Social Psych Final
One of the factors that led to the escalation of the Vietnam War was the belief that democracy was inherently better than Communism; a factor in groupthink known as
overestimation of morality
According to the definitions given in the textbook, which of the following would NOT be considered as a group?
passengers in a train compartment A. a union at an organization B. a sports team C. passengers in a train compartment D. a choir
In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the component of love that represents a deep physical attraction and constant thoughts of the person, is identified as
passion.
The linear process approach of acculturation suggests that, after contact with the new society,
people lose original cultural values
All of the following may be explanations for errors in cross-ethnic identification in criminal justice cases EXCEPT
people who are exposed to a threat of violence are distracted from the facial identification.
displacement
people's tendency to aggress against others when the source of frustration is unavailable
matching hypothesis
people's tendency to seek and find partners who are roughly at their own level of physical attractiveness
outgroup homogeneity effect
people's tendency to underestimate the variability of outgroup members compared to the variability of ingroup-members
Pat is CEO of an electric company. She focuses on building a work environment that is supportive, caring, and democratic. The contingency model of leadership would label Pat as
people-oriented.
Fraternity "pledges" are not quite full members of a fraternity. Pledges are especially likely to publicly derogate other fraternities, a condition that supports the
social identity theory.
In attempts to enhance self-esteem, people are influenced by both their personal identity and their social identity; as explained by the
social identity theory.
Grace is learning to play the piano. She has noticed that when she is practicing a piece of music by herself, she plays it just fine. When her parents are in the house, she makes many mistakes. This is an example of
social inhibition
Many students dislike small group projects in class because at least one group member will not participate at the same level as the others. These low performers are demonstrating the principle of
social loafing.
People who lack the presence of close others and a social network experience
social loneliness.
As he was driving to school, Lucas witnessed a car accident and immediately stopped to offer assistance to the drivers involved; demonstrating the ideas behind the norm of
social responsibility.
Eagly & Wood's (1999) explanation for sex differences in mate preferences that suggests that these differences are the result of long standing societal gender roles is based on
sociocultural perspective.
Which of the following is NOT an example of priming aggressive thoughts and feelings?
spending time on social networks sites such as My Space or Face Book
The apprehension a minority group member experiences when they believe they may act in a way that confirms existing cultural stereotypes; a negative consequence of stereotyping referred to as
stereotype threat.
hetero-stereotype
stereotypes about other groups
Carla goes to a school whose entire population is Latino with the exception of one White girl, Linda. Carla has always thought that White people are arrogant and selfish, but she actually likes Linda a lot. Carla figures that Linda must be different than most White people. Carla is engaging in
subcategorization.
norm of social responsibility
the idea that we have an obligation to help those who are in need of assistance
norm of reciprocity
the idea that we should help those who are in need of assistance, because they will then help us in the future
kinship selection
the idea that we're more likely to help those we are genetically related to
empathy-altruism hypothesis
the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will help that person even if we incur a cost in doing so
subcategorization
the maintenance of prior beliefs by creating separate categories for people who disconfirm these stereotypes
Proximity as a situational factor influencing interpersonal attraction can be explained by the phenomenon of
the mere exposure effect.
Caleb's lab partner turned in a lab report for Caleb one day when he was sick. Now Caleb's partner is unable to make it to class and has asked if Caleb could take notes for him. Caleb is happy to. What norm seems to be most impacting Caleb's helping behaviour?
the norm of reciprocity
social compensation
the notion that if a project is important to you, you may work even harder to compensate for the poor performance or social loafing of others
positive illusions
the notion that people tend to see their romantic parters as well and their relationships in highly idealized ways
social classification
the practice of classifying people into in-groups or out groups based on attributes that the person has in common with the ingroup or outgroup
punishment
the provision of unpleasant consequences to try to reduce a negative behaviour
desensitization or disinhibition
the reduction of physiological reactions to a stimuli (e.g., violence) due to repeated exposure to the stimuli (e.g., violence)
investment
the resources devoted to a relationship that can not be retrieved
bystander effect
the situation whereby people are less likely to help in emergency situations where there are other people present than if the person who could help is alone, resulting in a decreased likelihood of help being given
prisoner's dilemma
the social dilemma in which two people may chose to cooperate with each other or compete (often in confessions, court cases etc)
separation
the tendency the maintain one's own culture but to reject, or not participate in the larger society
assimilation
the tendency to abandon one's original culture and participate in the larger society
ingroup favouritism
the tendency to evaluate one's ingroup more positively than outgroups
integration
the tendency to maintain one's own culture and also participate in the larger society
marginalization
the tendency to neither maintain one's own culture nor participate in the larger society
illusory correlation
the tendency to overestimate the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated
confirmation bias
the tendency to search for information that supports one's initial view
cross-ethnic identification bias
the tendency to see out group members as looking very similar to one another, and showing greater accuracy for recognizing ingroup members than out group members
perceptual confirmation
the tendency to see things in line with one's expectations
Theories such as those by Lorenz and Freud suggest that aggression is
"hardwired".
Love Styles Theory (6 types)
- Eros (passionate love) - Ludus (uncommitted love) - Storge (friendship love) - Pragma (practical love) - Mania (obsessive love) - Agape (selfless love)
Why Does Deindividuation Lead to Impulsive Acts?
