SOCIAL PSYCH EXAM 1 CH1,2,3
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING INDICATES THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES? A. - 0.9 B. + 0.8 C. - 0.6 D. - 0.2
A. - 0.9
IF A RESEARCH GROUP PLANS TO CONDUCT A SURVEY POLL ABOUT AN UPCOMING PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN THE UNITED STATES, WHAT IS THE MINIMUM PERCENTAGE OF ALL LIKELY VOTERS THAT WILL BE NEEDED TO OBTAIN AN ACCURATE ESTIMATION OF VOTER OPINION, ASSUMING THAT A RANDOM SAMPLE IS OBTAINED? A. 2 PERCENT B. 20 PERCENT C. 50 PERCENT D. 80 PERCENT
A. 2 PERCENT
THE TEXTBOOK DESCRIBES AN EXPERIMENT BY DARLEY AND BATSON (1973) THAT LOOKED AT WILLINGNESS TO HELP IN SEMINARY STUDENTS. IN ONE CONDITION, PARTICIPANTS WERE MADE TO HURRY FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER BY BEING TOLD THAT THEY WERE LATE FOR THE EXPERIMENT. IN THE OTHER CONDITION, PARTICIPANTS WERE ONLY TOLD TO GO OVER TO ANOTHER BUILDING IN ORDER TO START THE EXPERIMENT. BOTH GROUPS ENCOUNTERED A PERSON LYING ON THE GROUND ON THEIR WAY TO THE OTHER BUILDING. THE EXPERIMENTER OBSERVED THE PARTICIPANTS FROM BOTH GROUPS AND COUNTED THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO STOPPED TO CHECK ON THE PERSON LYING ON THE GROUND. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE PARTICIPANTS WHO WERE IN A HURRY STOPPED MUCH LESS FREQUENTLY THAN THE PARTICIPANTS WHO WERE NOT IN A HURRY. IN THIS EXPERIMENT, WHAT WAS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE? A. BEING MADE TO HURRY FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER B. THE PERSON LYING ON THE GROUND C. THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE STOPPING TO CHECK ON THE PERSON LYING ON THE GROUND D. GOING FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER
A. BEING MADE TO HURRY FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONCEPTS IS MOST RELEVANT TO PEOPLE WHO WANT TO GET SOMEONE TO ACT ON HIS OR HER INTENTIONS? A. CHANNEL FACTORS B. THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR C. TENSION SYSTEMS D. NATURALISTIC FALLACY
A. CHANNEL FACTORS
STUDIES THAT SHOW THAT UNPREJUDICED PEOPLE CAN STILL SHOW NEGATIVE IMPLICIT ATTITUDES TOWARD PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT RACES HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN A. CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSING. B. UNCONSCIOUS AND AUTOMATIC PROCESSING. C. CONSCIOUS AND EXPLICIT PROCESSING. D. STEREOTYPES AND SCHEMAS.
A. CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSING.
DEBRIEFING PARTICIPANTS AFTER AN EXPERIMENT IS COMPLETED IS ALWAYS AN IMPORTANT STEP IN THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE. HOWEVER, DEBRIEFING IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT WHEN ____________. A. DECEPTION IS USED. B. AN INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD HAS NOT REVIEWED THE STUDY. C. A MONETARY REWARD IS GIVEN. D. INFORMED CONSENT HAS NOT BEEN OBTAINED.
A. DECEPTION IS USED.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES A RESEARCH STUDY THAT RANDOMLY ASSIGNS PEOPLE TO DIFFERENT CONDITIONS AND CAREFULLY CONTROLS ALL OF THE OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES SO THAT THEY WILL BE THE SAME OR VERY SIMILAR BETWEEN THE TWO CONDITIONS? A. EXPERIMENT B. CORRELATION C. SURVEY D. OBSERVATION
A. EXPERIMENT
IF A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENT IS CONDUCTED THAT HAS VERY LITTLE RELATION TO REAL-LIFE EXPERIENCE OR SITUATIONS, THEN THIS EXPERIMENT WOULD BE SAID TO BE LOW IN ____________. A. EXTERNAL VALIDITY B. INTERNAL VALIDITY C. RELIABILITY D. STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
A. EXTERNAL VALIDITY
RESEARCHERS HAVE STUDIED WHETHER COLLEGE STUDENTS' BELIEFS ABOUT THEIR ACADEMIC TALENTS PREDICT HOW WELL THEY ACTUALLY PERFORM IN COLLEGE. RESULTS SHOW THAT STUDENTS WHO A. HAD SELF-ENHANCING BELIEFS AT THE START OF THEIR COLLEGE CAREERS PERFORMED WORSE-OVER TIME-THAN STUDENTS WHO DID NOT HAVE SELF-ENHANCING BELIEFS. B. DID NOT HAVE SELF-ENHANCING BELIEFS AT THE START OF THEIR COLLEGE CAREERS PERFORMED WORSE-OVER TIME-THAN STUDENTS WHO DID HAVE SELF-ENHANCING BELIEFS. C. EXPERIENCED SELF-DISCREPANCIES AT THE START OF THEIR COLLEGE CAREERS PERFORMED WORSE-OVER TIME-THAN STUDENTS WHO DID NOT EXPERIENCE SELF-DISCREPANCIES. D. EXPERIENCED SELF-DISCREPANCIES AT THE START OF THEIR COLLEGE CAREERS PERFORMED BETTER-OVER TIME-THAN STUDENTS WHO DID NOT EXPERIENCE SELF-DISCREPANCIES.
A. HAD SELF-ENHANCING BELIEFS AT THE START OF THEIR COLLEGE CAREERS PERFORMED WORSE-OVER TIME-THAN STUDENTS WHO DID NOT HAVE SELF-ENHANCING BELIEFS.
THE QUOTE, "THE SQUEAKY WHEEL GETS THE GREASE" REFLECTS WHICH TYPE OF SELF-CONSTRUAL? A. INDEPENDENT B. INTERDEPENDENT C. COMMUNAL D. DISTINCTIVENESS
A. INDEPENDENT
JOHN IS THINKING ABOUT HOW HE IS A GOOD BASEBALL PLAYER AND REALLY ENJOYS EATING PIZZA. JOHN IS THINKING ABOUT HIS _________________ SELF. A. INDIVIDUAL B. RELATIONAL C. COLLECTIVE D. UNIVERSAL
A. INDIVIDUAL
A BIASED SAMPLE WOULD MOST LIKELY RESULT IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING? A. INVALID CONCLUSIONS BASED ON THE SURVEY RESULTS B. A VIOLATION OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN RESEARCH C. A VALID INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA D. TOO LARGE A SAMPLE SIZE
A. INVALID CONCLUSIONS BASED ON THE SURVEY RESULTS
WHY IS SOCIAL DARWINISM A DISTORTED APPLICATION OF DARWIN'S THEORY? A. IT ASSUMES THAT SOME GROUPS OF PEOPLE ARE MORE DESERVING OF SURVIVAL THAN OTHERS. B. IT ASSUMES THAT MANY CHARACTERISTICS THAT PEOPLE SHARE ARE THE RESULT OF NATURAL SELECTION. C. IT ASSUMES THAT SOME GROUPS OF PEOPLE ARE STRONGER THAN OTHERS. D. IT ASSUMES THAT MANY HUMAN BEHAVIORS AND INSTITUTIONS ARE UNIVERSAL.
A. IT ASSUMES THAT SOME GROUPS OF PEOPLE ARE MORE DESERVING OF SURVIVAL THAN OTHERS.
ACCORDING TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY, MALES PUT ____________ INVESTMENT IN THEIR OFFSPRING THAN FEMALES BECAUSE MALES ____________. A. LESS; HAVE MORE OPPORTUNITIES TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING. B. MORE; HAVE FEWER OPPORTUNITIES TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING. C. LESS; ARE MORE LIKELY TO DIE BEFORE THEIR OFFSPRING REACH MATURITY.
A. LESS; HAVE MORE OPPORTUNITIES TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SCENARIOS BEST ILLUSTRATES HOW A CONSTRUAL CAN BE CHANGED BY A LIFE EVENT? A. LISA GOT A "B" ON HER PAPER AND JUMPED FOR JOY. WHEN SHE LEARNED THAT HER FRIENDS GOT A BETTER GRADE, SHE CRIED OVER HER "B." B. LISA GOT A "B" ON HER PAPER AND FELT CONFUSED. SHE DECIDED TO ASK HER TEACHER WHY SHE DID NOT RECEIVE A HIGHER GRADE. C. LISA WORKED ON HER PAPER FOR TEN DAYS. SHE CRIED WHEN SHE FOUND OUT SHE GOT A "B." D. LISA CRIED WHEN SHE GOT A "B" ON HER PAPER, EVEN THOUGH SHE KNEW THE PAPER WAS NOT ALL THAT GREAT.
A. LISA GOT A "B" ON HER PAPER AND JUMPED FOR JOY. WHEN SHE LEARNED THAT HER FRIENDS GOT A BETTER GRADE, SHE CRIED OVER HER "B."
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE BEST EXAMPLE OF OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH? A. LIVING WITH A GROUP OF PEOPLE AND OBSERVING THEIR BEHAVIOR B. REVIEWING HISTORICAL RECORDS TO FIND TRENDS IN BEHAVIOR PATTERNS C. EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES D. RANDOMLY ASSIGNING PEOPLE TO DIFFERENT SITUATIONAL CONDITIONS AND OBSERVING THEIR BEHAVIOR
A. LIVING WITH A GROUP OF PEOPLE AND OBSERVING THEIR BEHAVIOR
THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IN AN EXPERIMENT IS THE VARIABLE THAT IS A. MANIPULATED AND IS HYPOTHESIZED TO BE THE CAUSE OF A PARTICULAR OUTCOME. B. THE VARIABLE THAT IS MEASURED. C. COMPARED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION. D. AN INDICATION OF THE DEGREE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES.
A. MANIPULATED AND IS HYPOTHESIZED TO BE THE CAUSE OF A PARTICULAR OUTCOME.
ACCORDING TO RESEARCH DISCUSSED IN THE TEXTBOOK, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING METHODS IS MOST CLEARLY SUITED FOR TESTING WHETHER CONSTRUALS EXERT A CAUSAL EFFECT ON GAME PERFORMANCE? A. MANIPULATING THE NAME OF A GAME B. MANIPULATING ROOM TEMPERATURE DURING THE GAME C. MANIPULATING MOODS AFTER A GAME HAS BEEN PLAYED D. MANIPULATING THE AGE OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS
A. MANIPULATING THE NAME OF A GAME
MARIA DEFINES HERSELF IN TERMS OF MANY DIFFERENT DOMAINS, EACH OF WHICH INCLUDES DISTINCT TRAITS AND ABILITIES. ARTHUR DEFINES HIMSELF IN TERMS OF JUST A FEW DOMAINS, WITH SIMILAR TRAITS AND PREFERENCES REPRESENTED IN EACH DOMAIN. ACCORDING TO LINVILLE'S SELF-COMPLEXITY THEORY, WHO WILL BE ABLE BETTER TO MANAGE A NEGATIVE EVENT THAT THREATENS ONE OF THESE LIFE DOMAINS? A. MARIA WILL BE BETTER AT MANAGING A NEGATIVE EVENT THAN ARTHUR. B. ARTHUR WILL BE BETTER AT MANAGING A NEGATIVE EVENT THAN MARIA. C. BOTH MARIA AND ARTHUR WILL BE ABLE TO MANAGE A NEGATIVE EVENT. D. NEITHER MARIA NOR ARTHUR WILL BE ABLE TO MANAGE A NEGATIVE EVENT.
