Social Psych EXAM 3, PSY 376 Exam 3 cntd, PSY 376 Chapter 7, PSY 376 Chapter 6, PSY 376

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There are two pathways by which people are persuaded by a communication:

(1) the "central route," people think critically about the strength and quality of arguments, or (2) the "peripheral route," people are influenced by surface cues, such as a speaker's appearance or reputation.

When Milgram exposed participants to an authority who demanded that they harm another person by administering electric shocks of up to 450 volts to him, he initially found that the percentage of participants who obeyed the authority's orders to administer all of these shocks was

65 percent

A cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, and self-reliance take priority over group allegiances is called a. individualism. b. collectivism. c. power distance. d. uncertainty avoidance.

A feeling of deprivation about existing social relations is called a. loneliness. b. rejection. c. jealously. d. empty love.

A group is defined as a. a set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, and identity. b. a set of rigid boundaries and norms. c. people engaged in a common activity with or without direct interaction. d. a social category.

A group of students is discussing whether same-sex couples should be allowed to marry. The students begin the discussion with opinions that are somewhat in favor of gay marriage. If group polarization occurs, a. students will be more strongly supportive of gay marriage after the discussion. b. students will be more strongly opposed to gay marriage after the discussion. c. students' attitudes will not change as a result of the discussion. d. a great deal of disagreement and conflict will occur during the discussion.

A person from an individualist culture would prefer to a. make concessions toward the end of the negotiation. b. make concessions toward the beginning of the negotiation. c. make concessions in the middle of the negotiation. d. never make concessions at all.

According to Reis and colleagues (2011), familiarity breeds a. attraction. b. contempt. c. dislike. d. boredom.

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the basic components of love are a. intimacy, passion, and commitment. b. rewards, costs, and investments. c. romance, companionship, and reciprocity. d. ludus, eros, and storge.

According to Zajonc's model of social facilitation, the three steps in determining the influence of the presence of others on performance are a. arousal, dominant response, and task difficulty. b. relaxation, elimination of apprehension, and task difficulty. c. construal, arousal, and attribution. d. social comparison, attribution, and justification.

According to research by Ackerman and others (2011), the person most likely to say "I love you" in a heterosexual relationship is a. the man. b. the woman. c. unpredictable; about half the time it is the man and the other half the woman. d. the older person.

According to research by Aronson and Linder (1965), which of the following patterns of comments about us would lead us to like the speaker the most? a. Critical comments followed by flattering comments b. Critical comments followed by more critical comments c. Flattering comments followed by more flattering comments d. Flattering comments followed by critical comments

According to research by Kugihara (1999), social loafing is more likely to occur among a. men. b. women. c. African Americans. d. Asian Americans.

According to social exchange theory, an individual's primary motive in establishing and maintaining relationships is a. maximizing rewards and minimizing costs. b. achieving an equitable balance of inputs and outputs. c. maintaining reciprocal levels of self-disclosure. d. the reproductive fitness of a potential partner.

According to social impact theory, resistance to social pressure is most likely to occur when social impact is a. divided among many strong and distant targets. b. divided among many weak and immediate targets. c. consolidated within one distant target. d. consolidated within one immediate target.

According to the evolutionary perspective, women prefer a. wealthy men because wealth is the criterion they use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success. b. physically attractive men because of the social benefits that come from being associated with such men. c. wealthy men because wealth gives them the freedom to pursue the lifestyle they have been socialized to desire. d. men who play hard to get because such men bring about psychological reactance, which can lead to the misattribution of arousal.

According to the relevant research, who of the following is likely to be the loneliest? a. José, who is an adolescent b. Hector, who is 40 years old and has never been married c. Selena, who is 60 years old and is married d. Marble, who is 60 years old and has never been married

According to work by Triandis (1995), collectivist cultures are characterized by a pattern of a. low complexity, low affluence, and cultural homogeneity. b. low complexity, high affluence, and cultural heterogeneity. c. high complexity, low affluence, and cultural homogeneity. d. high complexity, high affluence, and cultural heterogeneity.

Although she cheats on him, Abdul stays with his girlfriend because he doesn't think he would be able to find anyone better. Abdul has a(n) a. low comparison level for alternatives. b. high comparison level for alternatives. c. secure attachment style. d. avoidant attachment style.

American mothers in 1924 seemed to value ____ more than they do today. a. conformity b. independence c. autonomy d. kindness

An argument against the evolutionary approach to mate selection from Buss's original cross-cultural study was that a. men and women actually are quite similar in the characteristics they desire in a mate. b. the study only examined Western cultures. c. the study only examined Eastern cultures. d. men's concern over sexual infidelity actually reflects fear of an emotional loss of intimacy.

An important part of people's self-worth is derived from group membership, according to a. social identity theory. b. the social brain hypothesis. c. the escalation effect. d. group support systems.

At crowded parties, Amy loses her sense of self and, as a result, often behaves in ways that she later regrets. These parties seem to create in Amy a state of a. deindividuation. b. cohesiveness. c. groupthink. d. entrapment.

Attentional cues that decrease self-awareness should increase a. deindividuated behavior. b. social facilitation on an easy task. c. cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma. d. groupthink in a decision-making process.

Baumeister and Leary (1996) suggest that humans have a fundamental drive to have positive and meaningful interpersonal relationships with others. They refer to this as the a. need to belong. b. need for affiliation. c. "sociostat." d. need to love.

Before the meeting, each of several city council members was tentatively considering an air pollution ordinance. After the meeting, they expressed strong support of the ordinance. This outcome is an example of a. group polarization. b. social loafing. c. a social dilemma. d. social facilitation.

Biased sampling is an example of a. process loss. b. process gain. c. the risky shift. d. deindividuation.

Brainstorming is an example of a(n) _____ task. a. additive. b. conjunctive. c. disjunctive. d. unitary.

Cecile is very aware that, as a French woman, she brings certain assumptions to the table--she tends to be more liberal both politically and socially. She is also aware that her coworker, who was raised as a Southern Baptist in Indiana, brings a different set of assumptions to the table--the coworker tends to be more conservative in a variety of ways. Cecile often checks the accuracy of her assumptions so that her assumptions don't negatively influence her interaction with her coworker. Cecile is displaying a. high cultural meta-cognition. b. an escalation effect. c. a group support system. d. a personal resource dilemma.

Chartrand and Bargh (1999) had experimental accomplices mimic the mannerisms of some participants but not others. They found a. participants whose mannerisms were mimicked liked the accomplice more than participants who were not copied. b. participants whose mannerisms were copied by an accomplice reported being more uncomfortable during the interaction than those who were not mimicked. c. imitating the mannerisms of the participants tended to reduce the nonverbal behaviors exhibited during the interaction. d. participants who were not mimicked by their interaction partners indicated a greater willingness to interact with that person again in the future.

Chinese-American college students primed with Chinese images before playing a prisoner's dilemma game a. cooperated more when playing with friends than when playing with strangers. b. cooperated less than did Chinese Americans primed with American images. c. endorsed collectivist ideals during the game, but tended to play in a rather competitive manner. d. endorsed individualistic ideals during the game, but tended to play in a rather cooperative manner.

Cialdini et al. (1991) observed participants in a clean or cluttered parking garage and found that participants were most likely to litter when they observed a confederate a. litter in the cluttered garage. b. litter in the clean garage. c. place trash in the proper receptacle in a cluttered garage. d. place trash in the proper receptacle in a clean garage.

Clara calls potential research participants and asks if they would be willing to give blood. Once they have agreed to donate blood, she informs them that their donation is scheduled at 7:00 in the morning on a Saturday. Though most participants are not happy to hear this information, almost all of them do show up for the blood donation appointment. Clara has taken advantage of a. low-balling. b. the foot-in-the-door technique. c. the door-in-the-face technique. d. psychological reactance.

Consider Buss's study in which he examined what people from 37 different cultures around the world prefer in a romantic partner. Which of the following statements about the results of this study is accurate? a. In most countries, men rated physical attractiveness to be more important than women did, while women rated good financial prospects as more important than men did. b. Before the age of 30, men tended to report having more sexual partners than did women, but that difference disappeared among older participants. c. Women rated kindness, dependability, and sense of humor as more important than men did. d. All of these

Creating training programs and team interventions for groups can be a. a valuable investment. b. worth a try, but their effectiveness is not yet clearly established. c. a total waste of time. d. helpful for virtual teams, but not face-to-face teams.

De Dreu and others (2011) have found that _____ can enhance the performance of brainstorming groups. a. motivation toward the collective success of the group b. motivation for personal success in individual performance c. motivation for a thorough and accurate understanding of the problem at hand d. All of these

Deindividuation refers to the a. loss of individuality and reduction of constraints against deviant behavior. b. decrease in individual effort on simple group tasks. c. tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than the decisions of the individuals comprising the group. d. impairment in group decision making that results from a concern with unanimity.

Festinger's (1950) research of college student housing found that a. students were more likely to become friends with people who lived nearby than those who lived farther away. b. married college students were not as affected by proximity effects in forming friendships as were single college students. c. mere exposure had a greater effect on platonic friendships versus romantic relationships. d. All of these

Frank gets a bit anxious in social situations and tends to scratch his nose when he speaks. Toward which of the following people is he most likely to feel positively? a. Felicia, who mimics Frank's behavior and scratches her nose while they speak b. Fletcher, who stares quizzically at Frank every time he scratches his nose c. Florence, who averts her gaze and stares at the floor every time Frank scratches his nose d. Faisal, who appears quite at ease with Frank's behavior and reaches out several times to scratch Frank's nose for him

Groups of people who work interdependently with shared purpose across time, space, and organization boundaries are called a. virtual teams. b. brainstorming teams. c. negotiating teams. d. work crews.

Groups tend to outperform individuals on a. additive tasks, but not conjunctive tasks. b. disjunctive tasks, but not conjunctive tasks. c. conjunctive tasks, but not additive tasks. d. additive, conjunctive, and disjunctive tasks.

Groupthink emerges when a. the need for agreement takes priority over the desire to obtain correct information. b. group members feel that they will be unable to compensate for social loafing. c. individual benefits are in conflict with the needs of the group. d. group norms overwhelm individual identities.

Henderson suspects that the other members of his work group may slack off, so he works late and puts in extra time on their proposal. Henderson is engaging in a. social compensation. b. social facilitation. c. social loafing. d. deindividuation.

If it is important for your group to overcome biased information sampling in a decision-making task, what goal should your group's leader focus on? a. Critical discussion and delay of consensus b. Seeking common ground and high group morale c. Quick agreement to settle the matter d. Finding integrative solutions

In Powers and colleagues (2006) research, boyfriends and girlfriends who were insecurely attached had _____ physiological stress responses when engaged in a _____ task. a. higher; conflict b. lower; conflict c. higher; cooperative d. lower; cooperative

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, _____ is the emotional component and _____ is the cognitive component. a. intimacy; commitment b. passion; intimacy c. commitment; intimacy d. passion; commitment

In comparison to obedience and compliance, conformity a. involves less direct pressure from others. b. occurs only in response to the behavior of a group of others. c. requires the physical presence of at least one other person. d. is more likely to produce destructive behaviors.

In her group, Melanie is always the one who breaks the tension with a funny story and provides a shoulder to cry on when things go wrong. She can be described as playing a(n) a. expressive role. b. facilitator role. c. instrumental role. d. normative role.

In many anonymous online communities, accountability is ______ and attentional cues are _______. a. low; low b. low; high c. high; low d. high; high

Individuals from collectivist cultures are more likely to engage in social loafing a. when a group norm of low effort has already been established. b. when tasks are difficult. c. in groups with a majority of female members. d. when task orientation is high.

Informational influence occurs primarily because people a. believe that others are correct in their judgments. b. fear the negative social consequences of appearing deviant. c. are motivated to appear consistent in their feelings and behaviors. d. respond to social norms automatically and without any thought.

Ingham (1974) asked participants to pull on a rope and found that participants pulled almost 20 percent harder when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought they were part of a group. This finding best illustrates a. social loafing. b. a social dilemma. c. groupthink. d. social facilitation.

Interpersonal credits a person earns by following group norms are called _____ credits. a. idiosyncrasy b. brownie c. group d. normative

It seems that every Halloween night in Gotham is marred by violence and vandalism. In order to reduce the likelihood of such behavior, the leaders of Gotham should a. increase self-awareness by making sure everyone who goes out wears a name tag. b. increase anonymity by making sure that everyone who goes out wears a mask. c. make sure that people only venture outside in groups. d. create a highly stimulating environment by playing loud Halloween music over all public address systems.

Jai is allowed to speak to his supervisor, but not to report anything to his supervisor's supervisor. This describes the _____ in Jai's work group. a. communication network b. escalation boundary c. social dilemma d. social facilitation

Jamie wants an extra day to write a paper for class. Jamie first asks the professor for a one-week extension for the paper assignment. The professor refuses. Jamie then asks for a one-day extension. The professor agrees. Jamie's behavior best illustrates a. the door-in-the-face technique. b. the foot-in-the-door technique. c. reactance. d. the dual-process approach.

Jane bought her friends--Mayumi, Brenda, and Kate--drinks the last time they were out. The next time she needs to borrow money from one of them, who will feel the strongest need to reciprocate Jane's act of generosity? a. Mayumi, who is out with Jane the next night b. Kate, who is out with Jane the next week c. Brenda, who is out with Jane the next month d. All three will feel equally pressured to reciprocate

Jean-Paul works for National Public Radio. He has been assigned to run the fund drive necessary to keep NPR on the air in various communities. Suppose that keeping NPR on the air in a given community is contingent upon the percentage of people in the community who donate money. It is likely that a. Jean-Paul will get more donations from people who have a collectivist orientation than from those who have an individualist orientation. b. Jean-Paul will be likely to get a greater percentage of donations from people living in the city than from people living in smaller close-knit communities. c. whether the people Jean-Paul speaks with are in a good mood or a bad mood will have no influence on their willingness to donate. d. if Jean-Paul is truthful and tells people that many others have already donated, people will be less likely to donate their own money.

