Social Psych Final Exam

In one of the most infamous cases of the bystander effect, ____ neighbors watched as Kitty Genovese was repeatedly attacked and sexually assaulted (and eventually killed). None of those observers called police until 45 minutes had passed. You Answered 12 25 Correct Answer 38 51

38

Katarina is on a plane that has been hijacked. Assuming she will be in this situation for an extended period of time, which of the following coping strategies to alleviate her stress would probably be least effective? Distracting herself Correct! Helping other passengers Deep breathing exercises Chanting a scriptural verse

Helping other passengers

Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be most likely to study? Is there a link between social environment of one's upbringing and his/her cognitive abilities? What risk factors contribute to the onset of schizophrenia? Correct! Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior? What is the relationship between race and ethnicity?

Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior?

Which of the following statements about empathy is most accurate? It has emotional and behavioral components but not a cognitive component. You Answered It is uniquely human and begins to appear after adolescence. It is independent of the ability to take another person's perspective. Correct Answer It is much debated as to how it should be defined.

It is much debated as to how it should be defined.

Jack and Diane have been dating and living together for two years. Jack always puts Diane's needs before his own, is very supportive of Diane, and devotes a great deal of time and energy to the relationship. Diane, on the other hand, focuses on her own needs and problems and does not exert a great deal of effort when it comes to the relationship. According to equity theorists, Jack should feel underbenefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, whereas Diane will be content because her needs are being met at minimal cost to her. Jack and Diane should be content with the relationship because people in an equity relationship do not keep track of costs and benefits. Correct! Jack should feel underbenefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, and Diane should feel overbenefited and guilty. Jack should feel content with the relationship because he knows he's working for his partner's happiness, but Diane will feel overbenefited and guilty.

Jack should feel underbenefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, and Diane should feel overbenefited and guilty.

Karen and Rob are talking to a mutual friend who suddenly breaks down and asks if one of them can stay and talk about an important problem. Who is probably more likely to help? Correct! Karen is more likely to help. Rob is more likely to help. Both are equally likely to help. Whether Karen or Rob is more likely to help depends on the gender of the friend.

Karen is more likely to help.

Your friend is thinking of purchasing a self-help weight-loss CD that promises its effects through subliminal persuasive messages embedded in the music. What should you tell her research shows about the effectiveness of such programs? Such programs are very effective but require discipline and persistence. Such programs are effective only among the people who are acutely obese. Correct! No solid evidence exists to support such programs. Subliminal messages work more effectively through visual (DVD) media than audio (CD) media.

No solid evidence exists to support such programs.

Which of the following has not been revealed by research on the relationship between optimism and health? Optimists are more likely than pessimists to make a quicker and fuller recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery. A positive correlation exists between hopelessness and mortality. Optimism can have negative consequences when it leads people to believe that they have control over uncontrollable events. Correct! Optimists are more likely than pessimists to take an emotion-focused approach to dealing with stress.

Optimists are more likely than pessimists to take an emotion-focused approach to dealing with stress.

Which of the following hormones has been implicated by neuroscientists in empathy and prosocial behaviors? Correct! Oxytocin Cortical Estrogen Testosterone

Oxytocin

In an experiment that tested the effects of negative emotions on the immune system, experimenters gave each participant a blister using a vacuum pump. Which of the following participants took the longest to heal? Participants who had financial problems You Answered Participants who had recently undergone a major life stressor Participants who ate an unhealthy diet Correct Answer Participants who had anger-control problems

Participants who had anger-control problems

Joey and Chandler are not related to each other, yet Chandler goes out of his way to leave work early so he can give Joey a ride to the airport. From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following concepts applies to Chandler's behavior toward Joey? Kin selection Correct! Reciprocal altruism The cost-reward model Moral hypocrisy

Reciprocal altruism

_______ is the form of social influence that does not necessarily involve an active group. Group polarization Social loafing Groupthink Correct! Social facilitation

Social facilitation

Read the factors below. Which of these is most likely to increase the chances of receiving help in an emergency situation? A large group of bystanders witnesses the emergency. The emergency occurs in a busy environment. The emergency involves two victims who are clearly related. Correct! The situation is clearly an emergency that is difficult to ignore.