A. MARIA WILL BE BETTER AT MANAGING A NEGATIVE EVENT THAN ARTHUR.
WHEN THERE IS A HIGH CORRELATION BETWEEN A MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT AND THE OUTCOMES THAT THE INSTRUMENT IS SUPPOSED TO PREDICT, THEN THIS INSTRUMENT IS SAID TO BE HIGH IN ____________. A. MEASUREMENT VALIDITY B. INTERNAL VALIDITY C. RELIABILITY D. STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
A. MEASUREMENT VALIDITY
RECALL TORY HIGGINS'S ARGUMENT THAT PEOPLE COMPARE THEIR "ACTUAL SELVES" WITH OTHER "SELVES" AND THAT THESE COMPARISONS HAVE IMPORTANT MOTIVATIONAL IMPLICATIONS. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS/ARE NOT AMONG THE "SELVES" TO WHICH HIGGINS REFERS? A. OPTIMAL B. IDEAL C. OUGHT D. NEITHER A NOR C
A. OPTIMAL
RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY BARGH, CHEN, AND BURROWS (1996) ILLUSTRATES HOW SEEMINGLY TRIVIAL ASPECTS OF A SITUATION CAN INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR IN WAYS THAT PEOPLE ARE NOT AWARE OF. THESE RESEARCHERS SHOWED THAT A. PEOPLE WILL WALK MORE SLOWLY AFTER HEARING WORDS RELATED TO THE ELDERLY (FOR EXAMPLE, "CANE," "FLORIDA") THAN WORDS UNRELATED TO THE ELDERLY. B. WHEN PEOPLE ENCOUNTER NOVEL STIMULI WITH THEIR ARM EXTENDED AWAY FROM THEIR BODY, THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARD THESE STIMULI TEND TO BE MORE FAVORABLE THAN WHEN THEIR ARM IS FLEXED (BENT BACK TOWARD THE SHOULDER). C. PEOPLE ARE MORE COOPERATIVE WHEN THEY PLAY "THE WALL STREET GAME" THAN THE "COMMUNITY GAME." D. PEOPLE PROCESS DIFFERENT FACIAL FEATURES IN PARALLEL.
A. PEOPLE WILL WALK MORE SLOWLY AFTER HEARING WORDS RELATED TO THE ELDERLY (FOR EXAMPLE, "CANE," "FLORIDA") THAN WORDS UNRELATED TO THE ELDERLY.
ACCORDING TO BAUMEISTER AND HIS COLLEAGUES, HIGH SELF-ESTEEM HAS A DARK SIDE. THESE RESEARCHERS HAVE ARGUED THAT A. PEOPLE WITH VERY HIGH SELF-ESTEEM ARE PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO INSULTS, WHICH COULD THEN LEAD TO VIOLENCE. B. MOST PEOPLE WITH HIGH SELF-ESTEEM ARE PSYCHOPATHS WHO LACK THE ABILITY TO EMPATHIZE WITH OTHERS. C. PEOPLE WITH HIGH SELF-ESTEEM ARE MORE LIKELY TO BECOME ALCOHOLICS. D. FEW PEOPLE WITH HIGH SELF-ESTEEM HAVE THE MODESTY AND HUMILITY NEEDED TO SUSTAIN SATISFYING CLOSE PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS.
A. PEOPLE WITH VERY HIGH SELF-ESTEEM ARE PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO INSULTS, WHICH COULD THEN LEAD TO VIOLENCE.
IN AN INDIVIDUALIST CULTURE, A PERSON'S SENSE OF SELF TENDS TO BE BASED LARGELY ON A. PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENTS. B. BRINGING CREDIT TO HIS OR HER FAMILY. C. POLITICAL OR RELIGIOUS VALUES. D. GROUP MEMBERSHIP.
A. PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENTS.
KURT LEWIN, THE FOUNDER OF MODERN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, ARGUED THAT THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FORCES CAN BE UNDERSTOOD IN THE SAME WAY THAT ____________ ARE UNDERSTOOD. A. PHYSICAL FORCES B. ATTRIBUTE FORCES C. PERSONALITY FORCES D. ARMED FORCES
A. PHYSICAL FORCES
WHEN WE ARE BEING SENSITIVE TO NEGATIVE OUTCOMES AND AVOID THINGS THAT UPSET US, WE ARE ___________ FOCUSED. A. PREVENTION B. IDEAL C. OUGHT D. PROMOTION
A. PREVENTION
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, AS AN ACTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE FIELD, GREW EXPONENTIALLY DURING AND AFTER THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY. WHY? A. QUICK AND DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES, AND WWII B. SOPHISTICATED TECHNOLOGY BECAME AVAILABLE TO RESEARCHERS C. BOOMING INDUSTRY BEGAN HIRING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS D. "INNER" MENTAL PROCESSES BECAME EASIER TO STUDY
A. QUICK AND DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES, AND WWII
WHEN OUR COLLEGE FOOTBALL TEAM WINS, WE ARE MORE LIKELY TO WEAR OUR SCHOOL'S COLORS THE FOLLOWING MONDAY AND TO USE THE PRONOUN WE WHEN DESCRIBING THE GAME-WINNING TOUCHDOWN OR GOAL. ACCORDING TO ABRAHAM TESSER'S SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE MODEL, THESE BEHAVIORS ILLUSTRATE HOW THE PROCESS OF ____________ CAN BE USED TO BOOST OUR SELF-ESTEEM. A. REFLECTION B. SOCIAL COMPARISON C. POSITIVE REFERENCE D. PUBLIC SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS
A. REFLECTION
A STEREOTYPE IS BEST CHARACTERIZED AS A TYPE OF ____________. A. SCHEMA. B. CHANNEL FACTOR. C. ATTRIBUTION. D. THEORY OF MIND.
A. SCHEMA
ACCORDING TO THE SOCIOMETER HYPOTHESIS, A. SELF-ESTEEM IS AN INTERNAL, SUBJECTIVE INDEX OF THE EXTENT TO WHICH PEOPLE FEEL INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED BY OTHERS. B. PEOPLE ARE SOCIAL ANIMALS WHO THRIVE ON CONFLICT AND DOMINATING OTHERS. C. PEOPLE USE REFLECTION AND SOCIAL COMPARISON PROCESSES TO MAINTAIN A POSITIVE SELF-IMAGE. D. PEOPLE STRIVE FOR ACCURATE BELIEFS ABOUT THE SELF IN ORDER TO FORM ADAPTIVE JUDGMENTS AND DECISIONS.
A. SELF-ESTEEM IS AN INTERNAL, SUBJECTIVE INDEX OF THE EXTENT TO WHICH PEOPLE FEEL INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED BY OTHERS.
RYAN BEGINS HIS TWENTY-PAGE SOCIOLOGY PAPER AT ABOUT 5 P.M. ON THE NIGHT BEFORE THE PAPER IS DUE. AT AROUND 6 P.M., GARY REQUESTS A FAVOR THAT WOULD TAKE SEVERAL HOURS. RYAN GRANTS THE FAVOR AND ENDS UP LEAVING HIMSELF JUST A FEW HOURS TO COMPLETE THE PAPER. LATER, WHEN FRIENDS ASK RYAN ABOUT HIS PAPER GRADE, HE SAYS, "I GOT A D BECAUSE I WAS HELPING GARY ALL NIGHT INSTEAD OF WRITING." THIS SCENARIO EXEMPLIFIES A SELF-PRESENTATION PROCESS CALLED A. SELF-HANDICAPPING. B. SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY. C. OVERJUSTIFICATION. D. SELF-PROMOTION.
A. SELF-HANDICAPPING.
ALTHOUGH MANY PEOPLE TEND TO VIEW THEMSELVES IN AN UNREALISTICALLY POSITIVE LIGHT, OTHER PEOPLE STRIVE FOR STABLE, ACCURATE BELIEFS ABOUT THE SELF. THIS TENDENCY IS EMPHASIZED BY A. SELF-VERIFICATION THEORY. B. SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY. C. SELF-CONSISTENCY THEORY. D. SELF-PRESENTATION THEORY.
A. SELF-VERIFICATION THEORY.
ACCORDING TO THE TEXTBOOK, RESEARCH FINDINGS ON THE SELF-REFERENCE EFFECT AND SELF-SCHEMAS HELP EXPLAIN WHY SO MANY ASPECTS OF THE SELF ARE A. STABLE OVER TIME. B. HIGHLY VARIABLE FROM ONE SITUATION TO THE NEXT. C. INCONSISTENT WITH SOCIAL NORMS. D. DIFFICULT TO MEASURE.
A. STABLE OVER TIME.
RESEARCH ON ______________ SUGGESTS IT IS ______________ FOR PEOPLE TO ASSUME THAT DISPOSITIONS ARE THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF MOST BEHAVIORS. A. THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR; COMMON B. THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR; UNCOMMON C. OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY; COMMON D. OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY; UNCOMMON
A. THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR; COMMON
A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST CONDUCTS AN EXPERIMENT AND FINDS A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESULT. THIS MEANS THAT A. THE PROBABILITY OF OBTAINING THIS FINDING BY CHANCE ALONE IS LESS THAN SOME QUANTITY. B. THE PROBABILITY OF OBTAINING THIS FINDING BY CHANCE ALONE IS GREATER THAN SOME QUANTITY. C. THE EXPERIMENT IS VERY HIGH IN EXTERNAL VALIDITY. D. THE EXPERIMENT IS VERY LOW IN EXTERNAL VALIDITY.
A. THE PROBABILITY OF OBTAINING THIS FINDING BY CHANCE ALONE IS LESS THAN SOME QUANTITY.
SOCIETIES MAY DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER IN MANY WAYS, BUT IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE THAT A. THERE ARE STILL REGIONAL AND SUBCULTURAL DIFFERENCES WITHIN ANY LARGE SOCIETY. B. PEOPLE LIVING WITHIN THE SAME SOCIETY TEND TO THINK AND BEHAVE SIMILARLY. C. THERE ARE FEW INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES WITHIN A SOCIETY. D. BROAD GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOCIETIES RARELY ARE SUPPORTED BY RESEARCH FINDINGS.
A. THERE ARE STILL REGIONAL AND SUBCULTURAL DIFFERENCES WITHIN ANY LARGE SOCIETY.
IN ONE OF THE FIRST SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS EVER CONDUCTED, RESEARCHER NORMAN TRIPLETT BUILT A "COMPETITION MACHINE," IN WHICH PEOPLE WOUND UP A FISHING REEL. PARTICIPANTS IN THIS STUDY WOUND THE REEL MORE QUICKLY WHEN ____. A. THEY WERE COMPETING AGAINST A RIVAL THAN WHEN RACING THE CLOCK B. THEY WERE COOPERATING WITH A PARTNER THAN WHEN RACING THE CLOCK C. THEY WERE EXPLICITLY ASKED TO TRACE THE CLOCK D. THEY WERE EXPLICITLY ASKED TO TAKE THEIR TIME TO "GET IT RIGHT"
A. THEY WERE COMPETING AGAINST A RIVAL THAN WHEN RACING THE CLOCK
ACCORDING TO THE TEXTBOOK, ____________ IS USEFUL IN DEVELOPING OUR SELF-CONCEPT, BUT IT CAN LEAD US TO LOSE SOME SELF-ESTEEM, AT LEAST TEMPORARILY. A. UPWARD COMPARISON B. DOWNWARD COMPARISON C. SELF-AFFIRMATION D. SELF-AGGRANDIZEMENT
A. UPWARD COMPARISON
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A POTENTIAL LIMITATION OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH? A. WE CAN NEVER BE SURE ABOUT CAUSALITY. B. THE DEGREE OF THE RELATIONSHIP CANNOT BE INFERRED. C. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES CAN BE MANIPULATED. D. THERE IS NO ALLOWANCE FOR SELF-SELECTION OF PARTICIPANTS.
A. WE CAN NEVER BE SURE ABOUT CAUSALITY.
A RESEARCHER EXAMINES THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE (GSR) OF PEOPLE HOLDING A CLEAR PLASTIC JAR CONTAINING A SPIDER. SHE COMPARES THE GSRS OF PEOPLE WITH SPIDER PHOBIAS WITH THE GSRS OF PEOPLE WITHOUT SPIDER PHOBIAS. IN THIS EXPERIMENT, THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE FUNCTIONS AS ____________. A. AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. B. A DEPENDENT VARIABLE. C. A CONTROL GROUP. D. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT.
B. A DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
THE TERM CONSTRUAL REFERS TO A. AN EXPECTATION ABOUT HOW GROUP MEMBERS SHOULD BEHAVE. B. A PERSONAL INTERPRETATION ABOUT SITUATIONS AND OTHER PEOPLE'S BEHAVIORS. C. PERCEIVING SITUATIONS BY MEANS OF AN AUTOMATIC REGISTERING DEVICE. D. GENERALIZED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL WORLD.