Jon feels like he isn't a good enough husband to his wife, Kate. According to the trust-insurance system, he is likely to a. go out of his way to benefit her through restorative actions. b. withdraw emotionally from the relationship, thereby contributing to a downward cycle. c. become more jealous of her than he was previously. d. feel underbenefited in the relationship.

Joshua is attracted to Daniel because of his warm eyes and great smile. Daniel is attracted to Joshua because of his muscular body. Joshua and Daniel are in Murstein's a. stimulus stage. b. value stage. c. role stage. d. norm stage.

Kelly always remembers the information about family events, birthdays, finances, and so forth. Her spouse, Kirk, always remembers the information about world history, politics, news events, and so forth. Together, they are able to remember much more than they would alone because they have developed a(n) _____ system. a. transactive memory b. group support c. electronic brainstorming d. social facilitation

Keren is in a work group in which everyone is excited about the job. They are bringing high-speed Internet to low-income neighborhoods, and every single coworker she has feels the task is exciting, inspirational, and world-changing. Keren's work group has high _____ cohesion. a. task b. interpersonal c. expressive d. instrumental

Milgram's research on obedience a. has stirred controversy regarding its ethics. b. revealed that far fewer people would deliver maximum shocks than was predicted by psychiatrists. c. was conducted to better understand the war in Vietnam. d. had disturbed individuals serve as participants.

Mr. Belding notices that his students seem to put more effort into their individual assignments than into their group projects. This is most likely the result of a. social loafing. b. group facilitation. c. groupthink. d. group polarization.

No one else seems concerned about the welfare of the woman lying down in the alley. Therefore, Maureen steps over her as well, figuring that she is simply drunk or asleep and not in need of emergency assistance. Maureen's behavior is an example of a. informational social influence. b. normative social influence. c. compliance. d. obedience.

Ollie is about to undergo a painful and risky surgical procedure. Research suggests that Ollie could most effectively cope with this threat if he did which of the following? a. Prior to his surgery, speak with someone who has gone through the same procedure to gain insight about the experience. b. Prior to his surgery, spend some time by himself in order to clear his mind. c. Prior to his surgery, speak with someone who is about to have the same procedure so that they can share their concerns with one another. d. After his surgery, speak with someone who has had the same procedure so that they can share their experiences.

One factor that did not seem related to the amount of obedience exhibited in the Milgram obedience study was the a. participant's sex. b. proximity of the learner to the teacher. c. location of the study. d. physical presence of the experimenter.

Pat attends a pre-screening of a new romantic comedy with a group of four people and then participates in a focus group where the group is asked several questions about the film. The group is asked, "How funny is the film?" Each member of the group responds to the question. Pat responds last, after hearing the rest of the group say that the movie was very funny. Pat is more likely to agree with them if a. Pat is female. b. Pat is from an individualistic culture. c. Pat is elderly. d. Pat's group had seven people instead of four.

People with a(n) _____ social value orientation are less competitive in social dilemmas. a. cooperative b. competitive c. individualist d. aggressive

Pinel and colleagues (2006) refer to "I-sharing" as an important form of similarity whereby individuals share a. a subjective experience. b. a level of physical attractiveness. c. political ideologies. d. technological expertise.

Prentice and Miller (1996) found that most college students overestimate how comfortable their peers are with alcohol on campus. This misperception is an example of a. pluralistic ignorance. b. psychological reactance. c. mass psychogenic illness. d. the chameleon effect.

Professor Hildebrand just gave back to his students their first exam. Many in the class are convinced that one of the questions he asked had more than one correct answer. In fact, 13 students from the class show up to his office hours to protest the question. Professor Hildebrand is convinced that there is only one correct answer, and so he tries to convince the larger group of students that he is right. He will be most likely to convince this group of his point of view if he a. presents his arguments forcefully and consistently. b. tries to exert normative social influence on the group of students. c. presents himself as an outgroup member rather than as part of their ingroup. d. makes salient the norms of the group.

Proximity refers to a. physical nearness. b. physical similarity. c. attitudinal similarity. d. physical attractiveness.

Recent approaches to social impact theory suggest that a. the effect of immediacy does not necessitate physical proximity. b. it is more relevant to understanding conformity than to understanding obedience. c. source strength is less important than the number of sources. d. the strength of a source depends more on prestige than intelligence.

Research on brainstorming in groups demonstrates that a. people brainstorming together produce fewer and lower-quality ideas than those brainstorming individually. b. people believe that the ideas generated in group brainstorming sessions are not as good as those generated by individuals. c. group brainstorming can be enhanced by production blocking. d. people feel more comfortable expressing unusual ideas in group brainstorming sessions.

Research on diversity suggests that a. even the mere expectation of being part of a diverse group can impact performance. b. the benefits of diversity for group performance tend to be much greater in collectivist versus individualistic cultures. c. diversity is often associated with positive group dynamics. d. diversity often has negative effects when it comes to outcomes like market share and profits.

Research on majority and minority influence suggests all of the following except a. majorities are more influential than minorities on subjective questions. b. majorities exert normative influence, whereas minorities exert informational influence. c. majorities are more influential than minorities on questions of fact. d. majority influence is greater on public measures of conformity, whereas minority influence is greater on private measures of conformity.

Research rebellion and obedience suggests that a. disobedience to authority is much more likely in the presence of other allies who will also disobey. b. the presence of an ally has very different results for obedience than it does for conformity. c. participants in the Milgram studies would have been even more likely to obey had there been another participant seated at the shock panel with them. d. the presence of a group of people is a guaranteed safeguard against destructive obedience.

Research suggests that self-disclosure reciprocity is more important a. in the early stages of a relationship. b. when interacting with a man. c. among couples sharing companionate love. d. in opposite-sex interactions.

Researchers use the phrase erotic plasticity to suggest that a. women are more likely to change sexual preference over time than men. b. men are turned on by a wider range of stimuli than women are. c. men are more likely to have multiple sexual partners than women are. d. women are more accepting of "alternative" sexual preferences than men are.

Ringelmann's research in the 1880s demonstrated that a. people exert less effort in simple group tasks than they would if working alone. b. the presence of other people improves performance on simple group tasks. c. groups tend to make more extreme decisions than individuals. d. individual performance is impaired by the distraction of an audience.

Rofe (1984) argued that stress increases the desire to affiliate only when a. being with others has the potential to reduce the negative impact of the situation. b. the stress is embarrassing in nature. c. in collectivist cultures. d. with people who are experiencing the same type of stressful situation, but not with people who have successfully overcome the same stressful situation.

Rosenbaum (1986) argues that social psychologists overestimate the role of attitudinal similarity in attraction, and suggests that it is not that similarity creates attraction but that a. dissimilarity produces interpersonal repulsion. b. opposites attract. c. similarity in physical appearance is the only form of similarity that affects attraction. d. the evidence for the role of complementarity processes is much stronger.

Sherif's (1936) research using the autokinetic effect demonstrated that a. people often look to others as a source of information. b. people are particularly concerned about social rejection. c. conformity is difficult to establish in the laboratory. d. only those with whom one has an existing relationship have the power to influence behavior.

Some researchers are planning to go around the world and put participants in a version of the Asch study in which they are asked to make judgments about the lengths of lines. Cross-cultural research suggests that the least amount of conformity should be observed in cultures a. characterized by financial independence and prosperity. b. where the majority of the people in positions of power are men. c. where the people live a simple life, as in an isolated farming community. d. with very little cultural diversity.

Specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meetings, collaborative work, and decision-making processes are called a. group support systems. b. social dilemmas. c. SIDE supports. d. transactive memory systems.

Teddi wants everyone in her department to do well. Jerry wants to make sure he does better than everyone else in his department. Teddi has a(n) _____ social value orientation, while Jerry has a(n) _____ social value orientation. a. cooperative; competitive b. individualist; competitive c. cooperative; individualist d. competitive; individualist

The concepts of ostracism and conformity are related in that a. failure to conform can lead to ostracism. b. being ostracized typically reduces future conformity. c. ostracism always comes before conformity. d. when people do not conform, they typically tend to ostracize.

The facilitation of the dominant response from increased arousal will tend to a. make easy tasks easier but difficult tasks more challenging. b. make both easy and difficult tasks easier. c. have no effect on easy tasks, but will make difficult tasks more challenging. d. have no effect on challenging tasks, but will make easy tasks easier.

The finding that infants spend more time looking at attractive, as compared to unattractive, faces supports the hypothesis that a. beauty is objective. b. beauty is subjective. c. familiarity increases physical attractiveness. d. physical attractiveness increases familiarity.

The foot-in-the-door technique takes particular advantage of the a. desire to maintain consistent self-perceptions. b. norm of reciprocity. c. effect of mindlessness. d. perceived contrast between small and large requests.

The idea that relationships progress from superficial exchanges to relatively deeper ones is known as a. social penetration theory. b. social exchange theory. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the matching hypothesis.

The idea that some faces are inherently more attractive than others is supported by research demonstrating that a. people prefer averaged composite faces to individual faces. b. standards of beauty change over time. c. people from different cultures enhance their appearance in different ways. d. people we like seem more attractive to us.

The tendency for groups to become more extreme in their positions following discussion is called a. group polarization. b. social loafing. c. a social dilemma. d. social facilitation.

The ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others is called a. social influence. b. psychological reactance. c. pluralistic ignorance. d. the autokinetic effect.

Though she initially attended the pro-choice rally because all her friends were going, Marion now firmly believes in a woman's right to choose when it comes to abortion. Marion's new beliefs illustrate a. private conformity. b. public conformity. c. reciprocation ideology. d. reciprocation wariness.

Though they had all been together on the transcontinental flight for three hours, the passengers didn't start to talk to one another until the plane ran into some serious turbulence. This behavior is best explained by the a. tendency for external threat to increase affiliation. b. matching hypothesis. c. proximity effect. d. evolutionary perspective on the sociostat.

Traci is used to people telling her how attractive she is. Research suggests that if she receives positive feedback on a paper she writes for class, she will be most likely to believe that the feedback is genuine and feel good about it if a. the person who graded the paper has never seen her before. b. she has considered herself to be fairly unattractive when she was much younger. c. it is given to her in person. d. her friends do not get good grades on the same assignment.

Virtual groups are _____ susceptible to process loss than face-to-face groups. a. more b. less c. equally d. more and less

Vladimir, a basketball novice, makes about 60 percent of his free throws when practicing alone. However, when playing with his friends, he only makes about 30 percent of his free throws. This decrease is most likely the result of a. social facilitation. b. deindividuation. c. group polarization. d. social security.

Walster et al. (1966) randomly matched students for a dance. At the end of the evening, students indicated how satisfied they were with their dates. The strongest predictor of satisfaction was a. physical attractiveness. b. attitudinal similarity. c. proximity of dorm rooms. d. complementary personalities.

When Kulik and others (1994) gave people who were about to soak their hand in ice water a choice about who to wait with prior to the painful task, they found that the participants preferred to wait a. with someone who had already done the task. b. with someone who was about to complete the task. c. with someone who did not have to do the task. d. alone.

When a man spends money on expensive cars, fancy restaurant dinners, and stylish clothes, it may be an evolved sexually selected mating signal known as a. conspicuous consumption. b. excitation transfer. c. complementarity hypothesis. d. reciprocity.

Which experimental group will feel most socially connected? a. A group of three people who rocked in rocking chairs in unison b. A group of three people who rocked in rocking chairs together, but at different paces c. A group of three people who sat in different types of chairs d. A group of ten people who are geographically dispersed

Which is most dissatisfying in a relationship? a. Being underbenefited b. Being overbenefited c. Being underbenefited or overbenefited d. Investing in a relationship and getting a comparable reward

Which of the following best reflects the benefits and cost of being attractive? a. While attractiveness often brings a social advantage to attractive individuals, it can cause them to doubt the sincerity of others' praise for their work. b. While attractiveness often brings heightened self-esteem to attractive individuals, it can lead them to doubt others' praise of their attractiveness. c. While attractiveness often brings greater popularity to attractive individuals, it can increase mental health difficulties. d. While attractiveness often brings lifetime happiness to attractive individuals, it can put pressure on them to maintain their appearance.

Which of the following has been demonstrated in research on attachment style? a. People's attachment styles relate to the type of romantic relationships they have. b. Attachment styles are relatively fixed throughout the life course. c. The distribution of attachment styles varies depending on geographical location. d. People classified as securely attached often have lower comparison levels.

Which of the following is true of groups? a. Groups differ from the sum of their parts. b. Groups make better decisions than individuals. c. People work harder in groups than they do alone. d. Discussion moderates group opinions.

Which of the following would be an effective way for a leader to reduce the possibility of groupthink? a. Express her opinion only after other group members have voiced their opinions b. Emphasize that the group decision must be a unanimous one c. Take a more directive role in the group discussion d. Appoint a few people in the group to act as "mindguards"

Which person is considered a "creditor" in terms of their reciprocation ideology? a. Bertram, who likes to be generous with his friends so they will help him in the future b. Caitlin, who hates to feel beholden to someone c. Marsha, who likes to be generous with her friends because it makes her feel good d. Boyd, who is stingy with his friends because he believes in self-reliance

Which researcher conducted the first large-scale survey of sexual practices in the United States? a. Alfred Kinsey b. Sandra Murray c. David Buss d. Saul Kassin

_______ is referred to as when a group increases its commitment to a failing course of action in order to justify previous investments. a. The escalation effect b. Mindguarding c. Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction d. Biased sampling

Which of the following people is least likely to conform to group pressure?

