in high-powered positions. D. show him images of women in business suits and ask him to rate them as good or bad.

2. According to the social-exchange theory, people help when A. the gains are external and the losses are internal. B. the gains are greater than the losses. C. the gains and losses are proportional. D. the gains are smaller than the losses.

2. Good persuasion is called ____________; bad persuasion is called _____________. A. the illusion of invulnerability; the availability heuristic B. education; propaganda C. the vivid appeal; emotion-arousing appeal D. propaganda; education

20. According to research on modern prejudice, we can have differing conscious and automatic attitudes towards the same target. This dynamic defines the A. discrimination principle. B. dual attitude system. C. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. D. door-in-the-face phenomenon.

20. An automobile manufacturer who produces advertisements associating its cars with a young, attractive family enjoying picnics is most clearly using A. central route persuasion. B. peripheral route persuasion. C. two-step flow of communication. D. social implosion.

21. Instinct theories of aggression would have the most difficulty in accounting for A. silent and social aggression in animals. B. wide variations in aggressiveness from culture to culture. C. biochemical influences on aggression. D. unprovoked outbursts of aggression.

22. Which theory is most susceptible to the criticism of trying to explain aggression by naming it? A. instrumental aggression theory B. instinct theory C. frustration-aggression theory D. social-learning theory

23. The text indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practised. This fact is clearly consistent with the principle that __________ breeds prejudice. A. frustration B. unequal status C. conformity D. authoritarianism

24. Which of the following has not been shown to be a biochemical influence on aggression? A. alcohol B. the amygdala C. testosterone D. body mass index (BMI)

26. According to the social dominance orientation, individuals high in this orientation often ___________ policies that maintain hierarchies (i.e., tax cuts for the well-off) and ___________ policies that undermine the hierarchy (i.e., affirmative action). A. support; support B. support; oppose C. oppose; oppose D. oppose; support

29. Imagine that researchers have come up with a new substance called sumense, which decreases people's self-awareness and reduces their ability to consider the consequences of their actions. What effect do you expect sumense would have on adolescents' aggression? A. There is no reason to believe it would have any effect. B. Sumense would likely enhance aggression. C. Sumense would likely decrease aggression. D. Sumense would decrease aggressiveness of young males.

3. According to the text, persuasion in everyday life is A. diabolical. B. inevitable. C. avoidable. D. a matter of choice

3. Conformity is A. not real. B. a change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure. C. an individual construct. D. a behaviour involving arrogance.

38. According to the text, several researchers investigated the effects of people's intuition about what factors affect their mood. Their results show that A. there is a high correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so. B. there is low correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so. C. there is a moderate correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so. D. there is no correlation what so ever between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so.

4. The act of deliberately hurting someone while driven by anger and performed as an end in itself defines A. manic aggression. B. hostile aggression. C. instrumental aggression. D. deliberate aggression.

44. Kellick had students indicate their impressions of eight women, judging from photos taken before or after cosmetic surgery, and found that A. pre-surgery women were judged to be more genuine, honest, and appealing. B. post-surgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable. C. pre-surgery women were judged to be more intelligent and competent. D. post-surgery women were judged to be more independent and insensitive.

47. According to the text, attractiveness probably most affects A. long-term romantic relationships. B. first impressions. C. the likelihood of academic success. D. co-habiting couples rather than married couples.

47. The scapegoat theory is to the social identity theory as _____________________ is/are to ______________________. A. feeling superior to others; frustration and aggression B. frustration and aggression; feeling superior to others C. prejudice; discrimination D. discrimination; stereotypes

56. Which of the following is the best example of frustration-induced aggression? A. suicide bombing B. road rage C. terrorist acts D. sexual coercion

6. Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter, Sharon weighs the costs (e.g., getting up at dawn) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about herself) of doing so. This strategy would be predicted by A. the empathy-altruism hypothesis. B. the social-exchange theory. C. the social responsibility norm. D. the social comparison theory.

6. ___________________ occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues. A. The central route to persuasion B. The peripheral route to persuasion C. The fundamental route to persuasion D. The convincing route to persuasion

66. Carla went to a male strip bar one afternoon and then left to meet a man she'd just started to date. When she met her date, she felt disappointed in his __________, likely due to the ___________. A. intelligence; herd mentality. B. attractiveness; contrast effect. C. attentiveness; social facilitation hypothesis. D. attractiveness; sheer proximity.