B. A PERSONAL INTERPRETATION ABOUT SITUATIONS AND OTHER PEOPLE'S BEHAVIORS.
A GROUP OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS ARE WORKING ON A RESEARCH PROJECT WITH THE AIM OF PROMOTING CONDOM USE AS A WAY TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES. THIS TYPE OF RESEARCH PROJECT IS PROBABLY BEST DESCRIBED AS A. BASIC SCIENCE. B. APPLIED SCIENCE. C. PSEUDO-SCIENCE. D. HARD SCIENCE.
B. APPLIED SCIENCE.
ONE OF THE PRIMARY REASONS FIELD EXPERIMENTS ARE CONDUCTED IS THAT THEY A. ARE LOGISTICALLY VERY EASY TO CARRY OUT. B. ARE VERY HIGH IN EXTERNAL VALIDITY. C. INCORPORATE A HIGH DEGREE OF EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL. D. USUALLY RESULT IN STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESULTS.
B. ARE VERY HIGH IN EXTERNAL VALIDITY.
IN THE UNITED STATES, A LARGE LUXURY SEDAN IS MARKETED BY THE SLOGAN, "FEEL GOOD ABOUT YOURSELF. DRIVE A LEXMARK." ACCORDING TO BROAD GENERALIZATIONS SURROUNDING THE INDIVIDUALIST-COLLECTIVIST DISTINCTION, WHY MIGHT THIS SLOGAN BE LESS SUCCESSFUL IN JAPAN? A. BECAUSE PEOPLE IN JAPAN ALREADY HAVE EXTREMELY HIGH LEVELS OF SELF-ESTEEM B. BECAUSE PEOPLE IN JAPAN DO NOT HAVE A STRONG NEED TO FEEL GOOD ABOUT THEMSELVES C. BECAUSE PEOPLE IN JAPAN ARE LESS MATERIALISTIC THAN AMERICANS D. BECAUSE PEOPLE IN JAPAN PREFER SMALLER, MORE INTIMATE CARS
B. BECAUSE PEOPLE IN JAPAN DO NOT HAVE A STRONG NEED TO FEEL GOOD ABOUT THEMSELVES
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SUPREME COURT RULINGS WAS HEAVILY INFLUENCED BY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH? A. ROE V. WADE B. BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION C. MARBURY V. MADISON D. MIRANDA V. ARIZONA
B. BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION
EXPERIMENTS ARE THE BEST RESEARCH METHOD FOR FINDING CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES BECAUSE THEY INCORPORATE ____________ AND ____________ INTO THEIR DESIGN. A. CONTROL GROUPS; SELF-SELECTION B. CONTROL GROUPS; RANDOM ASSIGNMENT C. EXTERNAL VALIDITY; DEPENDENT VARIABLES D. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES; INFORMED CONSENT
B. CONTROL GROUPS; RANDOM ASSIGNMENT
ACCORDING TO THE CONTINGENCIES OF THE SELF-WORTH ACCOUNT OF SELF-ESTEEM (CROCKER AND WOLFE, 2001), A PERSON'S SELF-EVALUATIONS A. ARE STABLE ACROSS SITUATIONS AND TIME. B. DEPEND ON SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN VARIOUS LIFE DOMAINS. C. ARE LEARNED THROUGH PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING. D. ARE A DIRECT RESULT OF PARENTING STYLES.
B. DEPEND ON SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN VARIOUS LIFE DOMAINS.
PRO-AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ADVOCATES TRY TO ACTIVATE SCHEMAS RELATED TO ____________, WHEREAS ANTI-AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ADVOCATES TRY TO ACTIVATE SCHEMAS RELATED TO ____________. A. FAIRNESS; DIVERSITY. B. DIVERSITY; FAIRNESS. C. AFRICAN AMERICANS; CAUCASIANS. D. CAUCASIANS; AFRICAN AMERICANS.
B. DIVERSITY; FAIRNESS.
BARBARA JUST RECEIVED A "B" ON HER TEST. HER FRIENDS, GINA AND MICA, RECEIVED AN A" AND A "C," RESPECTIVELY. LATER THAT NIGHT, BARBARA TELLS HER ROOMMATE THAT SHE DID "REALLY WELL" RELATIVE TO OTHER PEOPLE IN THE CLASS. ACCORDING TO SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY, BARBARA APPEARS TO HAVE ENGAGED IN ____________. A. UPWARD COMPARISON. B. DOWNWARD COMPARISON. C. PROMOTIONAL COMPARISON. D. PREVENTION COMPARISON.
B. DOWNWARD COMPARISON.
THE MIND PROCESSES INFORMATION IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS WHEN YOU ENCOUNTER A SOCIAL SITUATION. AUTOMATIC PROCESSING IS OFTEN BASED ON _________________, WHEREAS CONTROLLED PROCESSING IS OFTEN BASED ON ____________. A. CAREFUL THOUGHT; EMOTIONAL FACTORS. B. EMOTIONAL FACTORS; CAREFUL THOUGHT. C. DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS; SITUATIONAL FACTORS D. SITUATIONAL FACTORS; DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS.
B. EMOTIONAL FACTORS; CAREFUL THOUGHT.
WHEN RANDOM SAMPLING IS USED, IT MEANS THAT A. PEOPLE ARE SELECTED BASED ON A SPECIFIC TRAIT. B. EVERY MEMBER OF A POPULATION HAS AN EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING SELECTED. C. SOME MEMBERS OF A POPULATION ARE MORE LIKELY THAN OTHERS TO BE SELECTED. D. ALL MEMBERS OF THE POPULATION ARE SAMPLED.
B. EVERY MEMBER OF A POPULATION HAS AN EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING SELECTED.
WHILE BOARDING A PLANE, DOUG FEELS FEAR WHEN HE NOTICES ANOTHER PASSENGER SITTING IN HIS SEAT LOOKING AGITATED AND SWEATING PROFUSELY. IN THIS SITUATION, A. HIS EMOTIONAL REACTION IS PROBABLY CONTROLLED BY CAREFUL, SYSTEMATIC THOUGHT. B. HIS EMOTIONAL REACTION PROBABLY OCCURS BEFORE CAREFUL, SYSTEMATIC THOUGHT TAKES OVER. C. CAREFUL, SYSTEMATIC THOUGHT IS PROBABLY CONTROLLED BY HIS EMOTIONAL REACTION. D. CAREFUL, SYSTEMATIC THOUGHT PROBABLY OCCURS BEFORE HIS EMOTIONAL REACTION TAKES OVER.
B. HIS EMOTIONAL REACTION PROBABLY OCCURS BEFORE CAREFUL, SYSTEMATIC THOUGHT TAKES OVER.
ACCORDING TO THE SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST IDEA, WE LEARN ABOUT OURSELVES THROUGH A. COMPLETING DIFFERENT KINDS OF PERSONALITY TESTS. B. IMAGINING WHAT OTHER PEOPLE THINK OF US. C. OUR PARENTS TELLING US WHAT WE LIKE AND DISLIKE, AND WHAT WE ARE GOOD AT. D. DEEP REFLECTION ABOUT OUR BEHAVIORS, PREFERENCES, AND ATTITUDES.
B. IMAGINING WHAT OTHER PEOPLE THINK OF US.
THE GENERAL PROCESS BY WHICH WE CONTROL OTHERS' BELIEFS ABOUT US IS CALLED A. SELF-HANDICAPPING. B. IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT. C. SELF-MONITORING. D. PRIVATE SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS.
B. IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT.
OFF-RECORD COMMUNICATION IS ____________, AND IT ENTAILS TACTICS SUCH AS ____________. A. DIRECT; METAPHORICAL STATEMENTS. B. INDIRECT; METAPHORICAL STATEMENTS. C. DIRECT; CRITICAL STATEMENTS. D. ON-RECORD; RHETORICAL STATEMENTS.
B. INDIRECT; METAPHORICAL STATEMENTS.
A READER FOR AMERICAN SCHOOLCHILDREN FROM THE 1930S SHOWS A LITTLE BOY RUNNING, WHEREAS A READER FOR CHINESE CHILDREN FROM THE SAME TIME PERIOD SHOWS A BOY WITH HIS BROTHER. ACCORDING TO THE TEXTBOOK, WHAT CULTURAL DIFFERENCE DOES THIS HIGHLIGHT? A. INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES PLACE A HIGHER VALUE ON SELF-ESTEEM THAN COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES. B. INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES EMPHASIZE ACTION, WHEREAS COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES EMPHASIZE RELATIONSHIPS. C. INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES EMPHASIZE ACTIVE RELATIONSHIPS, WHEREAS COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES EMPHASIZE PASSIVE RELATIONSHIPS. D. THIS EXAMPLE DOES NOT RELATE TO ANY CONSISTENT CULTURAL DIFFERENCE.
B. INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES EMPHASIZE ACTION, WHEREAS COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES EMPHASIZE RELATIONSHIPS.
A PERSON VOLUNTEERS TO PARTICIPATE IN AN EXPERIMENT BUT IS NOT TOLD ANYTHING ABOUT WHAT THE EXPERIMENT INVOLVED UNTIL AFTER IT WAS FINISHED. THE FAILURE TO INFORM THIS PERSON ABOUT THE EXPERIMENT VIOLATES WHICH ETHICAL PRINCIPLE IN RESEARCH? A. INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD B. INFORMED CONSENT C. DECEPTION RESEARCH D. DEBRIEFING
B. INFORMED CONSENT
RANDOM ASSIGNMENT IS A CRUCIAL COMPONENT OF EXPERIMENT DESIGN. FAILING TO USE RANDOM ASSIGNMENT WHEN PLACING PARTICIPANTS INTO GROUPS WOULD HAVE THE MOST EFFECT ON THE ____________ OF AN EXPERIMENT. A. EXTERNAL VALIDITY B. INTERNAL VALIDITY C. MEASUREMENT VALIDITY D. STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
B. INTERNAL VALIDITY
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS WILL OFTEN RUN PILOT STUDIES THAT ARE VERY SIMILAR TO ACTUAL EXPERIMENTS THAT THEY INTEND TO RUN LATER BUT THAT DIFFER IN THAT PARTICIPANTS ARE USED AS CONSULTANTS TO CHECK THAT THE EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTIONS ARE UNDERSTANDABLE, THAT THE SCENARIOS ARE BELIEVABLE, AND SO FORTH. RUNNING A PILOT STUDY SUCH AS THIS PARTICULARLY HELPS TO INCREASE THE ____________ OF AN EXPERIMENT. A. EXTERNAL VALIDITY B. INTERNAL VALIDITY C. RELIABILITY D. STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
B. INTERNAL VALIDITY
A STUDY SHOWS THAT PEOPLE WHO WATCH THE LOCAL EVENING NEWS BELIEVE THE WORLD IS MORE DANGEROUS THAN DO PEOPLE WHO DO NOT WATCH THE EVENING NEWS. ON THE BASIS OF THIS STUDY, A NEWSPAPER REPORTER CONCLUDES THAT WATCHING THE EVENING NEWS LEADS PEOPLE TO BELIEVE THE WORLD IS MORE DANGEROUS THAN IT ACTUALLY IS. THIS IS A FLAWED CONCLUSION BECAUSE A. THE REPORTER HAS A BIAS BECAUSE HE WORKS FOR THE NEWSPAPER. B. IT CONFUSES A CORRELATIONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP. C. IT FAILS TO COMPARE EVENING NEWS VIEWERS WITH NEWSPAPER READERS. D. ONE STUDY DOES NOT PROVIDE ENOUGH EVIDENCE TO MAKE THIS TYPE OF CONCLUSION.
B. IT CONFUSES A CORRELATIONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP.
WHEN AN EXPERIMENT HAS POOR INTERNAL VALIDITY, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MIGHT BE OF CONCERN? A. THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT MAY NOT RELATE TO REAL-WORLD SITUATIONS. B. IT MIGHT BE DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE IF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE WAS WHAT PRODUCED THE RESULT. C. THE OBSERVED RESULTS MAY NOT BE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. D. THE RESULTS MAY NOT BE PRACTICALLY SIGNIFICANT.