A person from an individualistic culture

A leader who focuses his or her group on the task(s) it needs to achieve is playing a(n) a. facilitator role. b. instrumental role. c. normative role. d. expressive role.

A person from a collectivist culture is _____ to accept a free sample of food in a supermarket. a. more likely than a person from an individualist culture b. less likely than a person from an individualist culture c. equally likely as a person from an individualist culture d. more likely than a person from an Western, but not Eastern, culture

A person high in reciprocation wariness would most likely endorse which of the following items? a. If someone does you a favor, it is good to repay that favor. b. Asking for someone's help gives that person power over your life. c. Never lend money to a friend. d. Generosity is always appropriate.

A person who experiences social facilitation effects because he is worried about being judged supports the _____ hypothesis. a. mere presence b. evaluation apprehension c. distraction-conflict d. process loss

A role in a group that is focused on providing emotional support and maintaining group morale is considered a. instrumental. b. expressive. c. formal. d. informal.

A shared system for remembering information that allows groups to demonstrate more efficient memory than individuals is known as a. semantic memory. b. transactive memory. c. process loss. d. facilitative memory.

According to Zajonc, social facilitation a. occurs because of concerns about being evaluated by others. b. results from the physical immediacy of others. c. occurs in humans, but not in less intelligent animals. d. can be explained by considering attentional processes.

According to research by Emily Pronin and others (2007), which of the following explains why people perceive others to be more conforming than themselves? a. People are poor judges of others' motivations. b. People tend to judge others by their overt behavior while judging themselves by focusing inward. c. People judge themselves in the same way that that they judge others. d. People judge others by asking them about their inner thought processes.

According to research by Nibler and Harris (2003), which of the following groups is most likely to experience better performance when group members feel free to disagree with one another? a. A group of friends in China b. A group of friends in the U.S. c. A group of strangers in China. d. A group of strangers in the U.S.

According to social impact theory, the source's proximity in time and space to a target determines the source's a. strength. b. immediacy. c. number. d. popularity.

According to the ___________, whether deindividuation affects people for better or for worse depends on a group's characteristics and norms. a. process loss model b. social identity model of deindividuation effects c. emotional reciprocation model d. conflict-distraction model of deindividuation

According to the dual-process approach to understanding minority influence, a. majority and minority influence occur for similar reasons and through similar psychological processes. b. group majorities and minorities exert their influence in very different ways. c. majority influence is likely to produce private conformity for ambiguous situations and public conformity for unambiguous situations. d. minority influence occurs through different psychological processes in collectivist versus individualistic cultures.

According to the dual-process approach, majorities exert influence by producing _____, whereas minorities exert influence by producing _____. a. informational influence; normative influence b. public conformity; private conformity c. reactance; obedience d. conversion; compliance

According to work by Nemeth (1986), minority viewpoints a. can dramatically impair the functioning of a group. b. are valuable because they can improve the quality of the group's decision making. c. are likely to make members of the majority more close-minded and defensive. d. can only effectively produce a change in the majority if supported by normative pressures.

All of the following appear to reduce the effectiveness of group brainstorming except a. production blocking. b. social compensation. c. evaluation apprehension. d. performance matching.

All of the following can help to explain why the door-in-the-face technique can increase compliance except a. feelings of guilt. b. psychological commitment. c. perceptual contrast. d. reciprocal concessions.

Among heterosexual couples who met between 2007 and 2009, what percent of them met online? a. 8% b. 22% c. 47% d. 61%

An evolutionary explanation for the relationship between a face's symmetry and its perceived attractiveness is that a. asymmetrical faces are less familiar and therefore more distinctive in memory. b. facial symmetry is associated with physical health and fitness. c. biological factors have very little to do with facial symmetry. d. parents devote more resources to caring for offspring with symmetrical faces.

An evolutionary perspective on attraction suggests that people prefer mates who will a. provide a boost to their social reputation and status. b. favor the conception and birth of their offspring. c. make them laugh. d. are close in proximity to them.

An increase in group performance such that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group is called a. process loss. b. process gain. c. escalation. d. polarization.

Anderson et al. (1992) found that heavy women are perceived as more attractive than slender women in countries where food is often in short supply. This finding is consistent with the idea that a. certain body types are inherently more attractive than others. b. beauty is subjective. c. symmetry is an important component of attractiveness. d. beauty is objective.

As compared to conformity, compliance occurs a. only after careful deliberation. b. in response to a direct request. c. publicly, but not privately. d. as a result of less direct pressure from others.

As he was about to enter the mall, Evan was approached by someone and asked to wear a small green ribbon on his shirt to show his support for the "Save the Squirrels" campaign. Evan wasn't quite sure that squirrels were actually endangered, but he agreed to wear the ribbon. A week later, Evan was approached again and asked to contribute $10 to help save the squirrels. Though he would have rather spent his money elsewhere, he agreed. Evan has been the victim of a. low-balling. b. the foot-in-the-door technique. c. the door-in-the-face technique. d. the that's-not-all technique.

At a campaign meeting, the majority of the staff argues that they should use negative ads to attack their opponent. Despite their strong feelings on this matter, Stefan argues successfully for positive ads. According to the dual-process approach, Stefan's influence has probably resulted in a. defiance. b. conversion. c. public conformity. d. collusion.

At the sales meeting, Leo clasped his hands behind his head and reclined in his chair. Within minutes, three other team members were sitting in the same posture, demonstrating the psychological tendency referred to as a. psychological reactance. b. the chameleon effect. c. low-balling. d. idiosyncrasy credits.

Better performance by an individual on difficult tasks in the presence of others can be encouraged the most when the individual's arousal level is _____ and evaluation pressure on the individual is _____. a. high; high b. low; low c. high; low d. low; high

Biased sampling in groups is the process whereby a. people tend to choose those they know well to be in a group. b. information that is known by many group members tends to enter into the discussion more than information known only by a few. c. people tend to discuss negative information more than positive information in their discussion about an important decision. d. sharing information in a group can be impeded by the gender composition of the group.

Biased sampling is least likely to reduce group effectiveness when group members have _____ trust, and unique information is known by _____. a. high; only one group member b. high; more than one group member c. low; only one group member d. low; more than one group member

Brandon likes Brianna, but Brandon doesn't like Autumn. The relationship among these three individuals would be balanced if a. Brianna likes Autumn. b. Brianna doesn't like Autumn. c. Autumn likes Brandon. d. Autumn likes Brianna.

Bruno just finished working out at the gym. On his way to the locker room, he passes Charmaigne, a very pretty woman. Bruno feels his heart pounding and is convinced that he must be in love with Charmaigne. Bruno's feelings are best explained by a. negative affect reciprocity. b. excitation transfer. c. psychological reactance. d. social penetration.

Computerized group support systems help to minimize the potential for groupthink by a. providing more power to the leader of the group. b. allowing group members to raise concerns anonymously. c. focusing the attention of group members on their relationships with one another. d. increasing the cohesiveness of the group.

Cross-cultural research suggests that passionate love a. is uncommon in cultures that value chastity in a potential mate. b. is widespread across nations. c. is more detectable in countries with higher divorce rates. d. None of these

Deindividuation is more likely when a. accountability for behavior is high. b. accountability for behavior is low. c. the group is engaged in a conjunctive task. d. the group is engaged in a disjunctive task.

Denise and Brandon are just getting to know each other. Each compliments how the other one looks. Given the research on men, women, and sexuality, which of the outcomes is most likely? a. Denise will interpret Brandon's compliment as a sexual come-on. b. Brandon will interpret Denise's compliment as a sexual come-on. c. Both Denise and Brandon will interpret each other's compliments as a sexual come-on. d. Neither Denise nor Brandon will interpret each other's compliments as a sexual come-on.

Derek is informed that as part of his fraternity initiation he must sing the school fight song as loudly as he can while standing on the roof of the fraternity house in his underwear. He is then given the choice to await his turn alone or with the girls from the neighboring sorority. Which of the following is most likely? a. Derek will choose to wait alone in order to achieve cognitive clarity. b. Derek will choose to wait alone as waiting with the sorority members will likely increase his stress. c. Derek will choose to wait with the sorority members in order to reduce his level of stress. d. Derek will choose to wait with the sorority members because they will be able to offer him a different perspective.

Deviation from group norms is generally tolerated better if a group is seen as a. homogeneous. b. heterogeneous. c. cohesive. d. formal.

Dutton and Aron (1974) examined the effects of arousal on attraction by conducting a study in which a female approached and asked survey questions of men on a rickety suspension bridge. Which of the following scenarios is most analogous to the results of this study? a. After swerving to avoid an oncoming car, your heart races, and your mind is flooded with images of how much you care about your significant other. b. Ten minutes after you've begun a strenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation, and you immediately feel attracted to him/her. c. When a classmate that you find particularly attractive happens to sit down next to you, you feel your pulse quicken, and you stutter as you try to make conversation. d. You are still agitated after a heated phone conversation with your mother, and when you run into someone you had a crush on several years ago, you are surprised to realize you don't find him/her that attractive in your current state of arousal.

Electronic brainstorming may be more effective than face-to-face group brainstorming because it a. enhances production blocking. b. inhibits free riding. c. promotes performance matching. d. increases personal accountability.

Esteban's work group has been assigned a new project by management. Before deciding how much effort to exert on this new assignment, Esteban considers how important the group goals are to him and whether his input will help the group reach its goals. Esteban's thinking is most consistent with a. distraction-conflict theory. b. the collective effort model. c. the social identity model of deindividuation. d. persuasive arguments theory.

Hiroko is usually very agreeable and goes along with his friends' plans. Tonight, however, he tells his friends that even though they all want to go out for Mexican food, he has a strong preference for Italian food. Even though he is the only person who initially votes for Italian, Hiroko's friends eventually come to agree with him because he usually does go along with the group. This best epitomizes which of the following phenomena associated with minority influence? a. Consensus attribution b. Idiosyncrasy credits c. Door-in-the-face technique d. Graduated and reciprocated initiative in tension reduction (GRIT)

If American and Chinese children were placed in the same classroom, which of the following would probably be true? a. The American children would never demonstrate conformity, and the Chinese children would always conform. b. The American children would demonstrate less conformity than the Chinese children. c. The American children would demonstrate less private conformity, but more public conformity than the Chinese children. d. The two groups of children would conform to the same extent and degree.

If people are asked to characterize romantic love, which of the following attributes will over two-thirds of the people list? a. Happiness b. Sexual desire c. Commitment d. Communication

In Burger's (2009) replication of Milgram's obedience experiments, how many participants continued to shock past 150 volts? a. 83% b. 70% c. 65% d. 37%

In Meeus and Raaijmaker's study of obedience, the equivalent of Milgram's electrical shocks was a. beating "prisoners" who failed to obey orders. b. delivering "stress remarks" to a job candidate. c. ostracizing a person from a social group. d. helping a drunk person get a ride home.

In a study by Baron et al. (1996) in which groups of three participants were asked to act as eyewitnesses, the greatest level of conformity occurred when participants were motivated to be _____ and the task was quite _____. a. accurate; easy b. accurate; difficult c. accepted by their partners; easy d. accepted by their partners; difficult

In their relationship, Clyde is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Bonnie is concerned with being responsive to Clyde's needs. Clyde views their relationship as a(n) ______ relationship, whereas Bonnie views it as a(n) ______ relationship. a. reciprocal; exchange b. exchange; communal c. communal; passionate d. passionate; companionate

Individuals from Eastern cultures are more likely than those from Western cultures to a. have an independent orientation. b. conform to a public norm. c. disobey an authority. d. possess greater heterogeneity.

Individuals who suffer from social anxiety are likely to a. have an unusually high need for affiliation. b. experience feelings of discomfort in the presence of others. c. be very concerned with the overall balance of their relationships. d. be very popular with other people and yet not realize that they are popular.

Ireland and Pennebaker (2010) found evidence for a. mood contagion. b. mimicry in use of language. c. destructive obedience. d. the dynamic nature of mimicry.

Juanita wants her date to perceive her as very sexually attractive. What color dress should she wear to her sorority formal to promote this perception? a. White b. Red c. Black d. Gold

Keith and David are most likely to have a communal relationship if they are _____ and most likely to have an exchange relationship if they are _____. a. business partners; friends b. romantic partners; strangers c. teammates; brothers d. classmates; business competitors

Lily is interested in conducting an experiment to demonstrate that there are some situations in which men are more likely to conform than women. Which of the following strategies should Lily adopt in designing her study? a. She should have participants engage in a discussion about politics. b. She should have participants engage in a discussion about fashion. c. She should tell participants that they are being observed throughout the study. d. She should tell participants that their primary goal in the study should be to appear attractive toward group members of the opposite sex.

Many participants in the social influence study conducted by ______ gave public responses that they privately knew to be inaccurate. a. Sherif b. Asch c. Milgram d. Zimbardo

Mario believes that people desire and form relationships with others who are similar in terms of physical attractiveness. Mario subscribes to a. equity theory. b. the matching hypothesis. c. social penetration theory. d. social exchange theory.

Mary has just heard five friends say that Massachusetts is the largest state in New England, when she knows it is Maine. Rob, the next friend in line, says that New Hampshire is the largest state in New England. In this situation, Mary is now less likely to conform with the first five friends than if Rob had said that a. Maine is the largest state. b. Massachusetts is the largest state. c. he isn't familiar with New England. d. Vermont is the largest state.

Matthew is considering going on a blind date. According to the evolutionary perspective, he will be most concerned with a. the social status of his date. b. the physical attractiveness of his date. c. whether he and his date have similar attitudes. d. whether he and his date are equally intelligent.

Meeus and Raaijmaker's (1995) study of obedience a. replicated Milgram's in every aspect. b. was analogous, but not identical, to Milgram's paradigm. c. was completely different to Milgram's paradigm. d. found opposing results to Milgram's.