68. Tara has noticed that when she feels better about herself (i.e., higher self-esteem), her friends and guys she is interested in dating tell her that she looks more attractive. According to this example, self-esteem and perceived attractiveness show A. a negative correlation. B. a positive correlation. C. a time-lagged correlation. D. no correlation.

72. Advanced correlational techniques that reveal the sequence of events and suggest cause-effect relations are called A. field correlations. B. time-lagged correlations. C. developmental correlations. D. representative correlations.

75. Which of the following is not one of the factors that have been found to significantly influence one's conformity to the group? A. Requiring the individual's response to be made in public B. Increasing the size of the group from 6 to 10 members C. Increasing the status of the group D. Having the group's agreement be unanimous rather than reflect some disagreement

76. Research on group size and conformity has generally shown that A. as group size increases, conformity decreases. B. as group size increases, conformity increases. C. group size influences conformity in teenagers but not in adults. D. the conformity of females is more significantly influenced by group size than the conformity of males.

78. According to the text, the contrast effect that makes average people feel homely in the company of beautiful people; it makes __________ people more conscious of their __________ in the company of cheerful people. A. happy; misery B. sad; misery C. sad; happiness D. happy; happiness

78. Despite ongoing theoretical and empirical debate, research may never show that empathy-based helping is a source of genuine altruism because A. neither empathy nor altruism can be adequately defined. B. no experiment rules out all possible egoistic explanations for helpfulness. C. personal survival overrides all other human motives. D. psychological egoism has been convincingly demonstrated in all other forms of social behaviour.

8. Marlene is a member of her school's debate team and was watching the political debates on TV. She felt that Candidate A had weak arguments about many issues important to her such as educational funding and crime control and noticed that Candidate B was a handsome man that had a real "honest" look about him. According to the routes to persuasion, which candidate is Marlene most likely to vote for? A. She will vote for Candidate A. B. She will vote for Candidate B. C. She will have no preference for either candidate. D. She won't choose either candidate and refrain from voting.

8. Soldiers or employees following questionable orders is an example of A. conformity. B. obedience. C. persuasion. D. norm formation.

80. A news reporter wants to survey voters about their candidate preferences in an upcoming national election. In order to be 95 percent confident of her results, and have only a 3 percent margin of error, she should make sure the sample has at least _____ individuals. A. 200 B. 1,200 C. 15,000 D. 55,000

81. Imagine that a major television network got the opinions of over 1 million people regarding our next election. The results suggest that Candidate A would win in a landslide over Candidate B. Weeks later, we find that candidate B won in a landslide. Given the results of the election, we are justified to say that the television network's survey was plagued by A. lack of random assignment. B. unrepresentative sampling. C. confounded variables. D. lack of experimental control.

82. Ann Landers' 1984 survey of women readers' opinions about romantic affection and sex was probably A. not valid because it did not include men. B. flawed because it was not representative of the population. C. worthless because the sample size was too small. D. as valid and informative as other, more "scientific" surveys.

84. Nicole wants to join a recreational activity outside of work, and speaks to some friends about what they are involved in. Her older friend Lynne encourages her to come out to a book club that she is a member of. Her other friend Nick, who is the same age as Nicole, suggests his slo-pitch league. Based on the factors that predict conformity, which of the following is most likely to happen? A. Nicole will go along with Lynne's activity. B. Nicole will go along with Nick's activity. C. Nicole will choose neither activity. D. Nicole will choose another activity independently.

85. Which of the following has been found to increase the likelihood of conformity? A. Making private responses following group pressure B. A high-status group C. Making a public commitment prior to group pressure D. A divided group

87. Which of the following research methods have social psychologists used in about three-fourths of their studies? A. correlational B. experimental C. survey D. naturalistic observation

91. The fact that we like people with whom we associate good feelings is most clearly consistent with the ___________ theory of attraction. A. cognitive dissonance B. simple reward C. two-factor D. James-Lange

93. "Watching violence on television gives people a harmless opportunity to vent their aggression." This statement is most clearly consistent with the ________________ hypothesis. A. sensitization B. catharsis C. frustration-aggression D. social learning

93. In a neighbourhood dispute over a new zoning law, some of your neighbours think the change will be positive, but others are against it. After discussing the issue with your next-door neighbours, you feel much more strongly against the law than you did before. This can best be explained by A. propinquity. B. group polarization. C. deindividuation. D. pluralistic ignorance.

1. A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition for A. association anxiety. B. the need for attachment. C. the need to belong. D. affiliative predisposition.