B. IT MIGHT BE DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE IF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE WAS WHAT PRODUCED THE RESULT.
A STUDY THAT IS CONDUCTED OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME WITH THE SAME POPULATION IS KNOWN AS A(N) ____________. A. OBSERVATIONAL STUDY. B. LONGITUDINAL STUDY. C. CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. D. MIXED DESIGN STUDY.
B. LONGITUDINAL STUDY.
WHAT ADVANTAGE DO SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE TECHNIQUES (SUCH AS FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING) HAVE OVER OTHER RESEARCH METHODS USED IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY? A. NEUROSCIENCE TECHNIQUES DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PROXIMAL AND DISTAL CAUSES OF BEHAVIOR. B. NEUROSCIENCE TECHNIQUES CORRELATE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR WITH REGIONS OF BRAIN ACTIVITY. C. NEUROSCIENCE TECHNIQUES DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CULTURAL AND EVOLUTIONARY CAUSES OF BEHAVIOR. D. NEUROSCIENCE TECHNIQUES CORRELATE INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR WITH EVOLUTIONARY CAUSES.
B. NEUROSCIENCE TECHNIQUES CORRELATE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR WITH REGIONS OF BRAIN ACTIVITY.
THE TEXT DESCRIBES A STUDY IN WHICH CHILDREN WERE SHOWN A CANDY BOX WITH THE LID CLOSED. THE RESEARCHER ASKED THEM TO PREDICT WHAT WAS IN THE BOX. NATURALLY, THE CHILDREN SAID, "CANDY." NEXT, THE RESEARCHER SHOWED THE CHILDREN THAT, IN REALITY, THERE WERE PENCILS IN THE BOX. FINALLY, THE RESEARCHER ASKED THE CHILDREN TO PREDICT WHAT A FRIEND WILL SAY IS IN THE BOX. ____________ TEND TO SAY ____________. A. NORMAL 4-YEAR-OLDS; "PENCILS." B. NORMAL 4-YEAR-OLDS; "CANDY." C. AUTISTIC 4-YEAR-OLDS; "CANDY." D. AUTISTIC 4-YEAR-OLDS; NOTHING, BECAUSE THEY HAVE NOT ACQUIRED LANGUAGE.
B. NORMAL 4-YEAR-OLDS; "CANDY."
THE PRESIDENT OF A FRATERNITY WANTS TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF FRATERNITY MEMBERS WHO VOLUNTEER FOR NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS IN THE COMMUNITY. KURT LEWIN'S CONCEPT OF CHANNEL FACTORS SUGGESTS THE PRESIDENT SHOULD A. INDUCE GUILT AMONG MEMBERS WHO ARE NOT CURRENTLY VOLUNTEERING. B. PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT WHEN AND HOW MEMBERS MIGHT VOLUNTEER. C. OFFER A PRIZE TO THE MEMBER WHO VOLUNTEERS THE MOST HOURS.
B. PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT WHEN AND HOW MEMBERS MIGHT VOLUNTEER.
THE CONCEPT OF ____________ REFERS TO OUR AWARENESS OF WHAT OTHER PEOPLE THINK ABOUT US. A. PRIVATE SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS B. PUBLIC SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS C. STRATEGIC SELF-PRESENTATION D. SELF-MONITORING
B. PUBLIC SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS
"ABSENCE MAKES THE HEART GROW FONDER" AND "OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND" ARE BOTH COMMON SAYINGS. A(N) ____________ IS MOST LIKELY TO CONDUCT AN EXPERIMENT TO IDENTIFY THE CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS UNDER WHICH EACH OF THESE ASSERTIONS IS ACCURATE. A. PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGIST B. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST C. SOCIOLOGIST D. ANTHROPOLOGIST
B. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST
THE "BETTER-THAN-AVERAGE" EFFECT REFERS TO A. THE FINDING THAT MOST PEOPLE ASSUME OTHERS ARE BETTER THAN THEMSELVES AT DIFFICULT TASKS. B. THE FINDING THAT PEOPLE TEND TO THINK THAT THEY ARE ABOVE AVERAGE. C. THE FINDING THAT PEOPLE WHO ARE BETTER THAN AVERAGE ARE HAPPIER. D. THE FINDING THAT PEOPLE WHO ARE BETTER THAN AVERAGE ARE ACTUALLY MORE MODEST ABOUT THEIR ABILITIES.
B. THE FINDING THAT PEOPLE TEND TO THINK THAT THEY ARE ABOVE AVERAGE.
THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IN AN EXPERIMENT IS THE VARIABLE THAT IS A. MANIPULATED AND IS HYPOTHESIZED TO BE THE CAUSE OF A PARTICULAR OUTCOME. B. THE ONE BEING MEASURED. C. COMPARED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION. D. AN INDICATION OF THE DEGREE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES.
B. THE ONE BEING MEASURED.
____________ HOLDS THAT PEOPLE ARE MOTIVATED TO VIEW THEMSELVES IN A FAVORABLE LIGHT AND THAT THEY DO SO THROUGH REFLECTION AND SOCIAL COMPARISON. A. SELF-DISCREPANCY THEORY B. THE SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE MODEL C. SELF-VERIFICATION THEORY D. THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL
B. THE SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE MODEL
A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESULT DEPENDS ON WHICH TWO FACTORS? A. THE SIZE OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROUPS AND VALIDITY OF THE EXPERIMENT B. THE SIZE OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROUPS AND THE NUMBER OF CASES IT IS BASED ON C. THE VALIDITY OF THE EXPERIMENT AND THE NUMBER OF CASES IT IS BASED ON D. THE VALIDITY OF THE EXPERIMENT AND THE NUMBER OF DEPENDENT VARIABLES THE STUDY USED
B. THE SIZE OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROUPS AND THE NUMBER OF CASES IT IS BASED ON
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD BE AN EXAMPLE OF RANDOM SAMPLING IN A SURVEY DESIGNED TO LEARN MORE ABOUT COLLEGE STUDENTS? A. ASKING STUDENTS TO FILL OUT A SURVEY IN A CAMPUS MAGAZINE AND THEN MAIL IT TO THE INVESTIGATORS B. TOSSING A COIN TO DETERMINE WHO WILL BE SURVEYED FROM A LIST OF ALL STUDENTS ENROLLED C. SURVEYING ALL CUSTOMERS WHO VISIT A PARTICULAR COFFEE SHOP ON CAMPUS D. ALL OF THE ABOVE CHOICES ARE EXAMPLES OF RANDOM SAMPLING.
B. TOSSING A COIN TO DETERMINE WHO WILL BE SURVEYED FROM A LIST OF ALL STUDENTS ENROLLED
WHEN IS THE "BETTER-THAN-AVERAGE" EFFECT MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR? A. WHEN PEOPLE USE OBJECTIVE, CONCRETE MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE TO ASSESS THEIR ABILITIES B. WHEN PEOPLE ASSESS THEIR ABILITIES ON AMBIGUOUS TRAITS THAT CAN BE CONSTRUED IN DIFFERENT WAYS C. WHEN MEN ARE RATING THEIR PERFORMANCE COMPARED WITH WOMEN D. WHEN PEOPLE ARE RATING THEMSELVES ON NEGATIVE TRAITS
B. WHEN PEOPLE ASSESS THEIR ABILITIES ON AMBIGUOUS TRAITS THAT CAN BE CONSTRUED IN DIFFERENT WAYS
AN INTERVENTION IS A. A DEBRIEFING REVIEW CONDUCTED AT THE CONCLUSION OF AN EXPERIMENT. B. A PUNISHMENT DELIVERED TO A PERSON. C. AN EFFORT TO CHANGE A PERSON'S BEHAVIOR. D. A MEASURE TAKEN BY PSYCHOLOGISTS TO MINIMIZE BIAS IN STUDY RESULTS.
C. AN EFFORT TO CHANGE A PERSON'S BEHAVIOR.
BILL HAS AN OLDER BROTHER NAMED DAN. BOTH BILL AND DAN ARE PHYSICS PROFESSORS. ACCORDING TO FRANK SULLOWAY'S RESEARCH ON BIRTH-ORDER EFFECTS, BILL SHOULD A. CONDUCT MORE RESEARCH. B. BE MORE DEMANDING OF HIS STUDENTS. C. BE MORE OPEN TO "OFF-THE-WALL" OR "REVOLUTIONARY" THEORIES. D. BE MORE PHYSICALLY ATTRACTIVE.
C. BE MORE OPEN TO "OFF-THE-WALL" OR "REVOLUTIONARY" THEORIES.
ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE TECHNIQUES IS KNOWN AS FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. THIS TECHNIQUE DETECTS ____________ TO DETERMINE WHICH PARTS OF THE BRAIN ARE ACTIVE DURING CERTAIN ACTIVITIES. A. ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY B. RADIO ACTIVE ISOTOPES C. BLOOD FLOW D. NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS
C. BLOOD FLOW
THEORY OF MIND IS IMPORTANT FOR GROUP LIVING BECAUSE IT A. IS NECESSARY FOR LANGUAGE ACQUISITION. B. CAN TREAT AUTISM. C. CAN PREVENT MISUNDERSTANDINGS THAT COULD LEAD TO AGGRESSION OR DEATH. D. DECREASES SELECTION PRESSURES.
C. CAN PREVENT MISUNDERSTANDINGS THAT COULD LEAD TO AGGRESSION OR DEATH.
RECALL THAT STEVE HEINE AND COLLEAGUES COMPARED HOW CANADIAN AND JAPANESE STUDENTS RESPONDED TO POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AFTER TAKING A CREATIVITY TEST. AFTER THE FEEDBACK, PARTICIPANTS TOOK A SECOND CREATIVITY TEST. RESULTS SHOWED THAT A. OVERALL, THE JAPANESE TENDED TO SCORE BETTER ON BOTH CREATIVITY TESTS. B. REGARDLESS OF FEEDBACK TYPE, THE JAPANESE TENDED TO SCORE WORSE ON THE SECOND CREATIVITY TEST (RELATIVE TO THE CANADIANS). C. CANADIANS WORKED LONGER ON THE SECOND CREATIVITY TEST AFTER RECEIVING POSITIVE FEEDBACK THAN AFTER RECEIVING NEGATIVE FEEDBACK. D. THE JAPANESE WORKED LONGER ON THE SECOND CREATIVITY TEST AFTER RECEIVING POSITIVE FEEDBACK THAN AFTER RECEIVING NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.
C. CANADIANS WORKED LONGER ON THE SECOND CREATIVITY TEST AFTER RECEIVING POSITIVE FEEDBACK THAN AFTER RECEIVING NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.
____________ PSYCHOLOGY STRESSES THE FACT THAT OBJECTS ARE PERCEIVED BY ACTIVE, USUALLY UNCONSCIOUS, INTERPRETATIONS OF WHAT THE OBJECT REPRESENTS AS A WHOLE. A. BEHAVIORAL C. COGNITIVE B. GESTALT D. PERSONALITY
C. COGNITIVE
IN AN EXPERIMENT, THE CONTROL CONDITION IS A. MANIPULATED AND IS HYPOTHESIZED TO BE THE CAUSE OF A PARTICULAR OUTCOME. B. THE VARIABLE THAT IS MEASURED. C. COMPARED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION. D. AN INDICATION OF THE DEGREE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES.
C. COMPARED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION.
JUDY IS ALWAYS COMPLIMENTING PEOPLE SHE WORKS WITH. BOB, ONE OF JUDY'S BEST FRIENDS, THINKS THAT JUDY IS GENUINELY THOUGHTFUL AND FRIENDLY. SARAH, WHO DOES NOT KNOW JUDY WELL, THINKS THAT SARAH IS SHALLOW AND FAKE. THIS EXAMPLE SUGGESTS HOW FRIENDSHIP INFLUENCES A. BEHAVIORS. B. PERSONALITY. C. CONSTRUALS D. FOLK THEORIES.