Mita et al. (1977) found that female college students preferred their own mirror image to their actual appearance. This finding is consistent with a. the matching hypothesis. b. mere exposure effects. c. social exchange theory. d. excitation transfer.

Newcomb's (1961) classic study on attraction in which he set up an experimental college dormitory revealed that a. students' friendships with members of the opposite sex tended to turn into romantic relationships. b. students who had similar backgrounds tended to like each other. c. students who held dissimilar attitudes were more likely to form romantic relationships. d. friendships were more likely than romantic relationships to be based on proximity.

Normative influence tends to occur primarily when people a. are uncertain regarding the correct answer to a question and therefore look to others for guidance. b. fear the negative social consequences of appearing deviant. c. are motivated to appear consistent in their feelings and behaviors. d. feel that their freedom to choose a particular course of action has been threatened.

Participants in Asch's line judgment study conformed approximately _____ percent of the time. a. 25 b. 37 c. 50 d. 100

Participants in an experiment are asked to look at pictures of different infants and rate the attractiveness of each infant on a 10-point scale. The participants are tested in groups of three and indicate their ratings aloud. For almost all of the infants, the participants tend to give ratings similar to other group members. We can be most certain that their ratings represent private conformity rather than public conformity if a. they exhibit much less conformity in the presence of the experimenter. b. they give the same ratings alone as they do in the group. c. their ratings result from their desire to fit in with the rest of the group members. d. they are not especially motivated to be accurate in their judgments.

Popular wisdom is often contradictory, as with the following two sayings: 1) "opposites attract" and 2) "birds of a feather flock together." Research on the relationship between similarity and liking suggests that a. #1 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are dissimilar from themselves. b. #2 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to themselves. c. both are right for different people; heterosexual men tend to be attracted to similar others whereas gay men tend to be attracted to dissimilar others. d. both are right in different conditions; people are attracted to similar others when they are interested in long-term relationships, but they prefer dissimilar others for less serious relationships without commitment.

Psychologists tend to refer to a culture that values the virtues of interdependence and social harmony as a. conformist. b. collectivist. c. communist. d. cooperative.

Research concerning coping with divorce suggests that a. several years after divorce, people tend to be just as satisfied with their lives as are married people. b. immediately after a divorce, life satisfaction ratings tend to increase somewhat. c. men have an easier time bouncing back from divorce than do women. d. None of these

Research concerning the relationship between group cohesiveness and performance suggests that a. cohesiveness has a greater effect on performance than vice versa. b. performance has a greater effect on cohesiveness than vice versa. c. the relationship is negative. d. the relationship is stronger among men than among women.

Research on brainstorming suggests that a. it is typically an effective practice, even though people often dislike doing it. b. it is typically an ineffective practice, even though people often enjoy doing it. c. it works better among very large groups than among smaller groups. d. it works better for disjunctive tasks than for conjunctive tasks.

Research on information processing in groups suggests that a. if the individuals who comprise the group are prone to rely on a particular heuristic, the group will be even less likely to use this heuristic. b. if the individuals who comprise the group are prone to rely on a particular heuristic, the group will be even more likely to use this heuristic. c. regardless of the information-processing propensities of individual group members, groups are less likely than individuals to rely on heuristics. d. regardless of the information-processing propensities of individual group members, groups are more likely than individuals to rely on heuristics.

Research on obedience suggests that participation in the Holocaust was a. encouraged by German traits of authoritarian personality. b. likely driven by situation factors that would influence anyone similarly. c. an extraordinary historical situation unlikely to be repeated. d. dissimilar in a variety of ways from the types of obedience observed in cults.

Research on students' teaching ratings on the website www.ratemyprofessor.com indicate that a. female professors who are rated as strong teachers tended to be seen as less attractive. b. both male and female professors who are rated as "hot" are also given high teaching ratings. c. teachers' non-physical qualities have nothing to do with their likeability. d. for male teachers, perceptions of attraction and teaching skill were unrelated.

Research on the marital trajectory suggests that once a couple's children have grown up and left the home, a. married couples actually wind up spending less time together than they did before. b. marital satisfaction tends to increase. c. sexual infidelity rates increase. d. both members of the couple typically adhere even more strongly to gender roles.

Reuben notices one group of eight people littering in the park. Rachel sees four different pairs of people littering in the park. Which of the following is true? a. Reuben is more likely to conform to the behavior of the litterbugs than is Rachel. b. Rachel is more likely to conform to the behavior of the litterbugs than is Reuben. c. Reuben and Rachel are equally likely to conform to the behavior of the litterbugs. d. Reuben is more likely to conform because of informational influence, but Rachel is more likely to conform because of normative influence.

Roshumba is conducting a study of married couples. She interviews a number of couples about how their relationships developed. It is likely that she will find that a. all relationships developed through a fixed sequence of stages. b. there is considerable variability in how the couples' relationships developed. c. the couples generally went through the value stage before the role stage. d. relationship rewards were unrelated to couples' feelings of being in love.

Snyder and colleagues (1977) ran a study in which mixed-gender pairs had a phone conversation. Male participants were given either an attractive or unattractive photo of their conversation partner. Which of the following statements about the study findings is false? a. Men were friendlier toward the partners who they believed to be attractive. b. The outcome of the conversation was more influenced by the women's actual level of attractiveness than by how attractive the men believed the women to be. c. Men formed more positive impressions of the personality of women who they believed to be attractive. d. Women talking with men who believed they were attractive were actually warmer and more confident during the conversation.

Social norms are most likely to lead to conformity when they are a. behavioral. b. salient. c. complex. d. subtle.

Support for the idea of the "sociostat" (social thermostat) is provided by the finding that rats a. tend to prefer to remain on their own once a period of isolation ends. b. are less likely to approach other rats after a period of prolonged contact. c. aggress against other rats when a shared resource is scarce. d. always prefer the company of other rats to being alone.

Tendencies that interfere with a group's ability to live up to its full potential are referred to as examples of a. disjunctive tasks. b. process loss. c. sample biases. d. nonadditive effects.

Terrence has a network of close social ties. In comparison to individuals lacking such a network, research suggests that he will a. be more likely to suffer from social anxiety. b. be less likely to die a premature death. c. have worse physical health. d. have lower self-esteem.

The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics is called the a. matching phenomenon. b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype. c. aesthetic appeal of beauty. d. reinforcement-affect principle.

The effectiveness of low-balling seemed to be based on the psychology of a. ostracism. b. commitment. c. reciprocity. d. social impact.

The fact that members of an organization who blow the whistle on problematic practices are often treated harshly by the rest of the group illustrates the power of group a. roles. b. norms. c. status. d. development.

The fact that the presence of an ally, regardless of her competence, reduces conformity indicates that a. informational social influence typically wins out over normative social influence in the long run. b. it is exceedingly difficult to hold out against the pressure to conform without one supporter in the group. c. conformity does not occur for high-stakes decisions with important repercussions. d. men conform less in private than they do in public.

The idea that a species' brain size is related to the social complexity of their environment is called the a. social identity hypothesis. b. social brain hypothesis. c. collective effort model. d. entitativity norm.

The nature of Milgram's obedience research paradigm exploited which compliance-induction strategy? a. Low-balling b. Foot-in-the-door technique c. Door-in-the-face technique d. That's-not-all technique

The original Milgram obedience study a. demonstrates the personality characteristics associated with obedience to authority. b. has been followed up by a number of additional studies that have varied specific aspects of the research situation. c. confirms that conformity results from both informational and normative social pressures. d. randomly assigned participants to one of two experimental conditions.

The questionnaire measure used to assess an individual's authoritarian personality is referred to as the a. A-scale. b. F-scale. c. Asch-scale. d. Milgram-scale.

The tendency for the presence of other people to increase performance on easy tasks and impair performance on difficult tasks is known as a. social loafing. b. social facilitation. c. group polarization. d. groupthink.

The unspoken rule dictating that we should treat others as they have treated us is called the a. social impact theory. b. norm of reciprocity. c. dual-process approach. d. equity principle.

The way a person typically interacts with significant others is called a(n) a. reciprocity norm. b. attachment style. c. exchange relationship. d. self-disclosure.

Twenge interprets Burger's (2009) replication of Milgram's obedience studies as an indication that obedience rates have _____ since Milgram's original studies. a. not changed appreciably b. declined somewhat c. risen dramatically d. risen somewhat

Using fMRI, Tsukiura and Capeza (2011) found biological evidence for the a. mere exposure effect. b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype. c. social exchange theory. d. matching hypothesis.

Viviana lives in an ethnically diverse community. She is attending a PTA meeting concerning how to provide a complete and fair history curriculum. It is likely that a. the members of the PTA will judge their own work more positively than will members of PTAs in ethnically homogenous communities. b. the PTA will come up with more creative solutions than will PTAs in ethnically homogenous communities. c. misunderstandings will be less likely among her PTA members than among PTA members from ethnically homogenous communities. d. cliques will be less likely to form in her PTA than in PTAs from ethnically homogenous communities.

Wagerman and others (2009) found that stability of membership a. had no impact on team performance. b. had high impact on team performance. c. had low impact on team performance. d. was irrelevant to team performance.

Wegner and colleagues (1994) conducted a study in which mixed-gender foursomes played a card game. Some couples were instructed to play "footsie" secretly under the table, some were instructed to do so out in the open, and others were not told to do anything at all. Findings indicated that participants reported being most attracted to their partner when a. they had not been asked to play "footsie." b. they played "footsie" in secret. c. they played "footsie" so that the other pair knew they were doing it. d. they played either type of "footsie."

When a task can be divided so various subgroups can work on different aspects of it, and the task has a solution in which the correct answer is immediately evident when presented to the group, the group is likely to experience a. process loss. b. synergy. c. escalation. d. group support.

When trying to close a car sale, Jerry often tries to sweeten the deal by telling the customer that he will throw in six free oil changes as well. This sales technique is best described as a. low-balling. b. the that's-not-all technique. c. the foot-in-the-door technique. d. the door-in-the-face technique.

Which aspect of passionate love is most enduring? a. Obsessions with one's beloved b. Romantic preference for one's partner c. Amazing sexual chemistry d. Mutual caring and commitment

Which of the following conditions makes social loafing more likely to occur? a. When peer evaluations are used b. When the task is large and complex c. When the group in question is small d. When the task is small in scope

Which of the following is consistent with the mere exposure effect? a. The more new dating partners talk to each other, the more they realize how different they are. b. Someone just grows on you after a while. c. A couple falls in love at first sight. d. The old saying, "Birds of a feather flock together."

Which of the following is true of Milgram's obedience study? a. When participants were required to manually force the victim's hand onto a shock plate, obedience completely disappeared. b. The experimenter informed participants that he took complete responsibility for any consequences of the participant's actions. c. Participants obeyed to the same extent whether the experimenter gave directions in person or over the telephone. d. The percentage of participants who obeyed to the end was the same as the percentage of participants who conformed in the Asch study.

Which of the following people sounds most like he has an anxious attachment style? a. Wayne relies heavily on others for support and acceptance. b. Keyshawn very much wants to be close to his partner, but fears that his affections won't be returned. c. Vinny values intimacy, finds it easy to get close to others, and trusts his partner. d. Curtis finds it difficult to trust others and often feels his partners want to be closer than he would like.

Which person is most likely to suffer from an eating disorder? a. Saul, who is a 15-year-old male b. Shanti, who is an 18-year-old female c. Liesel, who is a 30-year-old female d. Vanna, who is a 40-year-old female

Who would cooperate the most in a social dilemma? a. A woman playing a social dilemma game with another woman b. A woman playing a social dilemma game with a man c. A man playing a social dilemma game with another man d. A man playing a social dilemma game in a large group of men.

Will and Grace have just started to attend church. Will pays attention to when the rest of the congregation sits and stands because he wants to be sure to stand and sit at the appropriate times. Grace stands up and sits down when the rest of the congregation does because if she doesn't, the elderly couple across the aisle scowls at her. Will has conformed because of _____, whereas Grace has conformed because of _____. a. normative influence; informational influence b. informational influence; normative influence c. compliance; obedience d. obedience; compliance

You're out with friends when a talk show host walks up and asks if you'll answer a few trivia questions on camera. When he asks how many feet are in a mile, your first friend says 2,000 and your second friend says 3,000. You don't know the correct answer, so you say 2,500. Your response is similar to the judgments made by participants in which study? a. Langer et al. (1978) b. Sherif (1936) c. Asch (1951) d. Two of these are correct

Your significant other has just been short-tempered and impatient with you. Your reaction is to think, "Well, s/he's had a very stressful week, so I'll just forget that it happened." Your reaction would be best described as an example of a. affect reciprocity. b. a relationship-enhancing attribution. c. a demand/withdraw interaction pattern. d. a depressive explanatory style.

Which of the following people should be least likely to conform to a unanimous majority in a situation similar to that faced by the participants in Asch's study concerning line judgments?

Benjamin, who saw someone else dissent

A "trust-insurance system" in a relationship is when a. both partners lack trust toward the other. b. one partner is overbenefited. c. both partners keep an unconscious tally of the relationship's costs and benefits to maintain equity. d. one partner has a low comparison level for alternatives.

A negotiated reduction to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to those they would have obtained from an equal division of contested resources is called a(n) a. social dilemma. b. superordinate identity. c. integrative agreement. d. prisoner's dilemma.

A task in which the group's performance is determined by the best group member is considered a. additive. b. conjunctive. c. disjunctive. d. divisible.

According to Moscovici, majorities derive their power to influence others by virtue of their _____, whereas minorities derive their power to influence others from their _____. a. social connections; sheer number b. informational connections; social standing c. sheer number; style of behavior d. informational influence; normative influence

According to the model of ________, when the presence of others is physiologically arousing, a person's performance tends to ________ on a task that is difficult. a. social loafing; decline b. social loafing; improve c. social facilitation; decline d. social facilitation; improve

According to your textbook, the single best predictor of whether two people will get together is a. complementarity. b. matching levels of physical attractiveness. c. physical proximity. d. similarity.