- Make people feel less accountable for their actions. - Lower self awareness which then lowers moral standards - Increase the extent to which people obey the group norms.
Four horsemen of the apocalypse
- criticism (complaining about some feature of relationship) - contempt (acting as if sickened or repulsed by partner) - defensiveness (protecting the self) -stonewalling (emotionally withdrawing and refusing to participate in conversation)
3 crowd behaviours that lead to deindividuation:
1. Anonymity 2. Accountability 3. Decrease in self-awareness
Le bon's three characteristics associated with processes specific to crowds:
1. Anonymity 2. Suggestibility 3. Contagion
Kanter's 3 perceptual phenomena that influence group dynamics
1. Visibility 2. Polarization (exaggeration of differences between majority and minority) 3. Assimilation (perceiving or misperceiving the characteristics to be more like a stereotype than they actually are)
Reducing intergroup conflict:
1. equal status contact 2. superordinate goals 3. form a common group identity
Sherif's stages of Realistic Conflict Theory:
1. formation of group that was based on interpersonal friendship and led to development of group culture 2. intergroup conflict that was created due to intergroup competition and led to aggression 3. intergroup cooperation that was developed due to presence of superordinate goals and transformed intergroup hostility to cooperation
Davis's 3 preconditions for relative deprivation to occur
1. not possessing x 2. wanting x 3. feeling entitled to x
The three factors that contribute to groupthink
1. overestimating invulnerability and morality 2. closed-mindedness 3. pressure toward uniformity
Typnology of Responses (4)
1. voice (talking things over w/ partner) 2. neglect (giving up on relationship) 3. exit (leaving relationship) 4. loyalty (staying committed to relationship[..when they probably shouldn't])
Which of the following people is most likely to be helped?
5-year-old Tony
A strategy that works to create unilateral and persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between competing groups is known as
GRIT
According to the textbook, the reduction in nuclear weapons and the end of the Cold War in the 1980's by Soviet President Gorbachev was an example of
GRIT - graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction.
Researchers Schumann and Ross (2010) examined gender differences in apologies. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Men in the study committed fewer transgressions than women.
How does modelling impact helping behaviour?
Modelling helping behaviour can lead to increases in helping behaviour by others in some cases, and decreases in others.
Which of the following traits has not been found to be associated with attractive people, as compared to unattractive people?
More anxious
Riaz's company is having tension between the managers, who are mainly White, and the support staff, who are mainly from visible minority groups. Riaz suggests to his boss that a company picnic would be a great way to reduce tensions. Will this idea work?
No, because there is not equal status contact.
In Plaks & Higgins' (2000) study on social compensation, what was found?
Participants gave more correct answers to verbal tasks when they thought they had a male partner.
Cottrell et al. (1968) conducted research on the effect of arousal on performance. Participants were asked to pronounce nonsense words and their performance was measured in three different conditions. Which of the following was NOT a finding of this study?
Participants in the "audience" condition; where others were present and could evaluate the performance, were the most accurate.
Which of the following was NOT found in the research by Crandall and colleagues (2001) in their cross-cultural study of anti-fat attitudes?
Participants who had anti-fat attitudes were most prejudiced against fat women.
What can be concluded about conflict resolutions and culture?
People in collectivistic cultures achieve better conflict resolution than people in individualistic cultures.
_______________ refers to the tendency to see things in line with one's own beliefs and expectations.
Perceptual confirmation
________________ focuses on the costs and rewards of a relationship to determine relationship satisfaction.
Social exchange theory
According to research by Johnson & Downing (1979), which examined the relationship between anonymity and prosocial/antisocial cues in the environment, which of the following is TRUE?
When there are prosocial cues in the environment, deindividuation may increase prosocial behaviour (giving fewer shocks).
stereotype
a belief that associates a whole group of people with a certain trait
comparison level for alternatives (CLalt)
a calculation regarding the expected benefits and costs that a person could receive from having a relationship with various other alternatives
Superordinate goals
a goal that can only be achieved if the members of both groups cooperate (reduces group conflict if achieved)
groupthink
a group decision-making style that is characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence, consensus, and unanimity, as opposed to making the best decision
Social loafing
a group-produced reduction in individual output on easy tasks where contributions are pooled
negative-state relief hypothesis
a hypothesis that people are motivated to help others in order to relieve their own negative feelings
arousal-affect/excitation transfer model
a model describing aggression as influenced by both the intensity of the arousal and the type of emotion produced by the stimulus
general aggression model
a model proposing that both individual differences and situational factors lead to aggression-related thoughts, feelings, and/or physiological arousal
decision-making model
a model that describes helping behaviour as a function of five distinctive steps (p.448)
arousal/cost-reward model
a model that describes helping behaviour as caused in part by the physiological arousal that people experience when they see someone in need of help and in part by their calculation of the costs and rewards of providing such help
shifting standards model
a model that posits that people within a group are more often compared to others within that group rather than to people in other groups
collective effect model
a model which describes people's motivation to exert effort in group tasks as depending on whether they believe their distinct efforts will be identifiable and make a difference in the group's success, and they'll experience positive outcomes
rejection-identification model
a model which proposes that people in disadvantaged groups experience a negative impact on their wellbeing when they perceive prejudice and discrimination against themselves
integrative solution
a negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of the contested resources
Who perpetrates the most childhood deaths by abuse or neglect?