C. CONSTRUALS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PHENOMENA BEST ILLUSTRATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND BEHAVIOR? A. ACTING MORE COOPERATIVE WHEN YOU ARE IN A GOOD MOOD (AS OPPOSED TO A BAD MOOD) B. PREFERRING TO DRIVE WITH THE CAR RADIO ON (AS OPPOSED TO OFF) C. CYCLING FASTER WHEN PEOPLE ARE WATCHING YOU (AS OPPOSED TO WHEN YOU ARE ALONE) D. GETTING INTO MORE ARGUMENTS WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE 80 DEGREES (AS OPPOSED TO UNDER 80 DEGREES)
C. CYCLING FASTER WHEN PEOPLE ARE WATCHING YOU (AS OPPOSED TO WHEN YOU ARE ALONE)
RESEARCH ON GENDER AND SELF-CONCEPT INDICATES THAT COMPARED WITH MEN, WOMEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO A. EXPERIENCE CONFUSION OVER HOW THEY SHOULD DEFINE THEMSELVES. B. VIEW THEMSELVES AS UNIQUE AND DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS. C. DEFINE THEMSELVES IN TERMS OF SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RELATIONSHIPS. D. NOTICE THEIR OWN INTERNAL RESPONSES, SUCH AS INCREASES IN PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL.
C. DEFINE THEMSELVES IN TERMS OF SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RELATIONSHIPS.
WHICH STATEMENT IS MOST CONSISTENT WITH THE BELIEFS OF AN INDIVIDUALIST CULTURE? A. EAT, DRINK, AND BE MERRY. B. LIVE BY THE SWORD, DIE BY THE SWORD. C. DIFFERENT STROKES FOR DIFFERENT FOLKS. D. THE NAIL THAT STANDS OUT GETS POUNDED DOWN.
C. DIFFERENT STROKES FOR DIFFERENT FOLKS.
JIM HAS BEEN TRYING TO LOSE WEIGHT AND SPENT ALL DAY IGNORING THE ENTIRE BOWL OF CANDY BARS ON HIS COWORKER'S DESK. WHEN JIM GETS HOME THAT EVENING, HE FEELS EXHAUSTED AND EATS AN ENTIRE CONTAINER OF ICE CREAM. ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCHERS BAUMEISTER, VOHS, AND TICE, JIM IS PROBABLY EXPERIENCING A. FOOD CRAVINGS B. EGO DEPLETION C. EGO STRENGTH
C. EGO STRENGTH
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS DIFFER FROM PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGISTS BECAUSE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS TEND TO A. RELY PRIMARILY ON CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH. B. ARGUE THAT GENETICS DO NOT EXERT CAUSAL EFFECTS ON SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. C. EXAMINE THE INFLUENCE OF SITUATIONS ON BEHAVIORS. D. STRESS INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOR.
C. EXAMINE THE INFLUENCE OF SITUATIONS ON BEHAVIORS
WHAT IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CORRELATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS? A. EXPERIMENTS MEASURE THE DEGREE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES. B. CORRELATIONS ONLY EXAMINE ONE VARIABLE. C. EXPERIMENTS USE RANDOM ASSIGNMENT. D. IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DETERMINE CAUSE BY DOING AN EXPERIMENT.
C. EXPERIMENTS USE RANDOM ASSIGNMENT.
AN EXPERIMENT THAT IS SET IN THE REAL WORLD, AND IN WHICH THE PARTICIPANTS THEMSELVES ARE USUALLY UNAWARE THAT THEY ARE PARTICIPATING IN A RESEARCH STUDY, IS USUALLY DESCRIBED AS A ____________. A. LONGITUDINAL STUDY. B. LABORATORY EXPERIMENT. C. FIELD EXPERIMENT. D. CORRELATIONAL STUDY.
C. FIELD EXPERIMENT.
ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF RESOURCES USED IN ARCHIVAL RESEARCH EXCEPT A. POLICE REPORTS. B. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES. C. FIRSTHAND OBSERVATIONS OF BEHAVIOR. D. DATABASES.
C. FIRSTHAND OBSERVATIONS OF BEHAVIOR.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HOW WE THINK OTHERS VIEW US, AND HOW THEY ACTUALLY VIEW US, ACCORDING TO THE TEXTBOOK? A. GENERALLY, MOST PEOPLE ARE PRETTY ACCURATE IN KNOWING HOW OTHERS REALLY THINK ABOUT THEM. B. IN CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS, WE ARE ACCURATE IN KNOWING HOW THOSE CLOSE OTHERS REALLY THINK ABOUT US. C. GENERALLY, THERE IS LITTLE CORRELATION BETWEEN HOW WE THINK PEOPLE SEE US AND HOW THEY REALLY SEE US. D. PEOPLE WHO ARE VERY INTUITIVE ARE BETTER AT UNDERSTANDING HOW OTHERS SEE THEM.
C. GENERALLY, THERE IS LITTLE CORRELATION BETWEEN HOW WE THINK PEOPLE SEE US AND HOW THEY REALLY SEE US.
YOUR WAITER SEEMS TO BE DOING EVERYTHING WRONG. HE HAS FORGOTTEN TO TAKE YOUR DRINK ORDER. HE DELIVERS SOMEONE ELSE'S FOOD TO YOUR TABLE. HE DOES NOT COME OUT AND SAY IT, BUT HIS FACIAL EXPRESSIONS SEEM TO SAY HE'D RATHER BE SOMEPLACE ELSE. IF YOU ASSUME HIS BEHAVIOR IS CAUSED PRIMARILY BY ____________, YOUR ASSUMPTION IS CONSISTENT WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR. A. CHANNEL FACTORS B. SITUATIONAL FACTORS HE CAN CONTROL C. HIS DISPOSITION D. SITUATIONAL FACTORS BEYOND HIS CONTROL
C. HIS DISPOSITION
LINDA TRIES TO MEMORIZE A BUNCH OF THEORIES FOR HER PSYCHOLOGY CLASS. SPECIFICALLY, RIGHT AFTER SHE READS ABOUT A THEORY, SHE THINKS OF PERSONAL EXPERIENCES THAT ARE RELEVANT TO ITS PREDICTIONS. ACCORDING TO RESEARCH ON THE SELF-REFERENCE EFFECT, LINDA'S STUDY STRATEGY SHOULD A. DECREASE HER MEMORY FOR THE THEORIES BECAUSE THOUGHTS OF PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES ARE DISTRACTING. B. INCREASE OR DECREASE HER MEMORY FOR THE THEORIES, DEPENDING ON HOW LONG SHE STUDIES. C. INCREASE HER MEMORY FOR THE THEORIES BY INTEGRATING THEM INTO HER SELF-KNOWLEDGE. D. INCREASE HER MEMORY FOR THE THEORIES IF THE EXPERIENCES ARE CONSISTENT WITH A THEORY, BUT IT SHOULD DECREASE HER MEMORY IF THE EXPERIENCES ARE INCONSISTENT WITH A THEORY.
C. INCREASE HER MEMORY FOR THE THEORIES BY INTEGRATING THEM INTO HER SELF-KNOWLEDGE.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES? A. INDEPENDENT CULTURES TEND TO VALUE STATUS AND SUCCESS, WHEREAS COLLECTIVIST CULTURES DO NOT. B. INDEPENDENT CULTURES HAVE FEW SOCIAL NORMS, WHEREAS COLLECTIVIST CULTURES DO. C. INDEPENDENT CULTURES TEND TO VIEW RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER PEOPLE AS VOLUNTARY, WHEREAS COLLECTIVISTS DO NOT. D. INDEPENDENT CULTURES TEND TO EMPHASIZE HIERARCHICAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHERS, WHEREAS COLLECTIVIST CULTURES DO NOT.
C. INDEPENDENT CULTURES TEND TO VIEW RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER PEOPLE AS VOLUNTARY, WHEREAS COLLECTIVISTS DO NOT.
PAT HAS LISTED TEN THINGS THAT DESCRIBES WHO HE IS. THE FIRST THREE ARE, "I AM A SON," "I AM FUN WHEN I AM WITH MY FRIENDS," AND "I AM A MANAGER." PAT IS MOST LIKELY PART OF AN __________________ CULTURE. A. EVOLUTIONARY B. INDEPENDENT C. INTERDEPENDENT D. UNIVERSAL
C. INTERDEPENDENT
IF AN EXPERIMENT PRODUCES RELIABLE RESULTS, WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? A. THERE IS A LOW PROBABILITY OF OBTAINING THESE RESULTS BY CHANCE ALONE. B. THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE HAD A STRONG EFFECT ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE. C. IT IS LIKELY TO YIELD CONSISTENT RESULTS. D. THERE IS A STRONG CORRELATION BETWEEN SOME MEASUREMENT AND WHAT THAT MEASUREMENT IS SUPPOSED TO PREDICT.
C. IT IS LIKELY TO YIELD CONSISTENT RESULTS.
THE PROBLEM WITH SELF-SELECTION IN RESEARCH IS THAT A. PEOPLE OFTEN CHOOSE THE EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION IN WHICH THEY WANT TO PARTICIPATE. B. PEOPLE OFTEN OVERESTIMATE THEIR OWN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE RESEARCH. C. IT MAKES CAUSAL INTERPRETATIONS DIFFICULT. D. IT VIOLATES ETHICAL GUIDELINES.
C. IT MAKES CAUSAL INTERPRETATIONS DIFFICULT.
HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS ARE GIVEN A TEST THAT IS SUPPOSED TO PREDICT SCHOLASTIC PERFORMANCE DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF COLLEGE. WHEN THE TEST RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH THE STUDENTS' ACTUAL FIRST-YEAR PERFORMANCE, THERE IS NO CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TEST SCORES AND PERFORMANCE. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF POOR ____________. A. STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE B. RELIABILITY C. MEASUREMENT VALIDITY D. INTERNAL VALIDITY
C. MEASUREMENT VALIDITY
MATTHEW GALLIOT AND HIS COLLEAGUES ASKED PARTICIPANTS TO ENGAGE IN AN INITIAL SELF-CONTROL TASK, SUCH AS SUPPRESSING THEIR EMOTIONS. NEXT, PARTICIPANTS DRANK KOOL-AID SWEETENED WITH EITHER SUGAR OR SPLENDA. HOW DID THE DRINK AFFECT PARTICIPANTS' PERFORMANCE ON A LATER SELF-CONTROL TASK? A. PARTICIPANTS WHO DRANK THE SPLENDA DRINK DID BETTER ON THE SECOND SELF-CONTROL TASK. B. BOTH GROUPS OF PARTICIPANTS DID POORLY ON THE SECOND SELF-CONTROL TASK. C. PARTICIPANTS WHO DRANK THE SUGAR DRINK DID BETTER ON THE SECOND SELF-CONTROL TASK. D. BOTH GROUPS OF PARTICIPANTS DID WELL ON THE SECOND SELF-CONTROL TASK.
C. PARTICIPANTS WHO DRANK THE SUGAR DRINK DID BETTER ON THE SECOND SELF-CONTROL TASK.
THE FUNCTION OF AN INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD IS TO A. REVIEW UNIVERSITY RESEARCH EXPENDITURES. B. REVIEW GRANT PROPOSALS TO ENSURE THAT THEY ARE FINANCIALLY FEASIBLE. C. REVIEW RESEARCH PROPOSALS AND JUDGE THE ETHICAL APPROPRIATENESS OF THE RESEARCH. D. REVIEW THE RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS AT THE INSTITUTION.
C. REVIEW RESEARCH PROPOSALS AND JUDGE THE ETHICAL APPROPRIATENESS OF THE RESEARCH.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY CAN BE DEFINED AS THE ____________ STUDY OF THE ____________ OF INDIVIDUALS IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS. A. INTUITIVE; BEHAVIORS B. SCIENTIFIC; BEHAVIORS C. SCIENTIFIC; FEELINGS, THOUGHTS, AND BEHAVIORS D. BEHAVIORAL; THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS
C. SCIENTIFIC; FEELINGS, THOUGHTS, AND BEHAVIORS
GENE IS GIVEN A QUESTIONNAIRE THAT HAS STATEMENTS LIKE THESE PRINTED ON IT: "I TAKE A POSITIVE VIEW OF MYSELF" AND "I FEEL THAT I HAVE A NUMBER OF GOOD QUALITIES." HE IS ASKED TO INDICATE HOW MUCH HE AGREES WITH THESE KINDS OF STATEMENTS. THIS QUESTIONNAIRE IS MEANT TO MEASURE GENE'S A. SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS. B. IDENTIFY CUES. C. SELF-ESTEEM. D. SELF-DISCREPANCIES.