Aggarwal and O'Brien (2008) studied hundreds of college students and identified several keys to reducing social loafing. All of the following are examples of the strategies they suggest except a. breaking down complex projects into smaller components. b. keeping groups small. c. selecting group members low in achievement motivation. d. using peer evaluations.

Aimee attends a large lecture section of Introductory Psychology every Tuesday and Thursday throughout her first semester at college. According to the mere exposure effect, Aimee should a. come to intensely dislike psychology. b. come to intensely like psychology. c. more positively evaluate the face of the guy who sat in front of her in class all semester than the face of a stranger. d. more positively evaluate the face of a stranger than the guy who sat in front of her in class all semester.

All of the following factors have been suggested to contribute to deindividuation except a. the presence of others. b. reduced feelings of responsibility. c. low arousal. d. anonymity.

All of the following reduced the level of obedience in the Milgram experiment except a. lowering the prestige of the institution where the experiment was conducted. b. having the experimenter in a different location. c. informing the participants that the experimenter assumed responsibility for the learner's welfare. d. having the learner be in the same room as the participant.

As group size increases, conformity will a. increase. b. decrease. c. increase as long as each additional member of the group is perceived as an independent source of influence. d. decrease as long as each additional member of the group is perceived as an independent source of influence.

At Verbal High, the football players and cheerleaders do not get along at all. The cheerleaders think the football players are vain and superficial. The football players feel the same way about the cheerleaders. The football players and the cheerleaders seem to suffer from a. a resource dilemma. b. superordinate identities. c. mirror image perceptions. d. groupthink.

Bart hopes to employ the GRIT strategy with his opponent, Homer. In order for the strategy to work, it is necessary that a. Homer like Bart. b. Homer has a cooperative orientation. c. Bart retaliate equally if Homer acts competitively. d. Bart carry out an initiative only after the previous one has been reciprocated.

Based on the social comparison explanation of group polarization, group members' attitudes toward an issue should be most influenced by a. how different their attitudes are from those of an outgroup. b. those in the ingroup who favor a cautious approach. c. the number of people in their group who share that attitude. d. those in the ingroup who offer the most arguments relevant to the issue.

Ben goes out of his way to help Jennifer whenever he can. However, Jennifer has been busy lately and unable to reciprocate. Ben doesn't seem upset because he knows she is sensitive to his needs overall. Which of the following best describes their relationship? a. Equitable relationship b. Exchange relationship c. Communal relationship d. Companionate relationship

Bonita and Helga are asked to list people they "love," people they are "in love with," and people they are "sexually attracted to." It is likely that the names on a. all three lists will overlap considerably. b. the "love" and "in love" lists will overlap considerably. c. the "in love" and "sexually attracted to" lists will overlap considerably. d. all three lists will be fairly different.

Carly hurls an insult right back at James when James expresses his negative feelings toward her. Such a pattern illustrates a. social penetration. b. a demand/withdraw interaction pattern. c. negative affect reciprocity. d. distress-maintaining attributions.

Coach Valentine does not think that his team is playing up to its full potential. To increase the performance of the team, the coach should a. build the team's confidence by setting goals that are not challenging and easy to attain. b. urge each team member to try to do his or her best. c. set specific, challenging, and reachable goals for the team. d. avoid giving the team any particular goals to minimize the pressure on the team.

Conchita has good relationships with her boyfriend and with her parents. She is also able to form caring and supportive friendships. Conchita probably has a(n) a. anxious/ambivalent attachment style. b. multiple attachment style. c. secure attachment style. d. avoidant attachment style.

Consider a study in which researchers created groups of relatively prejudiced and unprejudiced high school students and asked them to respond to issues concerning racial attitudes, both before and after discussion of these issues. Following the group discussions, you would expect that a. both groups would become more prejudiced. b. both groups would become less prejudiced. c. those who were relatively unprejudiced would become less prejudiced and those who were relatively prejudiced would become more prejudiced. d. those who were relatively unprejudiced would become more prejudiced and those who were relatively prejudiced would become less prejudiced.

Consider the prisoner's dilemma. You will receive the worst possible outcome in such a scenario if you decide to be ________ and your partner decides to be ________. a. selfish; selfish b. selfish; cooperative c. cooperative; selfish d. cooperative; cooperative

Cross-cultural research suggests that when individuals fail to carry their own share of the weight for the group, a. cohesiveness suffers less in groups from collectivistic cultures because other people are quick to pick up the slack. b. collectivist groups are more likely to kick out these individuals than are more individualistic groups. c. cohesiveness suffers more in groups from collectivistic cultures. d. collectivistic groups are more likely to seek increases in task complexity.

Deborah has just joined a sorority at her school. She is unsure what she should wear when she goes to eat at the sorority's dining hall. Her concern reflects Deborah's uncertainty of the a. informal role. b. formal role. c. informal norm. d. formal norm.

Eastwick and Finkel (2008) examined men's and women's preferences during a speed dating event. They found significant gender differences in what men and women reported as important mate characteristics before the event began—differences that _________ once they actually started interacting with the potential mates at the event. a. increased b. stayed constant c. disappeared d. became more subtle

Equity theory predicts that people are most satisfied in their relationships when the a. perceived rewards of the relationship are equal to the perceived costs of the relationship. b. perceived rewards of the relationship outweigh the perceived costs of the relationship. c. rewards and costs one partner experiences are roughly equal to those of the other partner. d. actual rewards and costs of the relationship exceed the expected rewards and costs of the relationship.

Farooq and his coworkers are trying to develop a creative direct mail campaign that will increase sales of their new snowboard. Which of the following strategies is least likely to yield high-quality ideas? a. Hold a brainstorming session with a facilitator trained in group brainstorming b. Form an interactive group employing electronic brainstorming c. Hold a brainstorming session using Osborn's ground rules for brainstorming d. Create "nominal groups" and work independently

Gay couples tend to _____ than straight couples. a. divide household chores more evenly b. retain relationships with former sex partners more c. divide household chores more evenly and retain relationships with former sex partners more d. divide household chores more evenly and retain relationships with former sex partners less

Groups differ from collectives in that a. groups, but not collectives, engage in common activities. b. collectives, but not groups, engage in common activities. c. groups have more direct interaction with one another than collectives. d. collectives have more direct interaction with one another than groups.

Harriett goes trick-or-treating on Halloween. She arrives at her neighbor's door just as the phone is ringing. Her neighbor puts the candy on the table and says, "I need to get the phone, so help yourself to whatever kind of candy you want, but please take only one piece." Which of the following would most encourage Harriett to take only one piece of candy? a. If Harriet's costume prevented the neighbor from recognizing her b. If Harriett was dressed up as a pirate c. If the candy was placed in front of a mirror d. If Harriett was high in need for cognition

Horatio is asked what main dish was served for lunch at the cafeteria yesterday. He knows that it was roast beef, but before responding, he observes six other students who say the main dish was pizza. Horatio is most likely to say the main dish was pizza if he hears the response from a. the six other students in three pairs of two. b. all the students at once. c. the six students at six different times in six different places. d. the six other students in two pairs of three.

In India and China, love is a. essential for marriage. b. emphasized more among females than males. c. not a sufficient basis for marriage. d. viewed in more dispositional terms than it is in America.

In conjunctive tasks, group performance is determined by the a. sum of the performance of each individual in the group. b. ratio of individual performance to group performance. c. performance of the weakest group member. d. performance of the strongest group member.

In one of the earliest social psychological experiments, Triplett (1898) had children wind fishing reels as quickly as they could. He found that a. the children were fastest when observed by the experimenter. b. winding times were faster without an audience than with an audience. c. the children were faster when working next to another child rather than alone. d. the children were faster working alone than with a partner.

In order to convince people to buy lunch from their restaurant in the food court, employees at the Chinese restaurant gave out free samples of chicken teriyaki to everyone who walks by. The restaurant employees are hoping to take advantage of the a. door-in-the-face technique. b. that's-not-all technique. c. norm of reciprocity. d. chameleon effect.

Jack and Diane have been dating and living together for two years. Jack always puts Diane's needs before his own, is very supportive of Diane, and devotes a great deal of time and energy to the relationship. Diane, on the other hand, focuses on her own needs and problems and does not exert a great deal of effort when it comes to the relationship. According to equity theorists, a. Jack should feel underbenefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, whereas Diane will be content because her needs are being met at minimal cost to her. b. Jack and Diane should be content with the relationship because people in an equity relationship do not keep track of costs and benefits. c. Jack should feel underbenefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, and Diane should feel overbenefited and guilty. d. None of these

James has a quiet temperament, which leads him to prefer less activity as a child. Consequently, he often plays calmer games and has female playmates. When he reaches adolescence, he continues to relate better to girls, and boys seem mysterious, exotic, and arousing. He ultimately develops a homosexual orientation. James' experiences fits best with _____ explanations of sexual orientation. a. biological b. psychological c. psychobiological d. sociocultural

Latasha joined a campus group called "Young Republicans." Which of these outcomes is most consistent with the persuasive arguments explanation for group polarization? a. In the attempt to fit in, Latasha adjusts her attitudes to be even more conservative. b. Latasha self-categorizes as a Republican, and her political beliefs become more extreme as a result. c. After exposure to ideas she has not thought of before, Latasha comes to possess even more conservative beliefs. d. In an attempt to convince others she is a "good" Republican, Latasha persuades herself to be more conservative.

LeVay's (1991) examination of the human brain found that a. the hypothalamus of homosexual and heterosexual men did not differ. b. the hypothalamus of men who died of AIDS differed from that of men who did not have AIDS. c. the hypothalamus of homosexual men was similar in many respects to that of heterosexual women. d. differences in the hypothalamus were more pronounced for homosexual and heterosexual men than they were between homosexual and heterosexual women.

Lee (2008) and colleagues ran a study in which they examined people's ratings of photos on the website HOTorNOT.com. They found that participants' own level of attractiveness a. were positive predictors of how attractive they rated the photos. b. were negative predictors of how attractive they rated the photos. c. did not predict their ratings of the photos. d. predicted their ratings of male but not female photos.

Meeus and Raaijmaker's found that _____ percent of the participants in their study were willing to deliver all 15 stress remarks. a. 37 b. 65 c. 92 d. 100

Natasha convinces Joel to take her to the airport by first asking him to loan her his car for a week. Her attempt to get Joel to do her a favor is most likely based on the principles of a. commitment and reciprocity. b. perceptual contrast and self-perception. c. reciprocal concessions and perceptual contrast. d. self-perception and commitment.

Normative influence tends to produce ____, whereas informational influence leads to ____. a. compliance; obedience b. conversion; compliance c. public conformity; private conformity d. pluralistic ignorance; pluralistic knowledge

Often overlooked in Asch's conformity study is the fact that participants refused to conform _____ percent of the time. a. 25 b. 37 c. 63 d. 75

People join groups for all of the following reasons except to a. be protected from threat. b. fulfill the need to belong. c. reduce superordinate identities. d. facilitate interactions with liked others.

Research by Prentice and Miller (1996) found that college students are likely to have more positive attitudes toward drinking on campus and consume more alcohol if they a. attend colleges that strictly forbid drinking on campus. b. participate in workshops designed to increase their personal responsibility for drinking. c. overestimate the favorability of their peers' attitudes toward drinking. d. believe such attitudes and behavior are inconsistent with social norms.

Resistance to the requests of others can be encouraged by all of the following except a. mindfulness. b. reciprocal wariness. c. following the norm of reciprocity. d. knowledge that the other person is trying to get you to comply.

Rita has a strong desire to establish and maintain social contact with others. Rita has a. a low need to belong. b. severe social anxiety. c. a high need for affiliation. d. a broken social thermostat.

Romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear of rejection is called a. companionate love. b. storge love. c. passionate love. d. agape love.

Sam, Diane, and Frasier are members of a team competing in a test of general knowledge. Any team member can answer the moderator's questions. The team's task can be described as a. additive. b. conjunctive. c. disjunctive. d. collective.

Sheila and Peter are invited to a masquerade party. At the party, people start insulting and pushing around Parker, another guest at the party. Given the research on deindividuation, which of the following is most likely false? a. If Sheila was dressed as a nun and Peter was dressed as a priest, their costumes would decrease the likelihood that they would behave aggressively toward Parker. b. If there was a loud band playing that made the floor shake, Sheila and Peter would be more likely to behave aggressively toward Parker. c. If Sheila and Peter were dressed in costumes in which they could not be recognized, Peter would likely behave more aggressively toward Parker than Sheila would. d. If Sheila and Peter believed that at the end of the party all the guests would have to reveal their true identities, they would be less likely to behave aggressively toward Parker.

Sherif (1936) asked groups of participants to estimate the distance moved by a point of light. He found that a. participants were more accurate when they were alone than when they were in groups. b. participants were more accurate in groups than when they were alone. c. as the study progressed, the participants' estimates began to converge with each other. d. as the study progressed, the participants' estimates began to diverge from each other.

Stan is a new student in his sixth-grade class. The other students exert normative pressure on him to conform to their opinion on some issue. According to social impact theory, Stan will be more likely to resist this influence if a. there are 20 rather than 11 students in the class. b. he perceives the other students as having high status. c. there are three other new students in the class who are receiving the same pressures. d. he comes from a culture that values a collectivist orientation.

The "minority slowness effect" refers to the finding that a. members of minority groups are often slow to change their minds during group discussion. b. it takes longer for minority group members to change the minds of majority group members than vice versa. c. people with minority opinions are slower to respond to questions about the topic than people with majority opinions. d. All of these

The average, general outcome that an individual expects in a relationship is called the a. intimacy level. b. investment level. c. comparison level. d. self-disclosure level.