100. Research evidence indicates that prosocial models A. presented on television have virtually no effect on children. B. promote altruism in children but not in adults. C. promote altruism in the observers. D. decrease helping in the long run because observers seem to believe that aid is less necessary.

112. According to the text, groupthink symptoms can be viewed as A. most likely to emerge in collectivistic cultures. B. a collective form of moral failure. C. a collective form of dissonance reduction. D. a collective form of informational influence.

113. Deception of participants is employed when necessary to maintain A. experimenter authority. B. situational validity. C. experimental realism. D. demand characteristics.

114. Pressures toward uniformity are most clearly reflected in which of the following symptoms of groupthink? A. an illusion of invulnerability B. a stereotyped view of the opponent C. self-censorship D. rationalization

116. The ethical principles developed by major psychological organizations dictate that potential research participants should be told enough about the experiment to A. make inaccurate guesses about its true purpose. B. accurately perceive demand characteristics. C. be able to give their informed consent. D. detect the researcher's hidden values.

118. Researchers have found that in both the laboratory and real-world contexts, increased aggression is predicted by A. the absence of weapons. B. female actors. C. group interaction. D. reduced provocation.

119. Research indicates that we tend to see our behaviour as more ___________ compared to other people's behaviour. A. consistent B. extroverted C. variable D. self-centered

13. Cold, calculated mob murders should be classified as A. genetically based. B. hostile aggression. C. instrumental aggression. D. silent aggression.

14. Racism refers to A. institutional practices that subordinate people of all races. B. individuals' prejudicial attitudes toward people of all races. C. individuals' discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given race. D. individuals' discriminatory behaviour with prejudicial intent toward people of a given race.

2. Prejudice biases us against an individual based solely on A. the person's appearance and behaviour. B. our past experience with similar persons. C. the person's identification with a particular group. D. our present emotional state.

2. Which of the following is not an example of aggression? A. terrorism B. a predator stalking its prey C. assisted suicide D. bar brawl

25. A motivation to have one's group be dominant over other social groups defines A. prejudice. B. stereotyping. C. social dominance orientation. D. the tit-for-tat phenomenon.

27. If your goal was to increase recycling of aluminum cans through persuasion, it would be best to argue A. for the need to protect and preserve global resources. B. for the personal benefit of doing one's part. C. for the benefits of recycling. D. for the long-term dangers to the environment if we don't recycle all recyclable products.

32. The statement, "The way things are, is the way they ought to be," reflects the A. hindsight bias. B. social representation. C. naturalistic fallacy. D. correlation-causality bias.

35. Asch's conformity studies found that _________________ of the participants conformed at least once, and _______ of responses were conforming overall. A. one quarter; 15% B. one half; 63% C. three quarters; 37% D. all; 43%

5. According to the social-exchange theory, we use a ___________ strategy in deciding when and whether to help others. A. social comparison B. compensatory C. minimax D. marginal utility

5. Imagine that you've just finished vacuuming when your young daughter races through the house into the bathroom with her muddy shoes still on her feet. According to the revised version of the frustration-aggression theory, in which situation would you be the least angry at your daughter? A. Your daughter is only seven years old. B. Your daughter is with a friend. C. Your daughter is ill and couldn't stop to take off her shoes. D. No matter what the situation, you'll be furious.

51. Cross-cultural research on attractiveness has indicated that A. culture is the strongest factor in dictating definitions of attractiveness. B. variations in who is attractive reflect the diversity of each particular culture. C. there is strong agreement within and across cultures about who is and is not attractive. D. culture has no influence on attractiveness over individual preferences.

7. Sarah, who is British, believes that German people are hard-working. Gunther, who is German, dislikes Sarah because she is British. Sarah is displaying _______________, while Gunther is displaying _______________. A. a prejudiced attitude; a faulty overgeneralization B. a positive attitude; a negative attitude C. a stereotypical belief; a prejudiced attitude D. prejudice; prejudice

74. What can you conclude from knowing that a correlation exists between poor nutrition and lower grades in school children? A. Hunger makes it difficult for children to concentrate in school. B. Improving children's nutrition will improve their achievement in school. C. As children's nourishment declines, so too do their grades. D. Children with high grades are not under-nourished.

78. Studies on group size and conformity have indicated that increasing the number of people beyond five yields A. enhanced conformity. B. deindividuation. C. diminishing returns. D. decreased conformity.

80. According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when it loses its A. agenda. B. anonymity. C. unanimity. D. heterogeneity.