The situation is clearly an emergency that is difficult to ignore.

Alain Cohn and others (2019) conducted a three-year study around the world to see how strangers would respond to being handed a "lost" wallet. What conclusion did the researchers come to, as to why the strangers returned the wallets that contained money? Correct! The strangers did not want to violate a norm against taking someone's money. The strangers felt that nearby surveillance cameras had recorded them accepting the wallet. The strangers wanted a reward for turning in the wallet. The strangers were afraid of being accused of stealing the wallet.

The strangers did not want to violate a norm against taking someone's money.

William Swann and others (2007) found that people with specific domains of self-esteem benefit in what ways? You Answered They are likely to feel good about themselves. They are likely to do well in school. Correct Answer They are likely to outperform others in the specific situations for which they have high self-esteem. They are likely to enjoy trying new things that are unrelated to the situations for which they have high self-esteem.

They are likely to outperform others in the specific situations for which they have high self-esteem.

Why do social psychologists use the scientific method when studying human behavior? To encourage the use of basic research rather than applied research Correct Answer To replicate their findings To ensure that the right people get credit for the research. You Answered To provide a solid theoretical foundation for social psychological research.

To replicate their findings

The bystander effect can be reduced if Correct! a bystander's training is relevant to the emergency at hand. there are many bystanders. the bystanders do not know each other. the bystanders do not know the victim.

a bystander's training is relevant to the emergency at hand.

Groups tend to outperform individuals on Correct Answer additive tasks, but not conjunctive tasks. disjunctive tasks, but not conjunctive tasks. You Answered conjunctive tasks, but not additive tasks. additive, conjunctive, and disjunctive tasks.

additive tasks, but not conjunctive tasks.

The empathy-altruism hypothesis maintains that, regardless of how easy it is to escape from a situation, people will help someone else if their motives are Correct Answer altruistic. simplistic. idiographic. You Answered egoistic.

altruistic.

As demonstrated by the Good Samaritan study, people are less likely to notice an emergency if they display empathic concern for others. are aware of their surroundings. are in a good mood. Correct! are under time pressure.

are under time pressure.

Kirk, a college student, does not consider his body weight an important part of his life. Despite seeing his friends maintaining healthy diets and sweating it out at the gym, Kirk remains unaffected by these influences. In the context of the self, Kirk is _____ about his weight. dialectic Correct! aschematic egotistic schematic

aschematic

Peggy feels sorry for smokers who have lung cancer because she believes they were duped by tobacco companies to develop a deadly addiction and are therefore not responsible for their disease. When asked to donate money to support lung cancer research, Peggy gives generously. Peggy's prosodies behavior can best be explained by the negative state relief model. Correct! attributions of responsibility. the arousal: cost-reward model. a norm of equity.

attributions of responsibility.

The concept that concerns the ambivalence between one's sincere, fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, and their largely unconscious and unrealized prejudicial feelings and beliefs, is called ____ racism. modern Correct Answer aversive explicit You Answered implicit

aversive

Though occasional victories can elevate one's happiness level, and setbacks can decrease it, research finds that people have a set ____ level of happiness to which the person gravitates. static appraisal equilibrium Correct! baseline

baseline

Imagine that some researchers conducted a study and interpreted the results of the study as indicative of normative influence. These researchers are most likely to reach this conclusion if participants in their study were truly convinced that the majority was correct in their opinions. behaved in a way that would be considered normal to people in Western cultures. did what they felt was morally right, even if it violated social norms in the process. Correct! conformed because they feared being rejected for appearing deviant.

conformed because they feared being rejected for appearing deviant.

When Ayanna passes a class, she thinks her success is due to her hard work. When she fails a class, she thinks her failure is due to a lack of hard work. These perceptions reflect a sense of ____ and make it ____ likely that Ayanna will get sick. You Answered learned helplessness; more burnout; more commitment; less Correct Answer control; less

control; less

Yoshiko won $500,000 in a lottery. Research suggests that after the initial excitement wears off, her overall level of happiness will increase, as will the pleasure she derives from routine activities. increase, though she will derive less pleasure from routine activities. decrease, as will the pleasure she derives from routine activities. decrease, though she will derive greater pleasure from routine activities.

decrease, as will the pleasure she derives from routine activities.