The characteristics of groups that contribute to groupthink include all of the following except a. group cohesiveness. b. group structure. c. group size. d. group stress.

The compliance technique in which compliance to a desired request is increased by first gaining compliance to a smaller, but related, request is called a. low-balling. b. the that's-not-all technique. c. the foot-in-the-door technique. d. the door-in-the-face technique.

The experience of being ostracized has been found to be a. fleeting and relatively harmless. b. more disturbing for women than for men. c. similar in brain activation to the experience of physical pain. d. likely to lead to gun use and other forms of violence.

The fact that many assaults are committed by people wearing disguises—and that these disguised assaults are often the most vicious ones—illustrates the concept of a. social loafing. b. entrapment. c. deindividuation. d. distraction-conflict.

The idea that minority influence works in the same way that majority influence does is most consistent with a. the interpersonal relations model. b. the dual-process approach. c. the single-process approach. d. research comparing private and public conformity.

The idea that physical attractiveness is inherently subjective is supported by research demonstrating that a. specific facial features tend to be associated with physical attractiveness. b. there is a high degree of cross-cultural consistency in ratings of attractiveness. c. liking someone increases that person's perceived physical attractiveness. d. averaged faces are judged more attractive than individual faces.

The key difference between Gamson's (1982) obedience studies and Milgram's studies from the 1960s was that a. people conform less in the 1980s than the 1960s. b. people conform more in the 1980s than the 1960s. c. Milgram's participants were alone but Gamson's were in a group. d. Milgram's participants were in a group but Gamson's were alone.

The perception that members of different groups belong to a larger whole that encompasses both groups is called a. group polarization. b. an integrative agreement. c. a superordinate identity. d. social facilitation.

The primary difference between the research of Sherif (1936) and Asch (1951) is that a. Sherif was able to demonstrate conformity, whereas Asch was not. b. Asch was able to demonstrate conformity, whereas Sherif was not. c. Sherif relied on an ambiguous task, whereas Asch used an unambiguous task. d. Asch relied on an ambiguous task, whereas Sherif used an unambiguous task.

The residents in Burberry Hill have convened to discuss whether to build a neighborhood pool. The majority are in favor of building a pool. However, Miguel, a long-time resident, expresses his opposition. Which of the following is unlikely? a. The residents will think more carefully about the issue of building a pool because Miguel presented a dissenting opinion. b. Miguel's status of being a long-time resident and its accompanying idiosyncrasy credits will help him influence the group. c. Miguel will not gain private conformity to his opinion, only public conformity. d. Miguel will be more influential if he repeatedly expresses his opposition as the group discusses the benefits of building a pool.

The theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract one's attention from the task at hand is known as a. mere presence theory. b. evaluation apprehension theory. c. distraction-conflict theory. d. the transactive memory hypothesis.

Though the new mentoring program doesn't seem to be working very well, Principal McVickers argues that the school should continue to invest in it because they have already committed so many resources to it. This illustrates a. social loafing. b. groupthink. c. the escalation effect. d. the sucker effect.

Though this was certainly not Milgram's intent, a. many theorists use the results of his studies to try to explain the behavior of Nazi guards and others during the Holocaust. b. some scholars suggest that his findings indicate that anyone is capable of destructive obedience if placed in the right situation. c. raising people's awareness of the explanations for someone else's wrongdoing also tends to render people more forgiving of this wrongdoing. d. subsequent researchers have extended his findings to other cultures and time periods.

Three people in the same place at the same time, but not interacting with one another, are best described as a a. social group. b. minimal group. c. collective. d. conjunctive group.

Using fMRI techniques, researchers have observed that shy people exhibit a. less activity in the amygdala than those who are bold. b. greater activity in the hippocampus than those who are bold. c. greater activity in the amygdala than those who are bold. d. less activity in the hippocampus than those who are bold.

We can conclude that participants in Sherif's study exhibited private conformity rather than public conformity because a. when retested without their fellow group members, participants reverted to their original estimates. b. they would report their group's normative estimate when asked to respond aloud, but not when asked to respond in writing. c. they continued to use their group estimates when retested alone one year later. d. the task was too easy for people to demonstrate public conformity.

What percentage of the participants in Milgram's study of destructive obedience demonstrated complete obedience to the experimenter? a. 10% b. 35% c. 65% d. 90%

When in conflict in close relationships, women often try to get their husbands to talk about the problem and men retreat. This communication pattern a. leads exchange relationships to become more communal. b. reflects negative affect reciprocity. c. illustrates the demand/withdraw interaction pattern. d. fosters social penetration.

Which of the following concerning the relationship between gender and conformity is true? a. Men exhibit greater conformity than women in face-to-face interactions. b. Men exhibit greater conformity than women regardless of the situation. c. Women exhibit greater conformity than men in face-to-face interactions. d. Women exhibit greater conformity than men regardless of the situation.

Which of the following has not been demonstrated by research on mimicry? a. Within a few days of birth, infants mimic the facial expressions of adults. b. Various species of non-human animals demonstrate rudimentary forms of mimicry. c. People often mimic the facial expressions of others, but never mimic their overt behaviors. d. People sometimes mimic facial expressions of which they are not even consciously aware.

Which of the following is a strictly informational social influence explanation for group polarization? a. Social comparison theory b. Self perception theory c. Persuasive arguments theory d. None of these

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the human need for affiliation? a. People tend to prefer as much social contact with others as possible. b. There is little variation between individuals when it comes to desired level of social contact. c. People are motivated to maintain an optimum balance of time alone and social contact. d. On average, men in individualistic cultures desire more social contact than do women, but in collectivist cultures, women prefer more than men.

Which of the following is not a reason why we seem to be attracted to averaged faces? a. They are prototypically face-like. b. They are symmetrical. c. They look unusual. d. They seem more familiar to us.

Which of the following is not an example of social influence? a. A sports fan who decides to join the other members of the stadium crowd in doing the wave b. A student who hears that some of his fellow classmates may have been exposed to a noxious gas and immediately comes to feel a bit nauseated himself c. A model who catches a glimpse of herself wearing a swimsuit in a mirror and suddenly becomes self-conscious about the way she looks d. A guest at a dinner party who does not understand a joke told by the host, but laughs anyway because everyone else is laughing

Which of the following is the best example of normative influence? a. When patients adhere rigidly to doctors' recommendations b. When people estimate how far a stable dot has moved by referring to others' estimates c. When people wear a particular type of shoe because it is considered fashionable even though it is uncomfortable d. When military personnel follow a superior's orders that are morally questionable

Which of the following statements regarding physically attractive people is false? a. Attractive people tend to have more sexual experience than unattractive people. b. Attractive people tend to be more popular than unattractive people. c. Attractive people tend to have higher self-esteem than unattractive people. d. Attractive people, when told that a judge who has just given them praise has seen what they look like, often come to have doubts about the true quality of their work.

Which of the following was not part of the procedure in Milgram's research on destructive obedience? a. Participants were ordered to administer electric shocks that were apparently so intense that it caused the learner to scream in pain. b. Participants playing the role of teachers were ordered to increase the electric shocks in increments of 15 volts for every wrong answer the learner gave. c. Participants playing the role of learners were ordered to give shocks to the teacher who was trying to complete the task. d. The experimenter told participants who wanted to leave that they had no choice but to continue with the study.

Which of the following will help a person avoid being caught in a compliance trap? a. Vigilance b. Reciprocation wariness c. Vigilance and reciprocation wariness d. Vigilance for men, but reciprocation wariness for women

Which of the following would create the strongest bond between two male friends? a. Sharing about one's deepest fears b. Sharing about one's biggest dreams c. Playing basketball together d. Talking on the phone

Which of the following would most likely be described as a collective? a. Students in a small, discussion-focused seminar b. Members of a sports team c. Passengers on a plane d. A boy scout troop

Which of the following would not be predicted by social impact theory? a. A person is more likely to obey a nearby authority than one who is far away. b. Each person in a group of ten contributes less money to a tip for their waitperson than each person in a group of three. c. A teacher can exert more control over a large class than a small class. d. Patients are more likely to follow advice given by doctors than advice given by nurses.

Who is more likely to value physical attractiveness in a potential male partner? a. A woman who is in poverty b. A woman who makes a moderate income c. A woman who is fantastically wealthy d. All of these will value physical attractiveness similarly in a potential mate

Who of the following is most likely to obey in Milgram's study? a. A man participating in a run-down office building with an experimenter in a lab coat b. A man who has to physically place the learner's hand down on a shock plate c. A woman participating at Yale University with an experimenter in a lab coat d. A man participating at Yale University with an experimenter dressed casually

Your psychology professor calls you in front of the class and asks you to answer practice exam questions in front of everyone. You find the questions to be easy. According to the model of social ________, you should perform ________ than you would if you had worked on the questions alone. a. loafing; better b. loafing; worse c. facilitation; better d. facilitation; worse

Zachary is unhappy in his relationship and is trying to decide whether to break up with his girlfriend. Which of the following factors might encourage him to stay? a. If his comparison level for alternatives is high b. If his comparison level is high c. If his investment is high d. If his costs for staying are high

A half-dozen high school students are going to a concert. Chantal wants to wear a new colorful outfit that she just received as a gift, but she assumes that her five friends will all be wearing nothing but black leather. Chantal decides to do likewise, and leaves her colorful outfit in the closet. Chantal's behavior is an example of a. reciprocation wariness. b. idiosyncrasy credits. c. resistance. d. conformity.

According to Hollander's (1958) work on idiosyncrasy credits, which of the following people would be most effective in convincing a majority to change their opinion? a. A person who has just joined the group, because such a person has no history of antagonism with any of the majority group members b. A person who does not belong to the group at all, because such a person would be perceived as the most objective c. A person who has been in the group for quite a while, but consistently disagrees with the group d. A person who has been in the group for a long time, and usually goes along with the majority of the group

According to research by Moreland and Beach (1992), who will you be most attracted to? a. The mysterious stranger who comes to your social psychology class one time and never again b. A person who you have never seen before, but who physically resembles you c. A person who came to your social psychology class 5 times throughout the semester d. A person who came to your social psychology class 15 times throughout the semester

According to social exchange theory, an outcome from a relationship will produce satisfaction if it falls above a person's a. self-disclosure level. b. level of similarity to the partner. c. intimacy level. d. comparison level.

According to the collective effort model, social loafing is more likely when people a. see the group outcome as personally important. b. believe the group outcome is important to other group members. c. believe that their efforts will lead to the desired outcome. d. feel that their input will not compensate for social loafing by others.

According to the theory of social facilitation, the presence of others should lead to all except which of the following? a. Improved performance on an easy task b. Physiological arousal c. A dominant response d. More carefully deliberated behavior

According to the two-stage model of attraction proposed by Byrne et al. (1986), people a. seek partners who are similar with respect to physical attractiveness, but dissimilar with respect to attitudes. b. seek partners who are similar with respect to attitudes, but dissimilar with respect to personality. c. first approach similar others and then weed out those who are least similar. d. first avoid dissimilar others and then approach those remaining who are most similar.

All of the following accounts have been proposed to explain social facilitation except a. the mere presence of others. b. apprehension about being evaluated. c. distraction, which can create attentional conflict. d. a tendency for people to feel less accountable in a group context.

All of the following could explain why a consistent behavioral style increases minority influence except a. a consistent minority draws more attention to its position. b. a consistent minority puts increased pressure on the majority to compromise. c. the position advocated by a consistent minority is more likely to be perceived as valid. d. a consistent minority is more likely to exert normative social influence on the group.

All of the following have been demonstrated in research on physical attractiveness except a. attractive students were able to solicit more signatures on a petition than unattractive students. b. unattractive defendants received larger court fines than attractive defendants. c. teachers expect attractive children to be smarter and achieve more than unattractive children. d. attractive employees earn approximately the same salaries as unattractive employees.

Arnold wears suits every day to his job at the bank, but when he is at home in the evening and on weekends, he spends most of his time naked because that is what he finds most comfortable. Arnold's daytime behavior illustrates a. perceptual contrast. b. private conformity. c. conversion. d. public conformity.

Baron and others (1996) found that participants' levels of conformity depended on how motivated they were to do well. When offered a financial incentive, a. conformity went down when the task was difficult and up when the task was easy. b. conformity went up in both conditions. c. conformity went down in both conditions. d. conformity went up when the task was difficult and down when the task was easy.

Bruce and Pam have just started dating. According to social exchange theory, their relationship is likely to last longer and be more satisfying if they each feel that a. the rewards gained from the relationship are shared equally between them. b. the costs of maintaining the relationship are shared equally between them. c. the rewards gained from the relationship are equal to the costs of maintaining the relationship. d. the rewards gained from the relationship are greater than the costs of maintaining the relationship.

Cohesion does seem to exert a causal effect on group performance, but whether this effect occurs depends upon a. group size. b. whether it is task or interpersonal cohesion. c. the nature of the group task. d. All of these

Considering the love taxonomies of Lee, Sternberg, and Hatfield, which of the following classifications all seem to reflect a similar type of love? a. Lee's storge, Sternberg's intimacy, and Hatfield's passionate love b. Lee's eros, Sternberg's passion, and Hatfield's companionate love c. Lee's ludus, Sternberg's commitment, and Hatfield's companionate love d. Lee's storge, Sternberg's intimacy, and Hatfield's companionate love

Eileen says she loves Jesse, even though they met very recently and both of them are still dating other people. When her best friend asks her what she means by "love," Eileen says, "I feel like even though we just met, I could tell him anything in the world. And he's so sexy—I get butterflies just thinking about him." According to the triangular theory of love, Eileen's feelings towards Jesse would best be labeled a. consummate love. b. companionate love. c. fatuous love. d. romantic love.