81. Research suggests that the sight of a weapon can A. elicit frustration. B. sensitize one to the danger of violence. C. amplify aggression. D. produce catharsis.

83. Group members who feel attracted to the group are more responsive to its influence. This fact illustrates the impact of ____________ on conformity. A. unanimity B. status C. cohesiveness D. co-morbidity

84. Researchers have argued that the presence of guns can elicit violence because they serve as aggression cues. According to your text, what other reason is associated with increased violence when guns, as compared to other weapons, are present? A. People conform to the situational influences around them. B. Social learning theory dictates that observed violence leads to displayed violence. C. Guns put psychological distance between the aggressor and the victim. D. Guns are arousing, but only when the individuals are familiar with them.

9. Tawanda is upset with Tina. During a social gathering she verbally puts Tina down in front of others. Tawanda's behaviour is A. assertive. B. manipulative. C. aggressive. D. an example of displacement.

1. According to the text, persuasion efforts to change Canadian's attitudes toward _____ have been successful. A. seat belts wearing B. teenage pregnancies C. war D. smoking

1. The act of helping someone unconditionally defines A. the social responsibility norm. B. egoism. C. social-exchange theory. D. altruism.

103. Researchers wish to conduct an experiment investigating the effects of smoking on math performance. They place an ad in the national paper and invite smokers of all ages to participate. Such a process allows A. only smokers with lung cancer to participate in the study. B. the researchers to find the relationship between smoking and math ability. C. only the smartest participants to apply for the study. D. the researchers to generalize the results to the population.

117. In a study by Snyder, students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to those of 10,000 other students' __________ when they participated in a conformity experiment. A. were judged most attractive by their fellow participants B. were more willing to obey the experimenter's request to make a public commitment to a popular cause C. took on additional attitudes as well as the mannerisms of the majority D. asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

122. The insecure attachment style is also known as A. avoidant. B. dismissive. C. fearful. D. anxious.

27. The critique that social psychology has assumed that people are competitive and individualistic and that conformity is always bad, is likely to come from someone who believes that A. social psychology is not a "real science." B. social psychology cannot study objective truth. C. social psychology is the study of what we know through common sense. D. social psychology has been influenced by Western cultural worldviews.

27. Which of the following does the text cite as a social source of prejudice? A. scapegoating B. authoritarianism C. just-world phenomenon D. unequal status

27. Which of the following statements about aggression is NOT true? A. Animals of many species can be bred for aggressiveness. B. A fearless, impulsive, temper-prone child is at risk for violent behaviour in adolescence. C. Identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins to agree on whether they have violent tempers. D. Aggression is only determined by our genetic makeup.

3. Behaviour intended at harming and hurting someone defines A. persuasion. B. conformity. C. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. D. aggression.

38. The Sherif and Asch results are all startling because none of the studies employed any A. judgments about ambiguous stimuli. B. groups larger than four persons. C. experimental realism. D. open, obvious pressure to conform.

39. According to the text, _______________ tends to make people overconfident about their ability to predict something that, at the time it was unfolding, they had no idea how it will all turn out. A. the fundamental attribution error B. the illusory correlation C. the naturalistic fallacy D. the hindsight bias

39. Realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises A. whenever people try to live together. B. when a new group moves into an area. C. between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other. D. when groups compete for scarce resources.

4. Compliance is A. reactance. B. a change in behaviour to go against a request. C. conformity. D. conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing.

40. Both Team A and Team B want very much to go to the Nationals, but only the winning team will go. Team B wins the provincial finals and goes to the Nationals. Realistic group conflict theory predicts that Team A could develop prejudices against Team B because A. Team B has become the scapegoat for Team A. B. Team A has developed authoritarian personality traits. C. Team A feels like an oppressed minority group. D. Team A's goals have been frustrated by Team B.

40. The owners of a new dating service for men and women want to avoid the superficiality of photographs and physical descriptions, and match people based only on their scores on personality and aptitude tests. Given your knowledge of predicting attraction, what do you advise? A. The owners should match potential partners by using reliable measures of personality. B. The owners should match people based on their incomes because people are attracted to similar others. C. The owners should match people based on the subjects they study in school. D. The owners should match people based on their attractiveness because people tend to pair off with equally attractive others.