The rebound effect in thought suppression disappears when people try to think positively. receive social support. Correct! engage in focused distraction. are high in self-efficacy.

engage in focused distraction.

After an extraordinarily stressful six months at work, Mahmoud expected some let up in the pressure. However, with the launch of a new project he found himself deluged with more work and, as a consequence, felt his stress mount. He is most likely to enter the ________ stage. alarm Correct! exhaustion resistance resolution

exhaustion

According to the research by Susan Nolen-Hoeksema and Jannay Morrow (1991) with a group of Stanford University students, the distressing effects of a natural disaster are most likely to emerge among individuals who were least distressed before the event. are high in self-efficacy. Correct! experienced the most danger during the event. rely on emotion-focused coping.

experienced the most danger during the event.

Alice needs help in finishing her final Biology project, and Bella is capable of giving it. Bella is more likely to help if she perceives Alice as responsible for her predicament. is low on agreeability. endorses the norm of justice more than the norm of social responsibility. Correct! has a shared identity with Alice.

has a shared identity with Alice.

Research on culture and helping indicates that collectivist cultures are more likely to help their ____ and less likely to help their ____. Correct! ingroup; outgroup outgroup; ingroup children; parents parents; children

ingroup; outgroup

All of the following have been shown in research on priming except that priming Correct Answer is more likely when people are aware of the exposure. may have effects on our social perceptions of others. may affect our social behavior. You Answered demonstrates the effects of recent events on our perceptions.

is more likely when people are aware of the exposure.

A classic book, The Selfish Gene, by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins suggests that evolutionary perspectives emphasize not the survival of the fittest individuals but the fittest individual does not gain an advantage over the less-fit. the economic rewards of helping are greater than the costs. Correct Answer it helps to secure propagation of an individual's genes. You Answered it is performed for altruistic rather than egoistic motives.

it helps to secure propagation of an individual's genes.

According to Seligman (1975), depression results primarily from hedonic adaptation. Correct! learned helplessness. Type B personality. general adaptation syndrome.

learned helplessness.

In their study of procrastination, Tice and Baumeister (1997) found that, compared to non-procrastinators, procrastinators tended to report lower levels of stress throughout the semester. higher levels of stress throughout the semester. Correct! lower levels of stress early in the semester and higher levels late in the semester. higher levels of stress early in the semester and lower levels late in the semester.

lower levels of stress early in the semester and higher levels late in the semester.

Married couples who are financially strained are more likely to experience high levels of satisfaction, but low levels of commitment. high levels of commitment, but low levels of satisfaction. illusions of invulnerability in their relationship. Correct! more distress and conflict in their relationship.

more distress and conflict in their relationship.

Imagine that an earthquake occurs in Missouri soon after a hurricane strikes Florida and a flood strikes South Dakota. Jorge, a psychiatrist with a specialty in dealing with suicidal individuals, is ready to be dispatched to one of these locations to offer assistance. Based on the suicide rates that follow major disasters, Jorge will be needed You Answered equally in all three locations. Correct Answer more in Missouri and Florida than in South Dakota. more in Florida and South Dakota than in Missouri. more in Missouri and South Dakota than in Florida.

more in Missouri and Florida than in South Dakota.

In Powers and colleagues (2006) research, boyfriends and girlfriends who were insecurely attached had ____ physiological stress responses when engaged in a ____ task. Correct! more; conflict less; conflict more; cooperative less; cooperative

more; conflict

The empathy-altruism model suggests that when escape from a situation is easy, people will Correct! offer help only when they have empathic concern. offer help only when they are in a good mood. almost always exhibit altruism. be likely to experience empathic concern.

offer help only when they have empathic concern.

Sue Ellen typically explains negative events using temporary, specific, external attributions. According to Seligman (1991), Sue Ellen could best be described as exhibiting control. You Answered hardiness. commitment. Correct Answer optimism.

optimism.

Latané and Darley's (1968) "smoke-filled room" study demonstrates the concept of diffusion of responsibility. Correct! pluralistic ignorance. audience inhibition. negative state relief.

pluralistic ignorance.