a parent
mediation
a particular type of bargaining in which a neutral third party tries to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication between the opposing parties and offering suggestions
meta-stereotype
a person's beliefs about the stereotypes that outgroup members hold about the person's own group
moral reasoning
a personality factor that describes the extent to which a person's willingness to help depends on larger moral standards rather than the person's needs and the expected consequences for him or her helping
social dominance orientation
a personality trait that indicates preference to maintain hierarchy within and between groups
risky shift
a process by which groups tend to make riskier decisions than individuals would make alone
exchange relationships
a relationship in which people desire and expect strict reciprocity
demand/withdraw interaction pattern
a relatively common situation in which one partner is nagging, critical, and insistent about discussing the relationship problems while the other partner is withdrawn, silent, and defensive
According to the Common Ingroup Identity Model, what must two groups share in order to decrease conflict between them?
a sense of belonging that encompasses both groups
social dilemma
a situation where if all individuals make self-interested choices the result will be the worst possible outcome for everyone
common resource dilemma
a social dilemma in which each person can take as much as he or she wants of a common resource, but if everyone takes a much as they want, the resource will eventually be depleted completely (gas, oil)
public goods dilemma
a social dilemma where each person must decide what to contribute to a common pool of resources that will not exist until people contribute to it (blood donation, cancer research).
companionate love
a stable, calm, and dependable kind of love that may include quiet intimacy, stability, shared attitudes/values/life experiences, and high levels of self-disclosure
auto-stereotype
a stereotype that one holds about one's own group
GRIT (graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction)
a strategy for resolving conflict that involves unilateral and persistent efforts to establishing trust and cooperation between opposing parties
tit-for-tat
a strategy in which a prisoner's dilemma situation whereby one starts with cooperation, and then does whatever one's partner does on each subsequent interaction (e.g., cooperate after cooperation and compete after competition from one's partner) allows people to protect themselves
cognitive-neoassociation theory
a theory that describes aggression as caused by experiencing negative affect of any kind, which in turn evokes aggression-related thoughts, memories, feelings, and ideas
instinct theory of aggression
a theory that describes aggression as innate biological drive
social learning theory
a theory that describes behaviour as learned by observing or modelling others' behaviour as well as by the presence of punishments and rewards, or reinforcements
Realistic Conflict Theory
a theory that describes conflict between different groups as resulting from individuals self-motives in competition for jobs, land, power, and other resources
frustration-aggression theory
a theory that frustration always leads to the desire to behave aggressively, and that aggression is caused by frustration
social identity theory
a theory that posits that each person strives to enhance his or her self-esteem, which is composed of two parts: a personal identity, and a social identity
bargaining
a very commonly used approach to resolving conflict at an individual level, whereby an agreement is sought through direct negotiation between both sides in the conflict
In Markus' (1978) research in which participants had to do an easy or hard task alone or before an audience, what was found?
a. The easier task took LESS time with an audience than when alone. b. The harder task MORE time with an audience than when alone. ANS: both a and c
The rarest of love styles, it is characterized by the person being giving selfless, and more concerned with their partner's well-being than their own. This love style is known as
agape.
According to your textbook, people who are generally altruistic share at least one trait, that is
agreeableness.
emotional/hostile agression
agression in which one inflicts harm for its own sake on another
instrumental aggression
agression in which one inflicts harm in order to obtain something of value
Sherif (1966) found that merely increasing contact between members of hostile groups did not reduce tensions. What other condition(s) should be present?
all of the above (superordinate goals, equal status contact, common group identity)
When a person helps another person with no thought of benefit to the self, we call it
altruism.
In Fischer & Greitemeyer's (2006) study of aggression toward women in relation to song lyrics, what was the dependent variable?
amount of hot chili sauce given to a confederate
ultimate attribution error
an error in which people make dispositional attributions for negative behaviour and situational attributions for positive behaviour by outgroup members, yet show the reverse attributions for successes and failures for their ingroup members
Israelis wish to establish a Jewish state in their ancient homeland, while Palestinians wish to establish a Palestinian state in the West Bank. Both sides view their goals are inherently just and fair; a factor leading to conflict known as
biased perceptions.
Freud viewed aggression as energy that builds up over time until released, a process called
catharsis.
Suzanne was preparing a personal ad to attract dating partners. Most likely she would emphasize all of the following, except
character
Suzanne was preparing a personal ad to attract dating partners. Most likely she would emphasize all of the following, except
character.
Reward theory suggests that we like people who are present when we experience reward. This is closely associated with the concept of
classical conditioning.