45. Which of the following traits is not assumed of physically attractive people? A. intelligence B. happiness C. sexual warmth D. honesty

48. Why might a large-scale survey NOT be the best method for a social psychologist to study self-knowledge? A. It is too difficult to achieve a truly representative sample. B. One cannot reach cause-and-effect conclusions through survey research. C. It is impossible to measure a person's self-knowledge. D. Self-report data are often unreliable.

49. What route of persuasion do uninvolved audiences use? A. central B. elaborate C. thoughtful D. peripheral

65. The recipe for aggression often excludes A. pain. B. an attack. C. uncomfortable heat. D. illness

76. Theories of altruism include A. social norms and social exchange B. social exchange and evolutionary C. evolutionary and social norms D. social norms, social exchange, and evolutionary

77. Batson concluded that genuine empathy-based altruism is part of human nature, and he hopes that inducing empathy can improve A. social interactions. B. our sense of reciprocity. C. the welfare of society. D. attitudes toward stigmatized people.

77. To achieve a representative sample of adult Canadians' views on gun registration, which of the following strategies should you pursue? A. Survey the attitudes of 1,000 adults in Ontario and 1,000 adults in Alberta. B. Survey the attitudes of 1,000 adults in each province and territory. C. Place ads in all major newspapers asking Canadians to call and give their views. D. Randomly select a large sample of adult Canadians to survey.

79. Learned helplessness leads to A. conformity. B. collective efficacy. C. schizophrenia. D. feeling no control over outcomes of events.

9. Social-exchange theorists argue that we are most likely to help someone A. who is dependent on us. B. who is less attractive than we are. C. who deserves to be helped. D. whose approval is important to us.

95. Normative influence commonly leads to _______________, whereas informational influence commonly leads to ________________. A. conformity; reactance B. acceptance; consensus C. compliance; obedience D. compliance; acceptance

96. Media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others. This is an example of A. persuasion. B. conformity. C. foot-in-the door technique. D. two-step flow of communication.

96. Which of the following statements contradicts the reward theory of attraction? A. proximity is rewarding B. if others have similar opinions, we feel rewarded because we presume that they like us in return C. we like to be liked and love to be loved D. we are afraid to associate with attractive people, because attractive people are intimidating.

127. In social psychology research, correlational experiments can prove cause and effect. FALSE

FALSE

148. After viewing a super-attractive person of the same sex, people rate themselves as being less attractive than after viewing a homely person. TRUE

TRUE

111. According to your text, Captain Smith of the Titanic believed that "God himself could not sink this ship." Which symptom of groupthink is most indicative of his belief? A. illusion of invulnerability B. rationalization C. conformity pressure D. mindguards

114. In the central versus peripheral route theory of persuasion, what matters most is A. what we think in response to a message. B. how much knowledge we have about an issue. C. how we feel about the communicator. D. how many times the message is repeated.

18. A major weakness of the social-exchange theory is that it A. is impossible to test experimentally. B. fails to account for the reciprocal exchange of favours. C. easily degenerates into explaining-by-naming. D. ignores the role of internal self-rewards in motivating altruism.

65. According to the text, which theories of altruism provides a coherent scheme for summarizing a variety of observations? A. social norms and social exchange B. social exchange and evolutionary C. evolutionary and social norms D. social norms, social exchange, and evolutionary ??D

109. The general conclusion about the role of culture on conformity is that while conformity creates a powerful situation, culture A. shapes the extent of that power. B. is more important than situations when interpreting behaviour. C. diminishes the extent of that power. D. creates a powerful influence in opposition to conformist pressures.

109. When a laboratory experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations, the experiment is said to be high in A. mundane realism. B. experimental realism. C. quality control. D. situational validity.

110. Groupthink can be defined as A. a tendency to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony. B. a tendency to sacrifice group cohesiveness in favour of task orientation and problem focus. C. enhancement of problem-solving capacity as a result of several persons joining together to work on the same problem. D. reduced self-awareness as a result of group immersion and social anonymity.

35. Researchers provide men and women students with various pieces of information about someone of the other sex, including a picture of the person or a brief introduction, and later ask them how interested they are in dating the participant. Results show that A. women are as influenced by a man's looks as men are by a woman's. B. men are somewhat more influenced by a woman's looks than women are by a man's. C. women are somewhat more influenced by a man's looks than men are by a woman's. D. men are influenced by a woman's looks, while women are not influenced at all by a man's looks.

42. We are most likely to displace our aggression onto a target that is A. nothing like the person who provoked our anger in the first place. B. similar to the person who provoked our anger in the first place. C. helpless to retaliate in kind. D. nonhuman.