Upfront efforts to ward off or modify the onset of a stressful event are referred to _____ coping. problem-focused emotion-focused proactive active

proactive

According to Latané and Darley's (1970) five-step model of helping, analysis of costs and rewards occurs just prior to noticing the event. interpreting the event as an emergency. taking responsibility to help. Correct! providing help.

providing help.

Walter and Helen are both recently divorced and trying to cope with the stress of their failed relationships. Compared to Walter, Helen is more likely to cope by ruminating about her negative feelings. using physical activity as a distraction. engaging in antisocial behavior. using alcohol or drugs to escape her feelings.

ruminating about her negative feelings.

A person's belief that he or she is capable of the specific behavior required to produce a desired outcome in a given situation is called self-efficacy. control. hardiness. internal explanatory style.

self-efficacy.

People who have experienced distressing or traumatic events derive more satisfaction from helping strangers than from helping close others. Correct! show mental and physical health benefits from helping others. more carefully weigh the potential costs of helping. are paradoxically less likely to help others if they themselves were helped.

show mental and physical health benefits from helping others

The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave when in the real, implied, or imagined presence of others is called ____ psychology. clinical Correct! social developmental interactive

social

Sophia is anxious about her first day of school. Her mother assures her that everything is fine, walks her to the classroom door, and waits until she seems comfortable in her new surroundings. Sophia's mother has provided Correct! social support. role modeling. self-focused attention. behavioral skills.

social support.

Evolutionary perspectives on helping behavior suggest that individuals Correct Answer sometimes offer assistance to others even when doing so puts their own survival at great risk. You Answered are more likely to offer help to attractive others who seem to be good potential mates. are more likely to offer help to distant versus close relatives. who only look out for themselves tend to be most successful from a reproductive standpoint.

sometimes offer assistance to others even when doing so puts their own survival at great risk.

Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent, attractive, and fabulously good dancers. This is an example of prejudice. discrimination. You Answered social categorization. Correct Answer stereotyping.

stereotyping.

Having struggled with panhandlers on the subway, hassles at the office, and telephone calls at dinner, Allison retreats to her bedroom rather than noticing that her daughter needs help with a homework assignment. She is probably reacting to social norms. bystander calculus. Correct! stimulus overload. reactance.

stimulus overload.

As a means to cope with stress, what has research on thought suppression shown? You Answered suppressing the display of negative emotion is physiologically beneficial. Correct Answer suppressing the display of emotion is physiologically taxing. keeping an important secret does not result in perceiving the world differently. secret-keeping is critical in building greater emotional strength.

suppressing the display of emotion is physiologically taxing.

Social support is associated with all of the following except prolonging a cancer victim's life. lowering a person's blood pressure. Correct! suppressing the immune system's response to stress. reducing suicidal thoughts among individuals infected with HIV.

suppressing the immune system's response to stress.

Suppose an experiment was conducted where people were asked to watch a political debate between two candidates who have been tied. Half of the participants saw a videotape of the debate where the camera focused on candidate A. The other half of the participants saw a videotape of the debate where the camera focused on candidate B. It is likely that the majority of the participants declared the debate a tie. both groups saw candidate A as victorious. Correct! the group that viewed candidate A thought she was victorious, whereas the group that viewed candidate B thought he was victorious. the group that viewed candidate A thought candidate B was victorious, whereas the group that viewed candidate B thought candidate A was victorious.

the group that viewed candidate A thought she was victorious, whereas the group that viewed candidate B thought he was victorious.

Baron and others (1996) found that participants' levels of conformity depended on how motivated they were to do well. When offered a financial incentive, conformity went down when the task was difficult and up when the task was easy. You Answered up in both conditions. down in both conditions. Correct Answer up when the task was difficult and down when the task was easy.

up when the task was difficult and down when the task was easy.

Research indicates that subliminal influence never occurs. Correct Answer usually occurs in the short term for simple judgments and actions. is more likely among people high in the need for cognition. You Answered can persuade people to take action even when they were previously unmotivated to do so.

usually occurs in the short term for simple judgments and actions.