C. SELF-ESTEEM.
THE TENDENCY TO ELABORATE ON AND RECALL INFORMATION THAT IS INTEGRATED INTO OUR SELF-KNOWLEDGE IS CALLED THE A. SELF-VERIFICATION EFFECT. B. PRIVATE SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS EFFECT. C. SELF-REFERENCE EFFECT. D. SELF-MONITORING EFFECT.
C. SELF-REFERENCE EFFECT.
KURT LEWIN'S CONCEPT, THE FIELD OF FORCES, EMPHASIZES THAT ____________ UNDERLIE(S) MUCH OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. A. GENETICS B. PHYSICAL STIMULATION C. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SITUATION D. NATURAL SELECTION
C. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SITUATION
THE TEXTBOOK DESCRIBES AN EXPERIMENT BY DARLEY AND BATSON (1973) THAT LOOKED AT WILLINGNESS TO HELP IN SEMINARY STUDENTS. IN ONE CONDITION, PARTICIPANTS WERE MADE TO HURRY FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER BY BEING TOLD THAT THEY WERE LATE FOR THE EXPERIMENT. IN THE OTHER CONDITION, PARTICIPANTS WERE ONLY TOLD TO GO OVER TO ANOTHER BUILDING IN ORDER TO START THE EXPERIMENT. BOTH GROUPS ENCOUNTERED A PERSON LYING ON THE GROUND ON THEIR WAY TO THE OTHER BUILDING. THE EXPERIMENTER OBSERVED THE PARTICIPANTS FROM BOTH GROUPS AND COUNTED THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO STOPPED TO CHECK ON THE PERSON LYING ON THE GROUND. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE PARTICIPANTS WHO WERE IN A HURRY STOPPED MUCH LESS FREQUENTLY THAN THE PARTICIPANTS WHO WERE NOT IN A HURRY. IN THIS EXPERIMENT, WHAT WAS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE? A. BEING MADE TO HURRY FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER B. THE PERSON LYING ON THE GROUND C. THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE STOPPING TO CHECK ON THE PERSON LYING ON THE GROUND D. GOING FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER
C. THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE STOPPING TO CHECK ON THE PERSON LYING ON THE GROUND
DAN MCADAMS WRITES ABOUT AND DOES RESEARCH ON THE "NARRATED SELF," WHICH CONSISTS OF A. OUR PERSONALITY TRAITS. B. OUR INDEPENDENT OR INTERDEPENDENT SELF-CONSTRUALS. C. THE STORY WE TELL ABOUT OUR SOCIAL SELF. D. HOW OTHER PEOPLE DESCRIBE OUR SOCIAL SELF.
C. THE STORY WE TELL ABOUT OUR SOCIAL SELF.
ONE IMPLICATION OF TESSER'S SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE MODEL IS THAT A. WE ARE BIASED TO BELIEVE THAT OUR FRIENDS' SELF-CONCEPTS ARE SIMILAR TO OUR OWN. B. WE CAN EXPECT OUR GOOD FRIENDS TO HELP US SUCCEED AT ANYTHING BECAUSE ALL OF OUR SUCCESSES REFLECT WELL ON THEM. C. WE SHOULD CHOOSE FRIENDS WHOM WE OUTPERFORM IN DOMAINS RELEVANT TO OUR SELF-CONCEPT BUT WHO ARE TALENTED IN DOMAINS THAT ARE NOT RELEVANT TO THE SELF. D. OUR FRIENDS' COMPETENCIES (OR LACK THEREOF) DO NOT INFLUENCE OUR SELF-CONCEPT.
C. WE SHOULD CHOOSE FRIENDS WHOM WE OUTPERFORM IN DOMAINS RELEVANT TO OUR SELF-CONCEPT BUT WHO ARE TALENTED IN DOMAINS THAT ARE NOT RELEVANT TO THE SELF.
ACCORDING TO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS IS MOST LIKELY TO MAKE SOMEONE DO WHAT AN AUTHORITY FIGURE SAYS TO DO-EVEN IF IT INVOLVES HURTING SOMEONE? A. WHEN PEOPLE KNOW AHEAD OF TIME THAT AN AUTHORITY FIGURE WILL BE ORDERING THEM AROUND B. WHEN PEOPLE HAVE BEEN RAISED IN ABUSIVE FAMILIES C. WHEN PEOPLE CAN BLAME AN AUTHORITY FIGURE FOR THEIR ACTIONS D. WHEN PEOPLE ARE USED TO HURTING OTHER PEOPLE
C. WHEN PEOPLE CAN BLAME AN AUTHORITY FIGURE FOR THEIR ACTIONS
JACQUIE AND KAREN ARE BOTH INTERESTED IN THE TOPIC OF DIVORCE. JACQUIE IS A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND KAREN IS A SOCIOLOGIST. COMPARED TO KAREN, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IS JACQUIE MOST LIKELY TO ASK? A. DO DIFFERENT DIVORCE LAWS INFLUENCE DIVORCE RATES? B. ARE DIVORCE RATES HIGHER AMONG PEOPLE WHO ARE MORE EDUCATED? C. WHY DOES INFIDELITY LEAD TO DIVORCE? D. IS DIVORCE MORE PREVALENT IN NORTHERN STATES RELATIVE TO SOUTHERN STATES?
C. WHY DOES INFIDELITY LEAD TO DIVORCE?
THE PART OF OUR SELF-KNOWLEDGE THAT IS CONSCIOUS TO US AT ANY GIVEN TIME IS CALLED THE A. SELF-CONCEPT B. CONSCIOUS SELF-CONCEPT C. WORKING SELF-CONCEPT D. DISTINCTIVE SELF-CONCEPT
C. WORKING SELF-CONCEPT
AN INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) HAS REVIEWED A STUDY AND DETERMINED THAT PARTICIPATING IN THE STUDY WILL LIKELY MAKE THE PARTICIPANTS FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE AND EMBARRASSED. ACCORDING TO THE TEXTBOOK, COULD THE IRB DECIDE TO ALLOW THE RESEARCHERS TO BEGIN THIS STUDY? A. NO; MAKING PARTICIPANTS UNCOMFORTABLE IS NEVER ACCEPTABLE. B. YES; THE IRB EXAMINES ONLY WHETHER PARTICIPANTS WILL BE IN PHYSICAL PAIN. C. YES; AS LONG AS PARTICIPANTS ARE NOT OVERLY HARMED AND THE RESEARCH HAS SIGNIFICANT VALUE. D. NO; IF ANY ASPECTS OF RESEARCH STUDIES ARE HARMFUL IN ANY WAY, IRBS CANNOT ALLOW THEM.
C. YES; AS LONG AS PARTICIPANTS ARE NOT OVERLY HARMED AND THE RESEARCH HAS SIGNIFICANT VALUE.
FRANK SULLOWAY'S RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIRTH ORDER AND PERSONALITY SHOWS THAT A. YOUNGER SIBLINGS TEND TO BE MORE AGREEABLE THAN OLDER SIBLINGS. B. OLDER SIBLINGS TEND TO BE LESS HONEST THAN YOUNGER SIBLINGS. C. YOUNGER AND OLDER SIBLINGS ARE EQUALLY OPEN TO NOVEL IDEAS AND EXPERIENCES. D. OLDER SIBLINGS TEND TO BE LESS ACHIEVEMENT-ORIENTED THAN YOUNGER SIBLINGS.
C. YOUNGER AND OLDER SIBLINGS ARE EQUALLY OPEN TO NOVEL IDEAS AND EXPERIENCES.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CORRELATIONS INDICATES THE LOWEST DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES? A. 1.0 B. 0.8 C. 0.6 D. 0.2
D. 0.2
THE CLASSIC MILGRAM STUDY SHOWED THAT ABOUT A. 1 PERCENT OF PARTICIPANTS DELIVERED A 330-VOLT SHOCK TO THE "LEARNER." B. 10 PERCENT OF PARTICIPANTS DELIVERED NO SHOCKS TO THE "LEARNER." C. 20 PERCENT OF PARTICIPANTS DELIVERED A 450-VOLT SHOCK TO THE "LEARNER." D. 60 PERCENT OF PARTICIPANTS DELIVERED A 450-VOLT SHOCK TO THE "LEARNER."
D. 60 PERCENT OF PARTICIPANTS DELIVERED A 450-VOLT SHOCK TO THE "LEARNER."
RESEARCH CONDUCTED AT UNIVERSITIES MUST FIRST BE REVIEWED BY AN INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD; THIS BOARD MUST INCLUDE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PANEL MEMBERS EXCEPT A. A SCIENTIST. B. A NONSCIENTIST. C. A PERSON WHO IS NOT AFFILIATED WITH THE INSTITUTION. D. A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL.
D. A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL.
SCHEMAS ARE IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY A. ARE ELABORATE STORES OF SYSTEMATIZED KNOWLEDGE. B. GUIDE OUR EXPECTATIONS FOR A WIDE RANGE OF SITUATIONS. C. INFLUENCE OUR JUDGMENTS. D. ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE TRUE.
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE TRUE.
EXPERIMENTS ARE DIFFERENT FROM OTHER RESEARCH METHODS IN THAT THEY ENCOMPASS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS? A. CONTROL GROUP B. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE C. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT D. ALL OF THE ABOVE CHOICES ARE COMPONENTS OF EXPERIMENTS.
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE CHOICES ARE COMPONENTS OF EXPERIMENTS.
YOU READ THE RESULTS OF A SURVEY THAT REPORTS THAT TWO-THIRDS OF COSMOPOLITAN READERS LOST WEIGHT BY "GOING VEGAN." YOU SHOULD NOT GIVE THE REPORT OF THIS SURVEY MUCH CREDENCE BECAUSE A. NOT EVERYONE IN THIS SURVEY WAS EQUALLY LIKELY TO BE SURVEYED. B. IT CONFUSES A CORRELATIONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP. C. PEOPLE WHO RESPONDED TO THE SURVEY ARE NOT LIKELY THE SAME AS THOSE WHO DID NOT. D. ALL OF THE ABOVE CHOICES ARE REASONS THAT THE SURVEY RESULTS SHOULD NOT BE TRUSTED.
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE CHOICES ARE REASONS THAT THE SURVEY RESULTS SHOULD NOT BE TRUSTED.
RESEARCH SUPPORTING SELF-VERIFICATION THEORY HAS SHOWN THAT A. PEOPLE TEND SELECTIVELY TO ATTEND TO AND RECALL INFORMATION THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH THEIR SELF-VIEWS. B. PEOPLE TEND TO PROVIDE IDENTITY CUES THAT HELP OTHERS FORM ACCURATE JUDGMENTS OF THEIR PERSONALITY TRAITS. C. PEOPLE TEND TO FORM RELATIONSHIPS THAT MAINTAIN THEIR PREEXISTING VIEW OF THE SELF, EVEN WHEN THAT VIEW IS NEGATIVE. D. ALL OF THE ABOVE HAVE BEEN SHOWN BY RESEARCH.
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE HAVE BEEN SHOWN BY RESEARCH.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IS CONSISTENT WITH RESEARCH ON CULTURE AND SELF-ESTEEM? A. PEOPLE FROM WESTERN CULTURES ARE LESS LIKELY TO SAY OR DO THINGS TO ENHANCE OTHER PEOPLE'S SELF-ESTEEM (RELATIVE TO PEOPLE FROM ASIAN CULTURES). B. THE JAPANESE PRAISE EACH OTHER FOR THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS MORE OFTEN THAN DO AMERICANS. C. PEOPLE FROM ASIAN CULTURES GENERALLY FEEL WORSE ABOUT THEMSELVES THAN DO PEOPLE FROM WESTERN CULTURES. D. AMERICANS UTTER MANY MORE SELF-COMPLIMENTARY STATEMENTS DURING CONVERSATIONS (RELATIVE TO JAPANESE INDIVIDUALS).