Reggie is part of the town council. They have all decided that it would be best to build a new road that would bypass the downtown. A woman comes to a town council meeting with scientific evidence that their road's planned route would destroy the remaining ecosystem for a flock of endangered birds. Reggie and the other town council members dismiss her evidence without even considering it. What factor related to groupthink are they mainly showing in this example?
closed-mindedness
how do collectivistic people view their groups vs individualists?
collectivists: make a strong distinction between their group and other groups (strong ingroup vs out group. more likely to cooperate with others in their ingroup) also more ethnocentric individualists: tend to engage in both interpersonal and intergroup relations depending not he situation
Edna wants to stock up on antiviral medication for herself and her family. It is not being produced nearly fast enough to keep up with a quick-rising flu epidemic and there is not enough to go around. Edna is experiencing what is called a
common resource dilemma.
If there is a limited amount of water, it is critical that every person conserves water, but when individual members of the community use all the water they want without consideration for others, this is referred to as a
common resource dilemma.
Henri is always giving his girlfriend Christine flowers and small gifts. Last week, he asked Christine to pick up a book for him and was very surprised when she asked him to pay her back for the cost of the book. In Henri's opinion, he and Christine had a(n) __________ relationship, while she saw them as having a(n) ________________ relationship.
communal; exchange
All of the following are examples of social dilemmas, EXCEPT
community service dilemma.
At the celebration for their 50th wedding anniversary, Bud and Joyce were examples of the kind of long term, stable love that one can depend upon over time. Bud and Joyce are probably experiencing
companionate love
Battered women, with few alternatives in life, are more likely to feel committed to their abusive relationship due to low
comparison level for alternatives.
In the social exchange theory, in addition to the rewards and costs of the relationship, it is important to consider the expectations we hold; the expected outcome of the relationship is known as the
comparison level.
"Opposites Attract" is a phrase that illustrates the factor in attraction known as
complementarity.
Which of the following is NOT a way that stereotypes can be overcome?
concentrate on suppressing stereotypes
aversive prejudice
conscious endorsement of unprejudiced beliefs about a group while at the same time holding unconscious negative attitudes toward the group
Which of the following is NOT a model of leadership?
consensus model
Which of the following is NOT a model of leadership?
consensus model A. contingency model B. transactional versus transformational leadership C. trait model D. consensus model
When Chinese American participants took part in the prisoner's dilemma, they were most likely to ______________ with friends after being primed with _____________ cultural knowledge.
cooperate; Chinese
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a(n) __________ method of testing stereotypes.
covert
According to your textbook, which of the following is not experienced by children of divorce?
decreased likelihood of having children
Which of the following is NOT a factor in groupthink?
decreasing self-awareness
Normally Chet doesn't stop when he encounters a flyer in the parking lot, but today he notices that his professor is coming his way and seems to be picking up the discarded flyers. Chet begins to pick up the flyers and shouts out a greeting to his professor. Chet is probably motivated by
desire for reward.
The bystander effect results mainly from
diffusion of responsibility.
Simply thinking about people we would classify in the very low status groups (e.g. homeless people), according to the model created by Fiske et al. (2002), we experience
disgust.
According to the ultimate attribution error, we tend to make ____________ attributions for negative behaviour by an outgroup member and ____________ attributions negative behaviour by an in-group member.
dispositional; situational
Which of the following is NOT an element of the collective effort model
distraction
Researchers on social facilitation point out that teen drivers have significantly more crashes when others are in the car, due to
distraction.
If one is motivated to help another person to relieve his or her own concerns, this would be referred to as
egoistic behaviour.
Every year at Thanksgiving, Than volunteers to serve dinner at the local homeless shelter. She explains that it doesn't take a lot of time and the people there are so grateful that it really makes her feel better about herself and puts her name on the volunteer list that appears in the newspaper at the end of the year. Than is probably helping, consistent with the
egoistic model of helping.
contingency model:
emphasizes importance of having a match between leader's specific traits and demands of situation (task-oriented people, vs relationship-oriented people)
This type of love style is referred to as passionate love and is characterized by an intense focus on a dating partner; a style known as
eros.
According to the textbook, parents can encourage moral reasoning by using all of the following strategies, EXCEPT
establish strict rules for behaviours with others.
Brendan has Irish heritage and sometimes feels sorry for all the people in the world who are not Irish. This tendency is called
ethnocentrism.
Which theory of attraction is based on Schachter's two-factor theory of emotions?
excitation transfer
If you are in a situation that cues aggression, then any type of arousal can be interpreted as aggression; a model known as
excitation transfer model.
negative attributional traps
explaining a partner's behaviour in negative ways
Over what feature did teacher Jane Elliott successfully create a highly divided classroom?
eye color
Egotistic relative deprivation
feeling deprived as a result of comparing one's status with that of similar others
fraternalistic relative deprivation
feelings of deprivation as a result of comparing the status of one's group to that of another (muslim vs hindu, black vs white)
hostile sexism
feelings of hostility toward women based on their threat to men's power
According to research by Shih et al. (1999), priming which aspect of an Asian woman's identity causes poorer performance on a math test?
female identity
The decision-making process model includes how many steps?
five
Cultures that demonstrate some of the lowest rates of aggression share all of the following principles, EXCEPT
formalized mechanisms for conflict resolution.
transformational leaders
foster trust among group members, build identification with and excitement about higher-level group goals, and examine new approaches for problem solving (results in better performance due to intrinsic motivation)
Which theory of aggression says that aggression is caused by people being prevented from getting something they want?
frustration-aggression theory
Ann was trying to reach her professor to let her know she would be late for class today. However, when she called she discovered she was in a lengthy automated answering system and became more and more frustrated as the minutes ticked by. Finally, Ann threw her book across the room and stormed out for class. This is an example of explaining aggression through the
frustration-aggression theory.