60. According to evolutionary psychology, in general, men prefer women A. with external resources and capable of providing physical protection. B. with attractive physical features and a healthy appearance. C. who exhibit aggressive behaviour. D. who are jealous.

60. According to researchers who study stereotyping, prejudicial reactions A. are inevitable. B. are not inevitable. C. correlate with fatigue. D. correlate with negative emotions.

61. According to Norman Li's study of how we screen potential mates, the similarity between genders was that both men and women seek A. physical attraction. B. kindness and intelligence. C. a younger mate. D. a more jealous mate.

62. Research has found that both men and women prefer ___________________ that suggests health and vigour. A. clear skin B. a waist-to-hip ratio C. a muscular physique D. minimal body fat

63. According to research by Blascovich and his colleagues (1997), racially prejudiced people categorize people by race ______________ non-prejudiced people. A. faster than. B. slower than. C. at the same rate as. D. at an unpredictable rate

63. Dottie has the illusory belief that there is a correlation between washing her car and the occurrence of rain in her area. According to research, Dottie is now much more likely to notice when A. it rains and she has not washed her car. B. it rains and she has just washed her car. C. it does not rain and she has just washed her car. D. it does not rain and she has not washed her car.

65. Creating a Canadian identity in children by teaching them to sing "O Canada" is an example of A. social reinforcement. B. using public conformity to build a private belief. C. low-balling. D. the "birds of a feather flock together" phenomenon.

65. Dice players who throw softly to get low numbers and harder to get high numbers demonstrate A. the base-rate fallacy. B. illusory correlation. C. behavioural confirmation. D. regression toward the average.

7. According to the social-exchange theory, Wendy will be more likely to help Amanda, who is a stranger, if Amanda A. is a very sociable person. B. offers to give Wendy some sort of small gift. C. seems to be a substitute for someone Wendy cares about. D. looks like Wendy's mother.

7. Which of the following would be an example of aggression as defined in the text? A. Sam accidentally slams the car door too quickly, and it hits Tim's knee. B. Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator by citing some rumours about Marcy's social life. C. Carla, a dentist, delivers a shot of Novocain before pulling her patient's diseased tooth. D. Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm result in his being promoted to sales manager in a very short time.

70. At a party, Ellie meets Rob and Blake. The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening. By the end of the evening, she has discovered that she and Blake see things eye-to-eye, whereas she and Rob see things differently. All else equal, Ellie will probably A. like Rob better. B. like Blake better. C. like Rob and Blake equally. D. like a stranger she merely anticipates meeting, more than either Rob or Blake.

93. Persuasion ___________ as the significance and familiarity of the issue ___________. A. increases; decrease B. decreases; increase C. increases; increase D. decreases; decrease

94. In an experimental study on the effects of alcohol consumption on aggression, aggression would be the _____________ variable. A. controlled B. dependent C. experimental D. independent

33. According to the text, A. religion causes prejudice. B. prejudice causes religion. C. religion and prejudice are correlated. D. the relationship between religion and prejudice depends on how we ask the question.

100. The two essential ingredients of a social psychological experiment are A. random assignment and correlation. B. control and random sampling. C. control and random assignment. D. random sampling and random assignment.

104. Manipulating one or two factors while holding others constant is the essence of A. independent variables. B. dependent variables. C. experimental control. D. random sampling.

105. Research on the underlying processes producing group polarization indicates that persuasive arguments predominate on issues having a(n) _________ basis and social comparison predominates on issues having a _________ basis. A. emotional; factual B. personal; social C. factual; value-laden D. economic; psychological

107. Random assignment is to __________ as random sampling is to __________. A. correlation; causation B. causation; control C. cause and effect; generalizing to the population D. generalizing to the population; cause and effect

107. Two women were chatting in the park about their recent psychology lecture when they met two friends, Anne and Sue, who were out rollerblading for the first time. Anne and Sue were a little frightened of falling. Who would be more likely to think that a male passer-by was attractive? A. The women who had been chatting, as they were calm and relaxed. B. Due to the proximity effect, the woman who was closest to the man when he walked by would be most attracted to him. C. The women who had been rollerblading, as they were already emotionally aroused. D. The women who had been chatting, as they felt more confident of their own attractiveness.

11. Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression? A. An angry football player tackles a quarterback after he has attempted a long pass. B. A jealous wife finds her husband with another woman and shoots them both. C. A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him. D. A man smashes his TV set after he cannot make it work.