Five students—Jalen, Chris, Juwan, Jimmy, and Ray—move into a house together and discover they share the odd habit of drinking milk with ice in it every night before bed. They own several ice trays and make a pact to always refill the trays when they are emptied so that the supply of ice will never run out. But the five often do not have the time or energy to refill the trays, and after a few weeks, it becomes quite common for them to meet in the kitchen and discover that they have no ice. This would best be characterized as what type of dilemma? a. Prisoner's dilemma b. Normative dilemma c. Tit-for-tat dilemma d. Resource dilemma

Following group discussion, group decisions tend to _____ the positions of the individuals comprising the group. a. be more conservative than b. be more risky than c. reflect the average of d. be more extreme than

Group polarization may, in part, stem from a. an increase in dominant responses under conditions of high arousal. b. lack of group cohesiveness. c. deindividuation of group members. d. the desire to distinguish one's group from other groups.

Groups include all of the following essential components except a. roles. b. norms. c. cohesiveness. d. status.

Groupthink is more likely to occur a. when groups have systematic decision-making procedures. b. if the group lacks a strong directive leader. c. in low-stress situations. d. in highly cohesive groups.

Hendrika owns a small aerospace company and wants to make sure that she recognizes the signs of groupthink if it crops up in her group meetings. She should be especially concerned that groupthink may be occurring if the group exhibits a. coalition formation. b. social loafing. c. divergent thinking. d. closed-mindedness.

Herman and Flora have been married for 40 years. They still have a strong relationship and say they are each other's best friends. Their relationship seems to be an example of a. exchange love. b. passionate love. c. communal love. d. companionate love.

Homosexual behaviors a. are more common than an exclusive homosexual orientation. b. have been observed in more than 450 animal species. c. vary in incidence by culture. d. All of these

Imagine that some researchers conducted a study and interpreted the results of the study as indicative of normative influence. These researchers are most likely to reach this conclusion if participants in their study a. were truly convinced that the majority was correct in their opinions. b. behaved in a way that would be considered normal to people in Western cultures. c. did what they felt was morally right, even if it violated social norms in the process. d. conformed because they feared the social consequences of appearing deviant.

Individualistic cultures tend to exhibit all of the following except a. greater complexity. b. greater affluence. c. greater cultural diversity. d. greater conformity.

Jay participates in an experiment where he and three other participants are asked to judge the quality of a series of sculptures. Jay is least likely to exhibit informational influence if a. each sculpture is shown for only a few seconds. b. he is motivated to be very accurate in his judgments. c. there are no objective criteria by which to make such judgments. d. there is a clear and unambiguous response for each sculpture.

Jen is worried that Chris may be having an affair. What is she likely to do, according to evolutionary theory? a. Dump him and find a faithful partner b. Take action against her rival c. Threaten Chris d. Have a makeover to improve her looks

John, George, Paul, and Richard are air traffic controllers. They encounter a stressful, anxious situation in which two planes might soon collide. Which of the following conditions would most encourage this group of air traffic controllers to display groupthink when pondering their next step? a. A majority decision is more acceptable than a unanimous decision. b. There are systematic procedures in place to handle such situations. c. None of them is considered to be a supervisor of any of the others. d. They are a cohesive group.

Johnson and Downing (1979) found that participants wearing nurses' uniforms delivered lower levels of shock when they were anonymous than when they were identifiable. This finding suggests that deindividuation causes people to a. feel that the normative standards of the group do not apply to them. b. engage in destructive behavior when they are anonymous. c. rely more heavily on personal standards of behavior when they are anonymous. d. act in ways that are consistent with the norms of the most salient group.

Kulik and Mahler (1989) found that patients waiting for heart surgery preferred to have roommates who were post-operative rather than pre-operative. This finding supports the hypothesis that a. people have great difficulty regulating their need for affiliation. b. external threat reduces affiliation tendencies in order to reduce embarrassment. c. having a close network of social support increases physical health. d. affiliation in response to threat can provide cognitive clarity.

Lindsay is a freshman at college, and has her first serious boyfriend there. Her parents can't stand him. According to Brehm's theory of psychological reactance, what should her parents do to discourage the relationship? a. Explain to Lindsay in calm, rational terms why this man is a poor fit for her b. Subtly put him down in conversations to Lindsay to avoid direct confrontation c. Never invite him to their home for a visit d. Say very little about him one way or the other to Lindsay

Lionel is in his first semester of college and is feeling quite lonely. If he is like most other college students, which strategy is he likely to use to cope with his loneliness? a. Invest effort in trying to do well in his courses b. Distract himself by reading and watching television c. Improve his physical appearance d. All of these

Loss of productivity is least likely to occur in which of the following scenarios? a. Daphne isn't quite sure what her role in the group is. b. Fred must play both an instrumental and an expressive role in the group. c. Velma's role in the group seems to be constantly changing. d. Shaggy assumes a clearly defined instrumental role in the group.

Mara needs to borrow James's pen and is pondering how to ask him. She considers three options—asking for the pen outright without any reasoning, telling him that she needs the pen "to write something," or telling him that she needs it "to sign a letter." Which of the following is true? a. James is more likely to comply with the outright request than the "letter" plea. b. James is equally likely to comply with the "letter" plea and the outright request. c. James is less likely to comply with the "write something" plea than the outright request. d. James is equally likely to comply with the "letter" plea and the "write something" plea.

Mark has been dating Dierdra for some time. He never lets her go out with her friends or talk to other men. He is demanding and possessive of her. His love for Dierdra could best be categorized as a. agape. b. ludus. c. storge. d. mania.

Participants in a study by O'Connor and Rosenblood (1996) indicated about every hour whether they were alone or with others and whether they wanted to be alone or with others. The results of this study revealed that a. most of the time, participants wanted to be with others, but were alone. b. most of the time, participants wanted to be alone, but were with others. c. regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others, most of the time, participants were not in their desired social state. d. regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others, most of the time, participants were in their desired social state.

People who are especially likely to exploit the norm of reciprocity for personal gain can be identified by questionnaires that measure their a. social impact. b. vulnerability to informational influence. c. idiosyncrasy credits. d. reciprocation ideology.

Research by Woolley and colleagues (2008) suggest that when it comes to expertise and planning, a. groups with experts can typically get away with not planning their strategy ahead of time, with little adverse effect on performance. b. groups that create a clear plan for how to address a problem don't enjoy any extra benefits from having experts as members. c. expertise is much more important than planning when it comes to group performance. d. None of these

Research by Zajonc et al. (1969) in which cockroaches run in simple or complex mazes alone, in pairs, or with an audience provides support for which explanation of social facilitation? a. The evaluation apprehension theory b. The distraction-conflict theory c. The persuasive arguments theory d. The mere presence theory

Research concerning the marital trajectory demonstrates that a. the longer couples are married, the more satisfied they become. b. wives are significantly more satisfied in their marriages than are husbands. c. husbands are significantly more satisfied in their marriages than are wives. d. the more new experiences married couples share, the greater their satisfaction.

Research has found that when people are presented with a request accompanied by a reason that does not offer a real justification for the request, they often respond a. with skeptical reactance. b. by asking for a more complete explanation. c. with surprise followed by caution. d. by complying mindlessly.

Research on social influence in virtual groups shows that a. virtual groups are much less influential than "live" groups. b. virtual groups only have impact when member identities are known. c. virtual groups only have impact when member identities are hidden. d. virtual groups can be quite influential even when they are remote.

Research suggests that which of the following people would be most likely to engage in social loafing? a. A woman from a collectivist culture b. A man from a collectivist culture c. A woman from an individualistic culture d. A man from an individualistic culture

Roles are a. the rules of conduct for group members. b. dissimilar to norms in that only roles can be formal or informal. c. similar to norms in that both must be present for group cohesiveness. d. beneficial to a group if clear, but can create stress if ambiguous.

Samantha and David had no close friends outside of their marriage but instead relied on each other for everything. When the marriage failed, they were both extremely distressed, most likely as a result of their a. identities. b. comparison level alternatives. c. misattribution. d. interdependence.

Someone who argues that attraction is simply a function of wanting to have healthy offspring probably endorses a. the belief that situational variables influence attraction. b. social exchange theory. c. the matching hypothesis of attraction. d. the approach of evolutionary psychology.

Survey research regarding adults' life histories reveals that homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been a. overattached to their same-sex parents as children. b. sexually abused as children. c. relatively late in the development of puberty. d. None of these

The Milgram study demonstrated a. the specific personality traits that predict destructive obedience to authority. b. that people will typically harm another individual with little to no social pressure to do so. c. obedience to authority is most destructive when the authority figure is particularly harsh and demanding. d. the potential for situational influences to lead ordinary people to commit extraordinarily destructive acts.

The conformity seen in Sherif's (1936) study was most likely the result of a. normative influence. b. private conformity. c. public conformity. d. informational influence.

The hard-to-get effect can be hard to get because a. we are turned off by those who reject us because they are committed to someone else. b. we prefer individuals who are moderately selective over those who are nonselective. c. we like dates who selectively desire us more than they desire others. d. All of these

The technique of getting a commitment from a potential customer and then changing the terms of the agreement is best described as a. reciprocal concession. b. cognitive dissonance. c. the foot-in-the-door technique. d. low-balling.

The tendency to alter perceptions, opinions, and behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms is called a. psychological reactance. b. compliance. c. obedience. d. conformity.

The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called a. reciprocation wariness. b. pluralistic ignorance. c. the ally effect. d. the chameleon effect.

Thompson and Hrebec (1996) found that in more than _____ percent of negotiations that could have resulted in integrative agreements, the participants agreed to settlements that were worse for both sides. a. 90 b. 60 c. 40 d. 20

Those participants in Milgram's study who went to the very end of the shock meter were a. diagnosed as abnormal by a team of psychiatrists. b. in the minority among participants in the study. c. not told that the learner had a previous heart condition. d. None of these

Tommy needs to get his subordinates to all invest considerable time and energy into the development of a new design for the company's fall clothing line. If he wants to reduce the likelihood of social loafing, he should a. bring together a large group of diverse individuals. b. keep the task big and inspirational rather than breaking it into parts. c. make sure that people contribute anonymously to reduce evaluation apprehension. d. allow the group members to evaluate each other's contributions.

When Cheryl is with her supervisors, she obeys their decisions without question. But when she is with employees under her supervision, she is aggressive and demanding. Cheryl is likely to be described by social psychologists as having a. idiosyncrasy credits. b. an introverted character. c. reciprocation wariness. d. an authoritarian personality.

When they first started dating, Norma and Nathan didn't share much about themselves with one another, but as their relationship developed, they began to talk more about personal issues and reveal more about themselves. Their behavior is most consistent with the predictions of a. the matching hypothesis. b. equity theory. c. the triangular theory of love. d. social penetration theory.

Which of the following best describes existing gender differences with respect to Lee's (1988) styles of love? a. Men and women score about the same on storge and mania styles of love. b. Women tend to score higher on ludus love, but men score higher on eros love. c. Men tend to score higher on eros love, but women score higher on agape love. d. Men tend to score higher on ludus love, but women score higher on pragma love.

Which of the following conclusions is not supported by data? a. Men often tend to see the world in "sexualized" terms. b. Men are more likely to fantasize about sex with multiple partners. c. Men tend to be more sexually permissive than women. d. Women do not engage in casual sex without emotional commitment.

Which of the following is most consistent with the idea that we are attracted to others with whom a relationship is rewarding? a. Tina likes Tony because he is playing hard to get. b. Tina likes Tony because they are about equally attractive. c. Tina likes Tony because they live in the same apartment building. d. Tina likes Tony because he smiles at her and compliments her.

Which of the following is not considered one of the three forms of social influence discussed in this chapter? a. Conformity b. Compliance c. Obedience d. Independence

Which of the following is not one of the emotions a person is likely to feel after being ostracized? a. Numbness b. Anger c. Sadness d. Embarrassment

Which of the following is not one of the four types of similarity most relevant to predicting interpersonal attraction? a. Similarity in subjective experience b. Similarity in attitudes c. Demographic similarity d. Similarity in eye and hair color

Which of the following statements regarding marital satisfaction is false? a. There is typically a honeymoon period in which both partners are satisfied with the marriage. b. Heterosexual couples with one child report a faster decline in marital satisfaction than homosexual couples do. c. There is a positive association between the degree of initial decline in satisfaction and the likelihood a couple will break up. d. The decline following the honeymoon period typically stabilizes by the second year.

With regard to behavior during social dilemmas, groups tend to be more _____ than individuals. a. cooperative b. averse to risk c. gullible d. competitive

With respect to the impact of group size on conformity, Asch found a. greater conformity with ten confederates than with five confederates. b. that conformity increases as an exponential function of group size. c. that one group of six confederates produced more conformity than two groups of three confederates. d. negligible increases in conformity after three or four confederates.

Women conform more and men conform less when they believe they are being observed. Eagly (1987) argues that this occurs because a. being watched makes people self-aware, which brings out their underlying personalities. b. women are easier to manipulate, whereas men tend to be more independent. c. women and men tend to be knowledgeable about different kinds of topics. d. people feel greater pressure in public to behave in ways consistent with their gender role.

Zajonc's model for how the presence of others influences individual performance is known as social facilitation. "Facilitation" refers to the fact that the presence of others facilitates a performer's a. ability to focus on the task at hand. b. task performance. c. evaluation apprehension. d. dominant response.

In reacting to persuasive communications, people are influenced more by superficial images than by logical arguments.

False. As indicated by the dual-process model of persuasion, people can be influenced by images or arguments, depending on their ability and motivation to think critically about the information.

The more money you pay people to tell a lie, the more they will come to believe it.