When people are prevented from having something they want, they experience
frustration.
One positive result of group processes is that groups with the attribute of ____________________ tend to perform better.
group cohesion
A group that has _____________________ is characterized by a tendency by members to seek out consensus, concurrence and unanimity, as well as often stifling dissenting views.
groupthink
Research in neurobiology has found that people in collectivistic cultures
have decreased frequencies of anxiety and mood disorders
benevolent sexism
having positive, but patronizing views of women
altruism
helping without expectation of personal gain
Arousal/cost-reward model is to _____________ as social exchange model is to ____________.
helping; relationship satisfaction
According to the model created by Fiske, et al. (2002), we treat high-status groups (e.g. rich people) as
high competence, low warmth.
The relationship between cohesion and performance is greatest when the team is
highly interdependent.
prejudice
hostile or negative feelings about people baed on their membership in a certain group
Cohen et al.'s (1996) study of aggression following provocation (bumping and calling a person a curse word), what was the dependent variable?
how close the participant came to bumping into the confederate before yielding
In Cohen et al.'s (1996) study of aggression following provocation (bumping and calling a person a curse word), what was the dependent variable?
how close the participant came to bumping into the confederate before yielding
Realizing that no one would know who had contributed to the final group effort, Shea decided to engage in social loafing, demonstrating the influence of
identifiable contributions
Professor Edwards noticed that the psychology majors worked harder on their Introduction to Psychology group projects than other students in the class. She attributed their lack of social loafing to
importance of task.
reciprocity
in-kind response to the behaviour of others
Equal Status Contact
increase interaction between people in different groups (in level playing field circumstances) (reduces intergroup conflict)
Which of the following is NOT a reason why stereotype threat leads to decreased performance?
increased production of the neurotransmitter serotonin
According to Berry (2001), if newcomers to a society highly value maintaining their original cultural identity AND also highly value contact/participation with larger society, they are using the acculturation strategy of
integration.
When we examine the way that skinheads behave towards Roma gypsies in Europe, we are looking at
intergroup relations.
According to your textbook, which of the following is not a factor that influences interpersonal attraction?
introversion as a personality trait
Manny pushed his son out of the way of the oncoming car, taking the brunt force of the car's impact while saving his son from injury. This behaviour represents
kinship selection.
collectivistic cultures in group processes:
less likely to loaf when in a strong "us" ingroup, if stuck in a "them" group, they will loaf
According to your textbook, loneliness is associated with all of the following, except
lower rates of mortality.
Jessica discovered that she walked from her car to class more quickly when others were also walking as opposed to very early when she walked alone. One explanation for the arousal that may be affecting her walking speed is
mere presence
Jessica discovered that she walked from her car to class more quickly when others were also walking as opposed to very early when she walked alone. One explanation for the arousal that may be affecting her walking speed is
mere presence.
Stereotypes that you believe that other people hold about your own group are called ___________________.
meta-stereotypes
Students who watched wrestling on television are more likely to engage in fights with peers; an example of the theory that
modelling aggression may increase aggression
This personality factor describes the extent to which a person's willingness to help is a function of his or her own needs and expected consequences, rather than on larger moral standards, and is referred to as
moral reasoning.
Group polarization refers to the tendencies of group members to become _____________ following group discussion.
more extreme
Faces that appear symmetrical are rated as all of the following, except
more neurotic.
All of the following are factors that lead to deindividuation, EXCEPT
multiple group leaders
self-evaluation maintenance model
the theory that our self-concept can be threatened if someone performs better than us on a task that is relevant to our sense of esteem
social exchange theory
the theory that people's satisfaction in a relationship is determined by the costs and rewards of the relationship
equity theory
the theory that relationship satisfaction depends on the ratio of costs and benefits for each partner in a relationship
Whenever Derek does a competitive move, Bart does a competitive move. Whenever Derek does a cooperative move, Bart does a cooperative move. Bart seems to be following what strategy?
the tit-for-tat strategy
intergroup relations
the way in which people in groups perceive, think about, and act towards people in other groups
If you want to encourage your child to interact with a classmate who is physically challenged, you might ask them to take the other child's perspective. Research shows that in perspective-taking, it is more effective if you ask the person to focus on
their emotions.
The textbook suggests that people in collectivist countries achieve better resolutions to conflict because
they tend to see multiple perspectives.
Research on the best predictor of long term satisfaction in relationships indicates that
those who are similar are more satisfied.