110. Krista often relies on heuristics and snap-judgments and will often make decisions based on images she sees or endorsements from famous people. It is likely that Krista has a ________________ which is why she is more swayed by the _______________ route to persuasion. A. high need for cognition; peripheral B. high need for cognition; central C. low need for cognition; peripheral D. low need for cognition; central

12. Prejudice is to _______________ as discrimination is to _______________. A. belief; feeling B. generalization; practice C. attitude; behaviour D. stereotype; practice

120. Which of the following practices are being used to try to detect and eliminate fraud in research? A. availability of data from one's experiment only in universities B. providing secretive reports of the methods used in experiments C. carefully describing the statistical tests used to test hypotheses D. using only known people as subjects in research

121. Janis's (1982) recommendations for preventing groupthink includes which of the following: A. Be partial towards members of your group. B. Welcome critiques from in-group experts and associates. C. Occasionally subdivide the group, and then reunite to air differences. D. Do not assign a "devil's advocate".

122. The social learning approach suggests that to reduce aggression we should A. model competitive behaviour. B. reward competitive behaviour. C. ignore aggressive behaviour. D. encourage competitive behaviour.

125. Tina is excellent at organizing her employees, setting goals, and focusing on achieving those goals for the company. Tina excels in A. social leadership. B. laissez faire leadership. C. task leadership. D. masculine leadership.

128. What principle or concept suggests that rewarding people for their helpfulness may, in the long run, undermine their self-motivated altruism? A. the door-in-the-face principle B. moral exclusion C. the overjustification effect D. the insufficient justification effect

18. According to the text, even though Canadians seem genuinely motivated to develop a truly multicultural society, it may be that A. overt expression of prejudice has become acceptable. B. prejudice is no longer a serious social problem. C. subtle forms of prejudice are still widespread. D. new forms of prejudice have been created.

27. Compared to the central route, the peripheral route to persuasion is more likely to lead to A. behaviour change. B. more resistant attitudes. C. superficial attitude change. D. persistent attitude change.

33. Sherif is to the study of ______________ as Asch is to the study of ______________. A. conformity; compliance B. compliance; conformity C. norm formation; obedience D. norm formation; conformity

43. Becky has just had a frustrating day in her university classes and while she knows she shouldn't behave aggressively towards her professors, she is angry and ends up taking this out on someone else. Which of the following individuals is Becky most likely to displace her aggression towards? A. A lady at the grocery store that is holding up the line by counting out her pennies. B. Her boyfriend who comes over for dinner and surprises her with flowers. C. A fellow student in one of her classes that annoys her by asking for her notes. D. Her 6-year old sister who made a mess in her room while she was at school.

48. Mary is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale), but Liz is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale). Research suggests that if Mary makes $35,000 a year on her job, Liz will probably make ____________ doing the same job. A. $33,000 B. $35,000 C. $37,000 D. $70,000

52. According to the text, people across cultures tend to ___________ in terms of who is and is not attractive. A. agree B. disagree C. strongly agree D. strongly disagree

53. Three theories of aggression are A. instinct theory, social identity theory, and social learning theory. B. realistic conflict theory, social identity theory, and frustration-aggression theory. C. instinct theory, frustration-aggression theory, and social learning theory. D. frustration-aggression theory, instinct theory, and realistic conflict theory.

57. Jeremy instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is A. the result of frustration. B. instinctive. C. a learned response. D. the result of displacement.

59. In an experiment by Bushman and Baumeister (1998), high-self-esteem individuals who had previously been criticized by their opponent were A. more likely to lose a reaction time game with that person. B. more likely to win a reaction time game with that person. C. exceptionally aggressive after beating their opponent (compared to those with low self-esteem). D. less aggressive after beating their opponent (compared to those with low self-esteem).

59. You would like to know the relationship between the number of psychology courses people take and their interpersonal sensitivity. You survey college students to determine how much psychology they have taken and then have them complete a test of social sensitivity. Finally, you plot the relationship. This is an example of A. a laboratory experiment. B. a field experiment. C. a correlational study. D. participant observation.

61. Research with children suggests that observing aggressive behaviour can A. raise their inhibitions against aggression. B. teach them ways to be less aggressive. C. lead them to imitate directly aggressive behaviour. D. lead them to avoid directly aggressive behaviour.

62. Even when people are shown nothing but a random mix of results, they still like to believe one outcome is more likely than the other. This tendency illustrates a concept known as A. the self-fulfilling prophecy. B. the representativeness heuristic. C. illusory correlation. D. social overconfidence.