False. Cognitive dissonance studies show that people believe the lies they are underpaid to tell as a way to justify their own actions.

When all members of a group give an incorrect response to an easy question, most people most of the time conform to that response.

False. In Asch's classic conformity experiments, respondents conformed only about a third of the time.

In experiments on obedience, most participants who were ordered to administer severe shocks to an innocent person refused to do so.

False. In Milgram's classic research, 65% of all participants obeyed the experimenter and administered the maximum possible shock.

As the number of people in a group increases, so does the group's impact on an individual.

False. Increasing group size boosts the impact on an individual only up to a point, beyond which further increases have very little added effect.

Researchers can tell if someone has a positive or negative attitude by measuring physiological arousal

False. Measures of arousal can reveal how intensely someone feels but not whether the person's attitude is positive or negative.

People are most easily persuaded by commercial messages that are presented without their awareness.

False. There is no research evidence to support the presumed effects of subliminal ads.

measure of unconscious feelings from the speed at which people respond to pairings of concepts

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

In which of the following situations is Matthew most likely to exhibit private conformity?

Matthew is not at all sure of the proper way to behave, and he is in the presence of three other people who are confident that their behavior is correct

Your friend convinces you to enter a singing competition to win tickets to her favorite R and B band. Although the competition is embarrassing, you gamely sing and dance your heart out and engage in other stunts because, well, she is your best friend. You win the tickets, and your friend insists that you accompany her to the concert, even though you dislike the group. Based on cognitive dissonance, how are you likely to review the concert?

Maybe I was wrong. The group is pretty decent.

You are shopping in your local grocery store and have selected a plentiful supply of healthy fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain products as well as some fish and lean meat. You are headed toward the checkout line and pass a mini-cheesecake display and a bin with superpremium ice cream. You glance at the contents of your cart and decide that a pint of salted caramel gelato and a mini-turtle cheesecake would not hurt, as you have such a healthy cart otherwise. A social psychologist might identify this as an example of _____.

Moral licensing

Conformity rates vary across different cultures and from one generation to the next.

True. Research shows that conformity rates are higher in cultures that are collectivistic rather than individualistic in orientation and that values change over time even within cultures.

People often come to like what they suffer for.

True. Studies show that the more people work or suffer for something, the more they come to like it as a way to justify their effort.

An effective way to get someone to do you a favor is to make a first request that is so large the person is sure to reject it.

True. This approach, known as the door-in-the-face technique, increases compliance by making the person feel bound to make a concession.

Which of the following is most accurate concerning gender differences in levels of conformity?

When they think they are being observed, women conform more and men conform less than they do in more private situations

Marlys wants to create a series of memes that will educate college students about high risk strains of human papilloma virus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection that increases risk of certain types of cancer. She became passionate about this issue after a friend of hers, who is in a terminal stage of cervical cancer associated with HPV, asks her to help educate others by taking and showing photos of her when she is weak, emaciated and obviously very ill. Are such scare tactics likely to be effective?

Yes, but only if Marlys includes a clear message about what to do to decrease risk.

How often did respondents conform in Asch's study?

about a third of the time

prejudice characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative beliefs and also affectionate beliefs

ambivalent sexism

positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea

attitude

multiple-item questionnaire designed to measure a person's attitude toward some object

attitude scale

concerns the ambivalence between fair-minded attitudes and beliefs and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs

aversive racism

obedience

behavior change produced by the commands of authority

tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited

belief perseverence

Garland is participating in a research study of attitudes toward a variety of very sensitive matters including sexual behaviors and substance use. He is seated in a lab and hooked up to an elaborate device that appears to measure and record various physiological responses. He is told that it can also identify his attitudes by these measurements. Unbeknownst to Garland, the machine actually does none of this. Garland is most likely hooked up to a(n) _____.

bogus pipeline

central route

careful thinking about a communication leading to influence from argument strength

peripheral route

careless thinking about a communication leading to influence from superficial cues

careful thinking about a communication leading to influence from argument strength

central route

public conformity

change in overt behavior without a corresponding change of opinion that group pressure produces

private conformity

change of beliefs when a person privately accepts the position taken by others

compliance

changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests

According to Cooper and Fazio, the second necessary step for both the arousal and reduction of dissonance is a feeling of personal responsibility for the unpleasant outcomes of behavior. Personal responsibility consists of which two factors?

choice and foreseeability

A well-known physicist sells a record number of books on his book tour, largely based on his claim that eating a predominantly protein-rich diet is scientifically sound. The people who hear him speak on tour are most likely to be persuaded by his _____.

competence

insufficient justification

condition in which people freely perform attitude-discrepant behaviors without receiving large rewards

insufficient deterrence

condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desirable activity

Although neither group makes any explicit requests or demands of her, Sheetal expresses proconservative opinions when she is with her conservative friends and she expresses anticonservative opinions when she is with her liberal friends. Sheetal's actions best illustrate

conformity

The tendency to change our perception, opinions, or behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms best describes

conformity

assertion that direct communication between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions

contact hypothesis

idea that for something to cause behavior, it must be present when the behavior occurs

covariation principle

individualism

cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, and self-reliance take priority

collectivism

cultural orientation in which interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony take priority

sleeper effect

delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a noncredible source

You suggest to your friends that going to a different ethnic restaurant each weekend would be a fun way to become acquainted with the various neighborhoods in town. You notice that Charlene seems to have a generally positive attitude toward all ethnic cuisines, while Stacie has a tendency to be negative. When you think about their attitudes toward other aspects of life, it occurs to you that Charlene's tend toward the positive, while Stacie's tend toward the negative. Charlene and Stacie are best described as differing in terms of their _____ attitudes.

dispositional

Keana hopes that Naomi will pledge $5 and sign a petition in support of a community center. Keana first asks Naomi if she'd be willing to pledge $50 in support of a proposed community center. Naomi politely declines. Keana then asks Naomi if she'd be willing to pledge $5 and sign a petition in support of the community center. Naomi complies. Keana's ability to get Naomi to pledge $5 and sign the petition is likely to have been enhanced by Keana's use of the

door-in-the-face technique

process of thinking about and scrutinizing the arguments contained in a persuasive communication

elaboration

facial electromyograph (EMG)

electronic instrument that records facial muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudes

Research using fMRIs to study attitudes has shown that regions associated with _____ are activated when individuals hear statements regarding political candidates about whom they have strong opinions.

emotion but not cognitive processing

process wherein one forms attitudes toward neutral stimuli because of association with positivity or negativity

evaluative conditioning

Cross-cultural research suggests _____.

everyone feels and tries to reduce dissonance, but cultures influence the conditions under which these processes occur

Research on implicit and explicit attitudes has found that, in general, _____.

explicit attitudes predict behavior better than do implicit attitudes

electronic instrument that records facial muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudes

facial electromyograph (EMG)

implicit attitude

feeling, such as prejudice, that one is not aware of having

Over the years, social psychologists have studied two-step request approaches that lead people to gain compliance

foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face techniques

A majority is more likely to be persuaded to change its views if the dissenting minority

has accumulated idiosyncrasy credits

inoculation hypothesis

idea that exposure to weak versions of persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument

cognitive dissonance theory

idea that inconsistent cognitions arouse psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce

social impact theory

idea that social influence depends on others' strength, immediacy, and number relative to target persons

overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

illusory correlation

feeling, such as prejudice, that one is not aware of having

implicit attitude

racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

implicit racism

A cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, and self-reliance take priority over group allegiances best describes

individualism

informational influence

influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgments

normative influence

influence that produces conformity when a person fears negative social consequences of appearing deviant

Before registering for class, Susan asks her friends about a professor. They all say the professor is a great teacher. Not knowing the professor, Susan therefore comes to believe that he is a great teacher and looks forward to taking his class. This illustrates

informational influence

social body with which one feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity

ingroup

tendency to discriminate in favor of a social body to which one belongs

ingroup favoratism

idea that exposure to weak versions of persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument

inoculation hypothesis

Super persuaders, such as Buddhist monks, magicians, advertisers, con artists, and hostage negotiators, use simplicity, empathy, self-confidence, and other disarming tactics to effect __________.

instant persuasion

condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desirable activity

insufficient deterrence

condition in which people freely perform attitude-discrepant behaviors without receiving large rewards

insufficient justification

According to Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, attitudes toward a specific behavior combine with subjective norms and perceived behavior control to influence a person's _____, which in turn guide behavior.

intentions

idiosyncrasy credits

interpersonal goodwill that a person earns by following group norms

cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts

jigsaw classroom

Oscar was walking in a relatively clean parking lot. Walking a few feet in front of him was a man named Felix. Oscar observed Felix stop to pick up and throw into a garbage can some litter that someone had thrown on the ground. Having seen Felix do this, Oscar, who was just about to throw his gum wrapper on the ground, stopped himself from doing this and instead threw the wrapper into the garbage can. Oscar was influenced by Felix's behavior because it

made Oscar more aware of injunctive norms

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

measure of unconscious feelings from the speed at which people respond to pairings of concepts

that's-not-all technique

method in which an influencer begins with an inflated request, then offers a discount

foot-in-the-door technique

method in which an influencer prefaces the real request by first making a smaller request

door-in-the-face technique

method in which an influencer prefaces the real request with one that is too large

lowballing

method in which an influencer secures agreement with a request but then reveals hidden costs

prejudice that subtly surfaces when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize

modern racism

attitude scale

multiple-item questionnaire designed to measure a person's attitude toward some object

personality variable that distinguishes people based on how much they enjoy effortful cognitive activities

need for cognition (NC)

Karen needs to type a term paper. To persuade her roommate to let Karen use her computer, Karen first lends her some notes that the roommate needs and then asks if she can use her computer. Karen is using the

norm of reciprocity

Hector's friends all say a recent test was difficult. Hector thinks the test was easy. When asked what he thought, Hector agrees with his friends. This outcome illustrates

normative influence

defiance

opposing powerful others or resisting social influence

social body with which one does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity

outgroup

tendency to assume that greater similarity exists among outgroup members than among ingroup members

outgroup homogeneity effect

flash mobs

people who gather at a set time and place to perform an action

careless thinking about a communication leading to influence from superficial cues

peripheral route

need for cognition (NC)

personality variable that distinguishes people based on how much they enjoy effortful cognitive activities

process by which attitudes are changed

persuastion

bogus pipeline

phony lie-detector device used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions

attitude

positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea

negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups

prejudice

persuasion

process by which attitudes are changed

minority influence

process by which dissenters produce change within a group

elaboration

process of thinking about and scrutinizing the arguments contained in a persuasive communication

evaluative conditioning

process wherein one forms attitudes toward neutral stimuli because of association with positivity or negativity

theory of planned behavior

proposal that attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived control influence people's actions

theory that people respond against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves

psychological reactance

Sherif conducted a study in which participants in totally darkened rooms estimated how far a dot of light appeared to move. Asch conducted a study in which participants were asked to report which of three lines was identical in length to a standard line. Compared to the participants in Sherif's study, those in Asch's study exhibited more

public conformity

prejudice or discrimination towards persons based on their racial background

racism

proposal that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

realistic conflict theory

feeling of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others

relative deprivation

Over time, the impact of higher credibility speakers may fade while that of lower credibility speakers may increase. This is called the _____.

sleeper effect

delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a noncredible source

sleeper effect

classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

social categorization

desire to see one's ingroup adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups

social dominence orientation

theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem

social identity theory

A dozen participants were gathered into a group. An authority figure approached the group and ordered the group to do something most of the participants thought was morally wrong. The group defied the authority, refusing to obey. According to social impact theory, a factor likely to have helped the group defy the authority is that the

social impact of the authority was divided among the dozen targets

Jane conducts a new experiment based on Milgram's study of destructive obedience. She manipulates the number of authorities and participants present in the room. She finds that when there are three people in authority present all giving similar commands to one participant, obedience rates are extremely high. However, when there are several participants and only one person in authority giving orders, obedience rates are quite low. These findings are most consistent with

social impact theory

theory that perceptions of gender differences are magnified by men's and women's contrasting social roles

social role theory

approach proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes

stereotype content model

state of being persistently stereotyped and devalued in society because of a particular characteristic

stigmatized

Bickman and his colleagues had a stranger (actually a confederate) approach people on the street and order them to do something. People were most willing to comply with these orders when the

stranger was dressed in a uniform

Though in the minority and new to the Senate, a group of senators argued consistently, persuasively, and successfully against a particular bill. Most of the other senators eventually agreed with them that the bill should not be approved. In this example, the first group of senators derived their power to influence from their

style of behavior

presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people are not consciously aware of exposure

subliminal presentation

shared objective that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups

superordinate goal

proposal that people are motivated to defend and justify existing social, political, and economic conditions

system justification theory

conformity

tendency to change perceptions, opinions, or behavior to be consistent with social or group norms

Joanie asked an acquaintance named Chachi if he would do a small favor for her. After he agreed and did the small favor, Joanie then asked him to do an even larger favor for her. This scenario describes

the foot-in-the-door technique

Lucio is preparing a brief radio ad for a politician on a very tight budget. He knows it is likely that the spot will be played early in the morning when people are preoccupied with getting to work or late at night when they are tired and getting ready for bed. Since people will likely be not be processing the message with close attention, it is likely they will rely on the belief that the longer the message, _____.

the more valid it must be

proposal that attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived control influence people's actions

theory of planned behavior

psychological reactance

theory that people respond against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves

By their willingness to maintain independence from the majority, people in the minority force other group members to

think carefully about a problem

Although they are distinct techniques, the foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, low-balling, and that's-not-all techniques are similar in that they all involve

Social Psych EXAM 3, PSY 376 Exam 3 cntd, PSY 376 Chapter 7, PSY 376 Chapter 6, PSY 376

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