D. AMERICANS UTTER MANY MORE SELF-COMPLIMENTARY STATEMENTS DURING CONVERSATIONS (RELATIVE TO JAPANESE INDIVIDUALS).
THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST CAROL DWECK FOUND THAT PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE THAT INTELLIGENCE IS A MATTER OF HARD WORK ACTUALLY STUDY HARDER IN SCHOOL AND GET BETTER GRADES. SHE USED THIS FINDING TO DESIGN AN ACADEMIC SUCCESS PROGRAM TARGETED TO MINORITY JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS. WHAT DOES THIS ILLUSTRATE ABOUT THE CONNECTION BETWEEN BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH? A. BASIC RESEARCH ALWAYS HAS TO COME BEFORE APPLIED RESEARCH. B. APPLIED RESEARCH IS NOT USEFUL WITHOUT ALSO ENGAGING IN BASIC RESEARCH. C. BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH SHOULD NOT BE CONDUCTED BY THE SAME PERSON. D. BASIC RESEARCH CAN LEAD TO THEORIES USED TO DESIGN APPLIED INTERVENTIONS.
D. BASIC RESEARCH CAN LEAD TO THEORIES USED TO DESIGN APPLIED INTERVENTIONS.
ACCORDING TO THE TEXTBOOK, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING TEND TO HAVE INTERDEPENDENT SELF-CONSTRUALS? A. MANY MEDITERRANEAN CULTURES B. MANY AFRICAN CULTURES C. MANY NORTHERN EUROPEAN CULTURES D. BOTH A AND B ARE CORRECT.
D. BOTH A AND B ARE CORRECT.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PRACTICES DO PEOPLE SHARE WITH ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY HIGHER PRIMATES? A. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS B. GROUP LIVING C. WARINESS AROUND SPIDERS D. BOTH A AND B ARE CORRECT.
D. BOTH A AND B ARE CORRECT.
THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES AND CONTROLLED PROCESSES IS THAT UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES A. ARE MORE ACCURATE. B. RUN ONLY SERIALLY. C. ARE MORE LIKELY TO INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR. D. CAN OPERATE IN PARALLEL.
D. CAN OPERATE IN PARALLEL.
RANDOM ASSIGNMENT IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF EXPERIMENTS BECAUSE IT A. ALLOWS FOR MORE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESULTS. B. IS CONSISTENT WITH INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD POLICIES. C. ENSURES FAIRNESS BECAUSE EVERYONE HAS AN EQUAL CHANCE FOR SELECTION. D. CANCELS OUT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND REDUCES SELECTION BIASES BETWEEN GROUPS.
D. CANCELS OUT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND REDUCES SELECTION BIASES BETWEEN GROUPS.
____________ OPERATES TO MOLD ANIMALS AND PLANTS SO THAT TRAITS THAT ENHANCE THE PROBABILITY OF SURVIVAL ARE PASSED ON TO SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS. A. SOCIAL DARWINISM C. NATURAL SELECTION B. NATURALISTIC FALLACY D. CONNECTIONISM
D. CONNECTIONISM
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST FINDS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND THE LIKELIHOOD OF BEING DIVORCED. THIS STUDY MOST LIKELY DESCRIBES WHICH TYPE OF RESEARCH METHOD? A. OBSERVATIONAL B. ARCHIVAL C. EXPERIMENTAL D. CORRELATIONAL
D. CORRELATIONAL
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING FINDING FROM A STUDY CONDUCTED IN THE UNITED STATES THAT ASKED CHILDREN TO DESCRIBE THEMSELVES: "FORTY-FOUR PERCENT OF CHILDREN WHO WERE BORN OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES MENTIONED THIS BIOGRAPHICAL FACT WHEN DESCRIBING THEMSELVES, WHEREAS ONLY 7 PERCENT OF THOSE BORN IN THE UNITED STATES MENTIONED THEIR PLACE OF BIRTH." THIS FINDING BEST SUPPORTS THE A. CONTRASTING TRAITS HYPOTHESIS. B. SELF-PERCEPTION HYPOTHESIS. C. SOCIAL COMPARISON HYPOTHESIS. D. DISTINCTIVENESS HYPOTHESIS.
D. DISTINCTIVENESS HYPOTHESIS.
THE PRIMARY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL EXPERIMENTS AND STANDARD EXPERIMENTS IS THAT NATURAL EXPERIMENTS A. DO NOT INVOLVE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. B. DO NOT INVOLVE DEPENDENT VARIABLES. C. TYPICALLY INVOLVE RANDOM ASSIGNMENT OF INDIVIDUALS. D. DO NOT TYPICALLY INVOLVE RANDOM ASSIGNMENT OF INDIVIDUALS.
D. DO NOT TYPICALLY INVOLVE RANDOM ASSIGNMENT OF INDIVIDUALS.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING RESEARCH METHODS IS THE BEST WAY TO IDENTIFY A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES? A. OBSERVATION B. ARCHIVE C. CORRELATION D. EXPERIMENT
D. EXPERIMENT
LOOKING TEN YEARS AHEAD, LOLA IMAGINES HERSELF TO BE A CELEBRATED WRITER AND A WONDERFUL MOTHER. ACCORDING TO SELF-DISCREPANCY THEORY (HIGGINS, 1987), LOLA IS REFLECTING ON HER A. UNATTAINABLE SELF. B. OUGHT SELF. C. ACTUAL SELF. D. IDEAL SELF.
D. IDEAL SELF.
SELF-SCHEMAS ARE A. WISHES AND ASPIRATIONS PEOPLE HAVE FOR THEMSELVES. B. OBJECTIVE STANDARDS THAT PEOPLE USE TO LEARN ABOUT THEIR OWN ABILITIES, ATTITUDES, AND PERSONALITY TRAITS. C. BELIEFS ABOUT THE ROLES, OBLIGATIONS, AND DUTIES PEOPLE ASSUME IN GROUPS. D. KNOWLEDGE-BASED SUMMARIES OF OUR BELIEFS AND FEELINGS ABOUT THE SELF IN PARTICULAR DOMAINS.
D. KNOWLEDGE-BASED SUMMARIES OF OUR BELIEFS AND FEELINGS ABOUT THE SELF IN PARTICULAR DOMAINS.
JIM TENDS TO ACT IN ACCORDANCE WITH HIS INTERNAL INCLINATIONS, IMPULSES, AND DISPOSITIONS. ALSO, HE IS NOT VERY ATTUNED TO THE SOCIAL CONTEXT IN WHICH HE FINDS HIMSELF. THUS, JIM WOULD SCORE ____________ ON A MEASURE OF ____________. A. HIGH; SELF-HANDICAPPING. B. LOW; SELF-HANDICAPPING. C. HIGH; SELF-MONITORING. D. LOW; SELF-MONITORING.
D. LOW; SELF-MONITORING.
ACCORDING TO THE TEXT, RESEARCH SHOWS THAT STATE SELF-ESTEEM CAN BE INFLUENCED BY A. ODORS. B. COMPLEX WEATHER PATTERNS. C. AMBIENT LIGHT LEVELS. D. MOMENTARY MOOD STATES.
D. MOMENTARY MOOD STATES.
RELATIONAL SELF-BELIEFS ARE A. THE ROLES, DUTIES, AND OBLIGATIONS WE ASSUME IN GROUPS. B. SOCIAL GROUPS TO WHICH WE BELONG. C. OUR PREFERENCES, TASTES, PERSONALITY TRAITS, AND TALENTS. D. OUR IDENTITIES IN SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS.
D. OUR IDENTITIES IN SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS.
RECALL THAT BERGLAS AND JONES (1978) LED MALE PARTICIPANTS TO BELIEVE THAT THEY EITHER WERE GOING TO SUCCEED OR WERE GOING TO HAVE DIFFICULTY ON AN UPCOMING TEST. NEXT, PARTICIPANTS WERE GIVEN THE CHANCE TO INGEST EITHER A PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUG OR A PERFORMANCE-INHIBITING DRUG. WHAT DID THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOW? A. REGARDLESS OF THEIR BELIEFS ABOUT SUCCESS OR DIFFICULTY, PARTICIPANTS PREFERRED THE PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUG. B. REGARDLESS OF THEIR BELIEFS ABOUT SUCCESS OR DIFFICULTY, PARTICIPANTS PREFERRED THE PERFORMANCE-INHIBITING DRUG. C. PARTICIPANTS WHO THOUGHT THEY WOULD SUCCEED ON THE TEST PREFERRED THE PERFORMANCE-INHIBITING DRUG. D. PARTICIPANTS WHO THOUGHT THEY WOULD HAVE DIFFICULTY ON THE TEST PREFERRED THE PERFORMANCE-INHIBITING DRUG.
D. PARTICIPANTS WHO THOUGHT THEY WOULD HAVE DIFFICULTY ON THE TEST PREFERRED THE PERFORMANCE-INHIBITING DRUG.
ACCORDING TO FESTINGER'S SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY, PEOPLE OFTEN FORM JUDGMENTS ABOUT THEIR TRAITS AND ABILITIES BY COMPARING THEMSELVES WITH OTHERS. ACCORDING TO THE THEORY, THIS PROCESS IS MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR WHEN A. THE PEOPLE AROUND THEM ARE JUDGMENTAL AND UNKIND. B. PEOPLE HAVE A CLEAR AND DETAILED SELF-CONCEPT. C. THE PEOPLE AROUND THEM HAVE SUPERIOR TRAITS AND ABILITIES. D. PEOPLE HAVE NO OBJECTIVE STANDARD BY WHICH TO JUDGE THEMSELVES.
D. PEOPLE HAVE NO OBJECTIVE STANDARD BY WHICH TO JUDGE THEMSELVES.
IT IS VERY COMMON FOR MAGAZINES TO CONDUCT SURVEYS IN WHICH READERS VOLUNTARILY FILL OUT SURVEY CARDS AND MAIL THE CARDS TO THE PUBLISHER. THE MAIN PROBLEM WITH CONDUCTING A SURVEY IN THIS MANNER IS THAT ____________. A. SOME OF THESE SURVEYS WILL BE LOST BY THE POSTAL SERVICE. B. PEOPLE ARE NOT TRUTHFUL WHEN FILLING OUT ANONYMOUS SURVEYS. C. MAIL-IN SURVEYS ARE GENERALLY NOT AS EFFECTIVE AS SURVEYS CONDUCTED OVER THE INTERNET. D. PEOPLE WHO RESPOND TO THE SURVEY ARE LIKELY TO BE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE WHO DO NOT RESPOND.
D. PEOPLE WHO RESPOND TO THE SURVEY ARE LIKELY TO BE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE WHO DO NOT RESPOND.
SANDRA THINKS THAT SMILING A LOT DURING A JOB INTERVIEW INCREASES A PERSON'S CHANCES OF GETTING A JOB OFFER. THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SANDRA'S FOLK THEORY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES IS THAT SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES ARE A. ALWAYS MORE COMPLICATED. B. ALMOST ALWAYS COUNTERINTUITIVE. C. BASED ON LOGIC. D. PUT TO THE TEST.
D. PUT TO THE TEST
PROFESSOR HANSEN EXPECTS THAT STUDENTS WILL SIT QUIETLY AND TAKE NOTES DURING HIS LARGE LECTURE COURSE. THUS, A STUDENT WHO TALKS IN CLASS AND NEVER OPENS A NOTEBOOK VIOLATES PROFESSOR HANSEN'S ____________ ABOUT STUDENTS. A. THEORY OF MIND B. AUTOMATICITY C. CONSTRUAL D. SCHEMA
D. SCHEMA
THE PROCESSES BY WHICH PEOPLE INITIATE, ALTER, AND CONTROL THEIR BEHAVIOR IN THE PURSUIT OF THEIR GOALS IS CALLED _______________. A. SELF-DISCREPANCY B. SELF-ENHANCEMENT C. SELF-VERIFICATION D. SELF-REGULATION
D. SELF-REGULATION
YOU ARE DRIVING HOME FROM SCHOOL, AND SUDDENLY YOU REALIZE THAT YOU HAVEN'T NOTICED ANYTHING YOU'VE DRIVEN PAST FOR THE LAST FEW MINUTES. WHICH TYPE OF UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSING IS THIS? A. EXPLICIT PROCESSING. B. GENERATING BELIEFS WITHOUT BEING AWARE OF THE COGNITIVE PROCESSES INVOLVED. C. SCHEMA-BASED PROCESSING. D. SKILL ACQUISITION.