In Martens et al.'s (2007) research in which people killed bugs, which group killed the most bugs in the "extermination task"?
those who were allowed to kill 5 bugs in the practice task
Researchers suggest that it is best to seem __________ when bargaining in order to get the best deal.
tough
Leaders who foster trust among group members, build excitement about higher-level group goals and examine new approaches for problem solving are known as
transformational leaders
Which of the following is NOT a strategy suggested to resolve social dilemmas?
use persuasive messages regarding the resource
In research that examined teams with varying ratios of males to females, Kanter (1997) found that three perceptual phenomena influenced group dynamics:
visibility, polarization, assimilation
good mood effect
when people are in a good mood, they are more likely to help
social facilitation
when people do better on a task in the presence of others than when they're alone (increased arousal on something they're already confident in their ability in)
social inhibition
when people do worse on a task in the presence of others than when they're alone (usually on tasks that they already find difficult)
excitation transfer
when the arousal caused by one's stimulus is added to the arousal from a second stimulus and the combined arousal is erroneously attributed to the second stimulus
group polarization
when the initial tendencies of group members become more extreme following group discussion
Brown's definition of a group:
when two or more people define themselves as members of it and when its existence is recognized by at least one other
All of the following are recommendations to avoid the negative effects of prejudice, EXCEPT
when you perceive discrimination played a role in your failure, share that privately with in-group members.
Effective women leaders often exhibit different leadership than men, including all of the following, EXCEPT
women are more effective with short-term groups focused on a specific task.
The decision whether to donate blood or not is an example of a
public goods dilemma
The decision whether to donate blood or not is an example of a
public goods dilemma.
This personality variable refers to the extent that one wants his or her in-group to dominate and be superior to outgroups. This variable is referred to as
social dominance orientation.
The theory that one's self-concept can be threatened if someone else performs better on a self-relevant task is known as
self-evaluation maintenance model.
In an experiment (Levine, et al., 2005) a group of participants, who were all fans of one soccer team, encountered someone in distress who was either wearing a shirt for their team, a shirt for a rival, or a shirt that was neutral. Participants were much more likely to help the person wearing the shirt for their team, demonstrating the relationship factor of
similarity.
A theory that people's satisfaction in a relationship is determined by the costs and rewards of this relationship is referred to as
social exchange theory.
When people do better in a group than alone, it is referred to as
social facilitation.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding jigsaw classrooms?
Academic performance rises for all students more than in non-jigsaw classrooms.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the role of genetics in aggression?
Approximately 20% of the variance in aggression is accounted for by genetic factors.
How does the presence of guns affect aggression rates?
B. Just having a gun present increases the likelihood of aggression. C. Having a gun in the house triples a person's risk of being killed. D. Both b and c.
Billy bullied other children for their lunch money. A social learning explanation for Billy's aggression would probably be
Billy is being reinforced for his aggression through the acquisition of the lunch money.
The U.S. decision to invade Iraq and the escalation of the Vietnam War are described in the textbook as examples of what social psychology concept?
C. groupthink
When do people from collectivist cultures show the social loafing effect?
Collectivists may socially loaf when they are with members of an outgroup
According to your textbook, which of the following is not an effective strategy for resolving conflict in relationships?
Deny the conflicts.
Of the following countries, which has the largest percentage of people who would tell their fiancé to work hard to "fit in" with the family in the case of a fiancé-family conflict?
Greece
In Turner et al.'s (1992) study of automobile production workers, which of the following was found?
High-cohesive groups made better decisions than low-cohesive groups when threat levels were low.
According to scientific research, which of the following statements is most accurate about catharsis?
Higher levels of initial aggressive behaviour can lead to increasing levels of aggression later.
A covert measure is based on the assumption that one would respond faster to concepts closely associated rather than those weakly associated. The measure is known as
Implicit Association Test (IAT).
Which of the following theories does NOT state that social psychological factors lead to aggression?
Instinct theory
in a study examining the role of perspective taking and prosocial behaviour, Batson et al. (2003) asked students to assign themselves and another person to a research task; one of the tasks was less desirable. Students in the experimental condition were asked to complete a perspective taking exercise. The findings of this study included all of the following statements, EXCEPT
Perspective taking seems to have a negative correlation with prosocial behaviour.
Regarding research examining rates of testosterone and misbehaviour of male prisoners (Dabbs et al., 1995),which of the following statements is FALSE?
Prisoners with high testosterone levels also had high serotonin levels.
All of the following would be considered acts of aggression, based on the psychological definition of aggression, EXCEPT
Rodica accidentally runs into Michael, causing Michael to fall and hurt his hand.
Which of the following people is most likely to accurately remember positive feedback about themselves?
Ronnie, who is not at all lonely
Marisa, who coaches a junior high school soccer team, is concerned because some team members occasionally "play dirty". Marisa, who has taken a social psychology course, thinks that the cause may be the anonymity given to the players by their team uniforms. What would be a good way for Marisa to decrease deindividuation?
She should make each team member have their names on their uniforms.
Shared Information Bias
Tendency to only discuss information that most people already know - Causes group members to overlook useful information
What hormone is correlated with high aggression?
Testosterone
In Cohen et al.'s (1996) study of aggression following provocation (bumping and calling a person a curse word), what was the dependent variable?
The correct answer is: how close the participant came to bumping into the confederate before yielding
Group Cohesiveness
The degree to which a group is or perceived to be close knit and similar - Promotes liking and ingroup favouritism - Affects stereotyping of the group by outsiders
In relation to helping, what does overjustification refer to?
The fact that giving a reward can undermine spontaneous helping.
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint that can occur in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, also leads to tendency to not follow rules
Halo effect
The tendency to assume that people with one positive acribute also have other positive traits
After children had watched a violent detective movie in Drabman & Thomas's (1974, 1975) research, what happened (compared to children who watched a non-violent movie)?