66. The executives of a major corporation contribute to charitable causes only when they are certain their gift will be well publicized, their public image will be improved, and ultimately be translated into increased profits. The corporation's charitable acts are most easily explained in terms of A. the empathy-altruism hypothesis. B. Latan and Darley's decision tree. C. social-exchange theory. D. the moral exclusion principle.

76. According to the _______________ hypothesis, people are attracted to those whose needs are different in ways that they complete each other. A. accentuation B. matching C. complementarity D. reciprocity

88. To determine whether changing one variable (like education) results in changes in another (like income), we need to conduct ____________ research. A. survey B. correlational C. experimental D. naturalistic

90. Sometimes social psychologists create deceptive scenarios for experimental research because A. subjects may use hindsight bias if the true nature of an experiment is explained beforehand. B. manipulating research subjects leads to stronger findings. C. simulated situations are easier for researchers to control. D. using deceptive scenarios allows researchers to make cause-and-effect conclusions.

97. In a psychological experiment, the factor being measured is called the _____________ variable. A. independent B. experimental C. dependent D. controlled

106. An experimenter studying the over justification effect wants to compare the behaviour of students who are rewarded for doing an enjoyable task with that of students who are not rewarded. For each student, he decides which condition they will be in by flipping a coin. What does this selection procedure not do? A. It ensures that each student has an equal chance of being in either condition. B. It does not ensure that a random sample of participants will be selected. C. It helps to rule out initial group differences as a potential cause of the experimental effects. D. It ensures that a stratified sample is selected.

108. Ken was walking along thinking intensely about a fight he witnessed during his last hockey game. Scott was walking along thinking intensely about how to improve his skating and stick-handling. When Ken and Scott bump into each other, who is most likely to react with aggression? A. Scott, because Ken would still be thinking about the earlier fight. B. Ken, because he would experience the death instinct. C. Scott, because his hockey-related thoughts would prime him for aggression. D. Ken, because his violence-related thoughts would prime him for aggression.

108. Which of the following is not a symptom of groupthink? A. an illusion of invulnerability. B. unquestioned beliefs in the group's morality. C. rationalization. D. closure.

112. A group of researchers decide to conduct a study of persuasion and they decide to video-tape the instructions that would instruct the participants what they are required to do. Their decision is most likely an attempt to minimize the effect of A. hindsight bias. B. mundane realism. C. naturalistic fallacy. D. demand characteristics.

115. Demand characteristics may result in research subjects who do NOT A. closely obey a researcher in a white lab coat. B. flirt with an attractive researcher. C. try to be helpful by guessing at the correct responses to a researcher's questions. D. Ignore the experimenter's tone of voice, and gestures.

118. Which adult attachment style is marked by individuals being less invested in relationships and more likely to engage in one-night stands? A. secure B. insecure C. anxious-ambivalent D. avoidant

120. Hazan argued that early attachment experiences form the basis for ____________________ or characteristic ways of thinking about relationships. A. social schemas B. familiarity C. general responsiveness D. internal working models

131. Which of the following is an effective way to increase helping behaviour? A. decrease responsibility B. teach moral exclusion C. Do not make people feel guilty D. learn about altruism

133. Research has indicated that _______________ cannot be self-fulfilling. A. teachers' expectations of students B. students' expectations of teachers C. experimenters' expectations of participants D. teachers' expectations of experimenters

21. For people who think carefully about issues, what does NOT influence persuasion? A. The strength or cogency of the arguments. B. Their own cognitive responses to the persuasive appeal. C. the expertise of the source of the persuasive appeal. D. The physical appeal of the presenter.

23. Your friend Regina tells you that geese must have a flocking instinct because she often sees geese in flocks. Regina is doing something that social psychologists have done with the problem of aggression. Regina is A. mistaking habitat for ecology. B. observing an adaptation-level phenomenon. C. experiencing relative deprivation. D. trying to explain observed behaviour by naming it.

28. Which of the following has research on alcohol and aggression not indicated? A. Violent people are both more likely to drink and more likely to become aggressive when intoxicated. B. People who have been drinking commit about half of all reported violent crimes. C. In experiments, intoxicated people administer stronger shocks. D. Alcohol consumption is not related to rape crimes.

141. The central route to persuasion is more implicit and automatic while the peripheral route to persuasion is more explicit and reflective. FALSE

FALSE

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