D. SKILL ACQUISITION.
INTERVIEWS AND WRITTEN QUESTIONNAIRES ARE PARTS OF WHICH TYPE OF RESEARCH METHOD? A. OBSERVATION B. CORRELATION C. EXPERIMENT D. SURVEY
D. SURVEY
JIM TRIES HARD AT WORK, BUT HE IS JUST NOT VERY GOOD AT HIS JOB. ACCORDING TO _______________, JIM SHOULD FEEL BETTER ABOUT HIMSELF IF HE GETS A NEW JOB HE IS GOOD AT. A. SELF-VERIFICATION THEORY B. THE SOCIOMETER HYPOTHESIS C. THE PRINCIPLE OF SELF-HANDICAPPING D. THE CONTINGENCIES OF THE SELF-WORTH ACCOUNT OF SELF-ESTEEM
D. THE CONTINGENCIES OF THE SELF-WORTH ACCOUNT OF SELF-ESTEEM
THE "GOOD SAMARITAN" STUDY CONDUCTED BY DARLEY AND BATSON (1973) EXAMINED HELPING BEHAVIOR IN SEMINARY STUDENTS AT PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. THESE STUDENTS WERE EITHER RUSHED OR NOT RUSHED TO GET TO AN APPOINTMENT. RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOWED THAT A. PARTICIPANTS WHO VIEWED RELIGION AS A MEANS TOWARD PERSONAL GAIN WERE LESS LIKELY TO HELP SOMEONE THAN PARTICIPANTS WHO VIEWED RELIGION AS A MEANS TOWARD MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES. B. WHEN RUSHED, ONLY PARTICIPANTS WHO VIEWED RELIGION AS A MEANS TOWARD PERSONAL GAINS WERE LESS LIKELY TO HELP SOMEONE. C. WHEN RUSHED, ONLY PARTICIPANTS WHO VIEWED RELIGION AS A MEANS TOWARD MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES WERE LESS LIKELY TO HELP SOMEONE. D. THE NATURE OF PARTICIPANTS' RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION DID NOT PREDICT HELPING BEHAVIOR; ONLY BEING RUSHED OR NOT PREDICTED HELPING.
D. THE NATURE OF PARTICIPANTS' RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION DID NOT PREDICT HELPING BEHAVIOR; ONLY BEING RUSHED OR NOT PREDICTED HELPING.
THE NATURALISTIC FALLACY REFERS TO THE CLAIM THAT A. THINGS SHOULD BE DIFFERENT FROM THE WAY THEY ARE NOW. B. PEOPLE CAN OVERCOME MANY THINGS THEY ARE PREDISPOSED TO DO. C. THE PROCESS OF EVOLUTION CAN SELECT FOR DISADVANTAGEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. D. THE WAY THINGS ARE IS THE WAY THEY SHOULD BE.
D. THE WAY THINGS ARE IS THE WAY THEY SHOULD BE.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ON SELF-DISCREPANCY THEORY SHOWS THAT A. THINKING ABOUT HOW ONE MIGHT APPROXIMATE ONE'S IDEAL SELF INCREASES THE EXPERIENCE OF ANXIETY. B. THINKING ABOUT HOW ONE MIGHT APPROXIMATE ONE'S OUGHT SELF ELEVATES CHEERFULNESS. C. THINKING ABOUT HOW ONE MIGHT DEVIATE FROM ONE'S ACTUAL SELF INCREASES THE EXPERIENCE OF NEGATIVE EMOTIONS. D. THINKING ABOUT HOW ONE MIGHT APPROXIMATE ONE'S IDEAL SELF INCREASES SENSITIVITY TO POSITIVE EXPERIENCES.
D. THINKING ABOUT HOW ONE MIGHT APPROXIMATE ONE'S IDEAL SELF INCREASES SENSITIVITY TO POSITIVE EXPERIENCES.
RESEARCH IN BASIC SCIENCE AIMS TO A. SOLVE REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS. B. UNDERSTAND SIMPLE QUESTIONS IN SCIENCE. C. SOLVE DIFFICULT QUESTIONS IN SCIENCE. D. UNDERSTAND A PHENOMENON IN ITS OWN RIGHT WITHOUT CONCERN WITH REAL-WORLD ISSUES.
D. UNDERSTAND A PHENOMENON IN ITS OWN RIGHT WITHOUT CONCERN WITH REAL-WORLD ISSUES.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS LEAST CHARACTERISTIC OF THE GOALS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY? A. UNDERSTANDING HOW PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT CULTURES THINK, FEEL, AND BEHAVE B. UNDERSTANDING HOW PEOPLE CONTROL EACH OTHERS' BEHAVIORS C. EVALUATING THE ACCURACY OF FOLK THEORIES ABOUT HOW SITUATIONS INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR D. UNDERSTANDING HOW PERSONALITY TRAITS PREDISPOSE PEOPLE TO RESPOND TO SOCIAL SITUATIONS
D. UNDERSTANDING HOW PERSONALITY TRAITS PREDISPOSE PEOPLE TO RESPOND TO SOCIAL SITUATIONS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IS NOT CONSISTENT WITH THE EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE? A. PEOPLE SHARE MANY PRACTICES AND INSTITUTIONS WITH ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY HIGHER PRIMATES. B. BEHAVIORAL PROPENSITIES ARE SUBJECT TO SELECTION PRESSURES. C. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE SUBJECT TO SELECTION PRESSURES. D. WHAT WE ARE BIOLOGICALLY PREDISPOSED TO DO IS WHAT WE INEVITABLY WILL DO.
D. WHAT WE ARE BIOLOGICALLY PREDISPOSED TO DO IS WHAT WE INEVITABLY WILL DO.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SCENARIOS IS LEAST CONSISTENT WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR? A. WHEN SOMEONE SWERVES INTO YOUR LANE WHILE DRIVING, YOU THINK TO YOURSELF, "THIS PERSON IS A TERRIBLE DRIVER!" B. WHEN SOMEONE AT A PARTY SMILES AT YOU, YOU THINK TO YOURSELF, "THIS PERSON SMILES AT EVERYONE." C. WHEN YOU SLIP AND FALL DOWN AT A SHOPPING MALL, YOU THINK TO YOURSELF, "I WAS BORN CLUMSY!" D. WHEN SOMEONE TALKS LOUDLY TO HIS OR HER FRIEND ON THE BUS, YOU THINK TO YOURSELF, "THIS PERSON MIGHT BE TALKING TO SOMEONE WHO HAS A HEARING PROBLEM."
D. WHEN SOMEONE TALKS LOUDLY TO HIS OR HER FRIEND ON THE BUS, YOU THINK TO YOURSELF, "THIS PERSON MIGHT BE TALKING TO SOMEONE WHO HAS A HEARING PROBLEM."
GOFFMAN'S IDEA OF FACE REFERS TO A. OUR SELF-SCHEMAS. B. OUR SELF-ESTEEM. C. HOW OTHER PEOPLE THINK ABOUT US. D. WHO WE WANT OTHERS TO THINK WE ARE.
D. WHO WE WANT OTHERS TO THINK WE ARE.
A RESEARCH STUDY DOES NOT NEED TO BE SUBMITTED TO AN INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD AS LONG AS THE STUDY DOES NOT USE DECEPTION AS PART OF THE STUDY DESIGN. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
AN ISSUE OF TIME MAGAZINE CITES A STUDY THAT SHOWS THAT MARRIED PEOPLE ARE GENERALLY HAPPIER THAN UNMARRIED PEOPLE. BASED ON THIS STUDY, WE CAN ASSUME THAT BEING MARRIED LEADS TO BEING HAPPY. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
ASSIGNING EVERYONE IN A POPULATION AN EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING SELECTED FOR A SURVEY IS NOT NECESSARY FOR GENERATING A RANDOM SAMPLE IN A SURVEY. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
CONSCIOUS PROCESSES ARE GENERALLY FAST AND CAN OPERATE IN PARALLEL. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
MOST PEOPLE TEND TO HOLD VERY ACCURATE VIEWS OF THEMSELVES AND THEIR ABILITIES. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
PEOPLE TEND TO BELIEVE THAT BEHAVIORS ARE CAUSED BY SITUATIONAL FACTORS AS OPPOSED TO DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
PEOPLE WHO DEFINE THEMSELVES IN TERMS OF MULTIPLE DOMAINS WOULD BE SAID TO HAVE LOW SELF-COMPLEXITY. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
PERSONAL UNIQUENESS IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF SELF-DEFINITION AMONG PEOPLE LIVING IN INTERDEPENDENT CULTURES. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
SELF-VERIFICATION THEORY PREDICTS THAT PEOPLE STRIVE FOR UNREALISTICALLY POSITIVE VIEWS OF THE SELF. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
THE CONCEPT OF TRAIT SELF-ESTEEM REFERS TO CHANGEABLE SELF-EVALUATIONS THAT ARE EXPERIENCED AS MOMENTARY FEELINGS ABOUT THE SELF. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IN AN EXPERIMENT IS THE VARIABLE THAT IS BEING MANIPULATED TO PRODUCE A PREDICTED OUTCOME. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
THE EVOLUTIONARY THEORIST CHARLES DARWIN ASSUMED THAT NATURAL SELECTION IS IMPORTANT FOR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS BUT NOT FOR BEHAVIORAL PROPENSITIES. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
THE THEORY OF PARENTAL INVESTMENT PREDICTS THAT MALES WILL INVEST LARGE QUANTITIES OF ENERGY AFTER COPULATION IN THE REARING OF OFFSPRING. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
USING DECEPTION IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENTS IS NEVER ALLOWED BECAUSE IT VIOLATES THE BASIC TENETS OF PROVIDING INFORMED CONSENT TO PARTICIPANTS. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
WE ENGAGE IN UPWARD SELF-COMPARISONS WHEN WE WANT TO MAKE OURSELVES FEEL BETTER BY THINKING ABOUT THOSE WORSE OFF THAN US. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
A FIELD EXPERIMENT IS ONE OF THE BEST WAYS TO ENSURE HAVING GOOD EXTERNAL VALIDITY IN A RESEARCH STUDY. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH STUDY IS THE BEST WAY TO ESTABLISH A CAUSAL EFFECT OF ONE VARIABLE ON ANOTHER VARIABLE. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
CHANNEL FACTORS CAN APPEAR TO BE UNIMPORTANT ON THE SURFACE BUT HAVE SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES FOR BEHAVIOR. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
DATA FROM A STUDY THAT IS BIASED IS SOMETIMES WORSE THAN NO INFORMATION AT ALL. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
IN THE MILGRAM EXPERIMENT, OVER 60 PERCENT OF THE PARTICIPANTS DELIVERED THE HIGHEST SHOCK POSSIBLE TO THE "LEARNER." TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
INTERDEPENDENT SELF-CONSTRUALS ARE PREVALENT IN MANY ASIAN CULTURES. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
REFLECTED SELF-APPRAISALS COME FROM OUR PERCEPTIONS OF WHAT OTHER PEOPLE THINK OF US. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
SCHEMAS ARE STORES OF GENERALIZED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL WORLD. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
SELF-DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIORS CAN PROVIDE AN EXPLANATION FOR POSSIBLE FAILURES AND THEREBY FACILITATE IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY HOLDS THAT PEOPLE TEND TO COMPARE THEMSELVES WITH OTHERS WHEN THERE IS NO OBJECTIVE STANDARD IN THE DOMAIN OF INTEREST. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS TEST INTUITIONS BY CRAFTING EXPERIMENTS THAT ISOLATE THE CAUSES OF BEHAVIOR IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
THE CLAIM THAT THE WAY THINGS ARE IS THE WAY THEY SHOULD BE IS KNOWN AS THE NATURALISTIC FALLACY. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
THE PRIMARY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL EXPERIMENTS AND MORE TYPICAL LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS IS THAT NATURAL EXPERIMENTS DO NOT NORMALLY INVOLVE RANDOM ASSIGNMENT. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
THE SOCIOMETER HYPOTHESIS STATES THAT OUR SELF-ESTEEM REFLECTS THE EXTENT TO WHICH OTHER PEOPLE THINK WELL OF US. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
WHILE CONDUCTING OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS OFTEN CONDUCT ADDITIONAL FOLLOW-UP STUDIES TO SUPPORT WHAT THEY HAVE OBSERVED IN THE FIELD. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