They took longer to seek adult help when real-life aggression occurred.
Based on research, what do women actually prefer in a dating partner?
They want androgynous men more than they want highly masculine men.
In Batson et al.'s (1981) study in which participants were asked to trade places with a person who was receiving electric shocks, which group of participants was LEAST likely to trade places?
Those who felt dissimilar to the shocked person and had to watch the person get 2 shocks.
In Konrath et al.'s (2006) study of empathy and aggression, which group chose softer levels of noise for their essay-feedback partner?
Those who received harsh feedback from the partner and were told they shared a birthday with the partner.
Researchers have found that a self-fulfilling prophecy may worsen hearing loss in people from what country?
United States
When testing the "racial democracy theory", Pena et al. (2004) found that people in which country had the lowest implicit and explicit racial prejudice against Blacks?
United States
Kim is an English major in a successful romantic relationship who wants to become a famous fiction writer one day. According to the self-evaluation maintenance model, when is Kim LEAST likely to help her friend Rachel?
When Rachel needs help submitting fiction to the college's annual fiction contest
Which of the following was NOT found in research by Prati & Pietrantoni (2009) regarding Italian police officers' perceptions of crowds?
Whether members are violent or not, police officers tend to view crowds as a homogeneous threat.
Reframing has been suggested as a way to decrease stereotypes. For example, stereotypes about Native Canadians could be reduced by reframing inequality as
White privilege enjoyed by European Canadians.
Which of the following people would be most likely to be envied
Ying, an Asian man
Which of the following people would be most likely to be envied?
Ying, an Asian man (because he is out group vs larry, duke, and chris)
passionate love
an intense, exciting, and all-consuming type of love, which includes constant thoughts about the person, powerful physical attraction and intense communication
Communication can increase cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma because group members develop _______________ for behaving cooperatively.
an internalized personal norm
Francois noticed that his military unit engaged in more questionable behaviours when they were in uniform as opposed to their civilian clothes. They experienced deindividuation due to
anonymity.
Adults who want desperately to have close relationships, but are less trusting of others and fear their partner will leave them, becoming jealous and possessive have a(n)
anxious attachment style.
prosocial behaviour
any behaviour that has the goal of helping another person
Which conflict resolution strategy tends to result in the LEAST satisfaction?
arbitration
Helping as a result of the physiological arousal from seeing someone in need of help and the calculation of the costs and rewards of providing help describes the
arousal/cost-reward model.
According to Berry (2001), if newcomers to a society do not highly value maintaining their original cultural identity but do highly value contact/participation with larger society, they are using the acculturation strategy of
assimilation
The United States has often been termed as a "melting pot". According to Berry (2001), this suggests that the larger society is seeking
assimilation by newcomers.
Based largely on early childhood experiences with their caregivers, as adults, we have expectations about our relationship partners that are referred to as
attachment styles.
Stereotypes that you hold about your own group are called ___________________.
auto-stereotypes
A person with a _________________ attachment style in childhood is likely to not need or desire close relationships in adulthood.
avoidant
discrimination
behaviour directed against people solely because of their membership in a particular group
acculturation
behavioural and psychological changes that happen when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first hand contact
One reason why we make dispositional attributions for negative behaviour for those in the outgroup and situational attributions for the same behaviour committed by a member of the in-group is our
belief in a just world.
The phenomenon in which people believe that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people is referred to as
belief in a just world.
According to Glick & Fiske (1996, 2001), a view of women as needing protection and affection is known as
benevolent sexism.
In an experiment by Darley & Gross (1983), research participants were given information about a child's background (poor or rich background). Half of the group then watched a video of the child answering some academic questions, with inconsistent performance. Those with negative expectations, based on the child's background, rated her lower on work habits, motivation, and cognitive skills; those with positive expectations rated her higher on those variables, demonstrating
perceptual confirmation.
Arthur has been practicing foul shooting for over 8 years and is proficient at making the shot. According to Zajonc's theory of social facilitation, when Arthur needs to shoot a foul shot during the big game, in the presence of a crowd, he should
perform better
Which of the following is NOT an influence on our social identity?
personal achievements
According to the social identity theory, self-esteem is composed of both ___________ and _____________ identities.
personal; social
aggression
physical or verbal behaviour that is intended to harm another individual who is motivated to avoid such treatment
During the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre, many people made decisions about how they should react to the situation based on the reactions of others; a tendency that is referred to as
pluralistic ignorance
Not interpreting a situation as an emergency in a group setting can arise from
pluralistic ignorance.
People may deliberately ignore the bad and minimize the conflicts in their relationship or their relationship partner; a tendency that is referred to as
positive illusion.
reverse discrimination
preferential treatment of people in stereotyped groups
In reverse discrimination, the minority group gets treated
preferentially.
The hostile or negative feelings we hold for certain people based on their membership in a certain group are known as
prejudice
The hostile or negative feelings we hold for certain people based on their membership in a certain group are known as
prejudice.
Highly cohesive groups with similar backgrounds may fall prey to this factor of groupthink.
pressure toward uniformity
In this dilemma, both parties must choose to either cooperate or compete with each other. The choice to cooperate is only beneficial when both parties make this choice. This is an example of the
prisoner's dilemma.
intragroup processes
processes that happen within a group
intergroup processes
processes that occur between groups of people
Alison helps out at the homeless shelter because it will look good on her law school application. Jeanne also works at the shelter, but she volunteers because she feels compassion for the homeless people. Alison's behaviour is ____________________ while Jeanne's behaviour is ___________________.
prosocial; altruism
During the first week of school, the teachers and aides spent more time on the playground and could be found talking with children about situations where they might be tempted to act out aggressively. When children were acting aggressively, the teachers would ask them to consider how the other child felt about the situation. Finally at the end of the week, the children viewed a video in which the characters demonstrated alternative behaviours that the children could use. The school is using all of the following strategies to reduce aggression, EXCEPT
punishing aggressive behaviour.
Fein & Spencer (1997) asked research participants to evaluate a job candidate based on resume, picture, and videotaped interview. By the candidate's name, research participants would view the candidate as either Italian or Jewish. Some of the participants received positive feedback just prior to the evaluation and others received negative feedback. Those who received negative feedback
rated the Jewish candidate more severely and experienced an increase in self esteem after the evaluation.
An ultra-conservative radio show host ranted against immigrants who are taking all of the jobs in Canada so that "real Canadians" are starving. This prejudicial statement is a good example of
realistic conflict theory.
When a person's basic needs, such as food, shelter, or health care, are not met, that person is experiencing
realistic deprivation.
Ginnie helps people on her street rake their leaves each fall and they often help her by clearing snow from her sidewalk. Since Ginnie is not related to anyone in her neighbourhood, this examples best matches which concept?
reciprocal altruism
Rachel was happy to give Dan a ride to school one week while his car was being repaired because she felt that she now could ask Dan for a ride if her car broke down. Rachel is motivated to help Dan because of
reciprocal altruism.
mirror-image perception
reciprocal view when each group sees its own behaviour as caused by the actions of the other side
Brooke decided that she would send a donation to a charitable organization that rescues horses since they sent her a set of very attractive address labels. The organization was hoping to get donations based on the ideas of the norm of
reciprocity.
The idea that we should help those who are in need of assistance, because they will then help us in the future is referred to as the norm of
reciprocity.
Scott watched as Kate tried to keep her three young children occupied while waiting for the plane to take off. Finally, Scott began to engage one of the children, asking about his favourite toys, so that the chaos subsided. Scott was probably motivated to help Kate due to
reduction of aversive arousal.
Aggression may result when you have an unfavourable comparison between what you have and what those to whom you are comparing yourself have. This is known as
relative deprivation.
Janna felt very fortunate to be hired as a summer student at the biology lab. However, she recently found out that one of the other students is being paid $1 more per hour. Now Janna is much less satisfied with her job. Janna is experiencing
relative deprivation.
catharsis
release of suppressed energy or emotion
arbitration
resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement
It has been found that feeling _______________ by other people in your group increases cooperation
respected
If a company used a different standard for employment for members of minority groups or women, such as lowering the score necessary on an exam, this would be an example of
reverse discrimination.
transactional leaders
reward desirable behaviours, and act once mistakes or problems occur (less performance, less intrinsic motivation)
Groups of adolescents will often make foolish and risky decisions that individuals would not make alone. This is an example of
risky shift.
What kind of attachment style is associated with greater relationship satisfaction for gay and lesbian couples?
secure attachment style
The textbook author suggests that exposure to violence may help to create a ________________ worldview in a person.
suspicious and cynical
Which of the following is NOT one of the explanations for social facilitation?
task importance
Which of the following is NOT one of the explanations for social facilitation?
task importance A. evaluation apprehension B. distraction C. task importance D. mere presence of others
evaluation apprehension
that social facilitation is caused not simply by mere presence, but by concern about being evaluated by one's audience
empathy
the ability to understand other people's perspectives and respond emotionally to other people's experiences
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's cultural values are shared by others. Think our ethnicity is the center/ dominant.
absolute or realistic deprivation
the belief that one's own resources are directly threatened by people in other groups
diffusion of responsibility
the belief that other people present in a situation will assume responsibility, which contributes to the bystander effect
attachment styles
the expectations that a person has about a relationship partner, based largely on the person's early experiences with his or her caregivers
comparison level
the expected outcome of a relationship, meaning the extent to which a person expects his or her relationship to be rewarding
stereotype threat
the fear that one's behaviour may confirm an existing cultural stereotype, which then disrupts one's performance
relative deprivation
the feelings of discontent caused by the belief that one fares poorly compared to people in other groups
During a fair, Karl sees that a man has fallen down. Since there is no one else around and Karl knows it is an emergency, he feels like he should help. But Karl has no training in CPR or first aid, so Karl hurries off instead of helping. Which step of the decision-making process model lead to inaction on Karl's part?
the fourth
When gender stereotypes are used, what area of the brain seems to be activated?
the frontal cortex
Which theory of aggression combines multiple theories into one?
the general aggression model
urban overload hypothesis
the hypothesis that people who life in urban areas are constantly exposed to stimulation, which in turn leads them to decrease their awareness of their environment
