Social Psych Test
negatively
Researchers reported that both anxiety and depression are ______ correlated with self-efficacy
negatively
Researchers reported that both anxiety and depression are ______ correlated with self-efficacy.
debate whether empathy leads to pure altruism
Researchers who have investigated the relationship between empathy and altruism
social-exchange theory; evolutionary psychology
Rewards and costs are to ________________ as gene survival is to __________.
d. none of the above
Robyn Dawes, writing In House of Cards: Psychology and Psychotherapy Built on Myth, reports that interviewers' ratings of medical school applicants were highly predictive of the applicants'
an inequitable relationship
Rodney and Ralph are twin brothers who each contributed $75 to purchase a new bicycle. Rodney rides it 75 percent of the time. This would be an example of
the matching phenomenon
Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. Their relationship is best understood as an example of
more money
Ruth is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale), but Naomi is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale). Research suggests that if Ruth makes $35,000 a year on her job, Naomi will probably make _______ doing the same job.
an ingroup bias
Sack and Elder (2000) found that more than 80 percent of both Whites and Blacks say race relations are generally good in their neighborhoods, but fewer than 60 percent see relations as generally good in the country as a whole. This is referred to as
marriage
Satisfaction with _______________ seems to be the best predictor of overall happiness.
success and distance ourselves from failure
Saying "I earned an A on my psychology test" versus "My instructor gave me a C on my psychology test" exemplifies how we associate ourselves with
distressed and depressed
Schafer and Keith (1980) conducted surveys of several hundred married couples and found that spouses who perceived inequity in their marriage felt more
increase with
Self-efficacy is similar to self-esteem in that both _______ our accomplishments
individualistic
Self-esteem is more personal and less relational in what type of culture?
superordinate
Shared goals that necessitate cooperative effort are said to be
confirmation bias
Sharon typically watches televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs. She is less inclined to watch the news on other stations, as it may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon's approach illustrates the
Work together on something
Sherif's studies of conflict in summer camp should lead one to suggest which of the following to a couple having marital difficulties?`
teach altruism
Since we are born selfish, evolutionary psychologists propose that we attempt to
social exchange theory
Social economics is a term most closely associated with
continuing to show that economic growth does not automatically improve human morale.
Social psychology can help point the way to greater well-being by documenting all of the following EXCEPT
think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people
social representations
Socially shared beliefs are widely held ideas and values, which include our assumptions and cultural ideologies. This is a definition of
social dilemma
Some individuals have many children so that they can ensure someone will take care of them in the future. However, this contributes to the collective devastation of overpopulation. This is an example of
either equality or the fulfillment of a need
Some noncapitalist cultures define justice not as equity but as
if he or she appears similar to the one who judges.
Someone accused of a crime is judged more sympathetically
belief perserverance
Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as
belief perserverence
Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as
greater; happier
Spouses are more likely than random paired people to share common attitudes, beliefs, and values. The _____ the similarity the _____ they are
Steve will be happier
Steve strives for intimacy, personal growth, and ways to contribute to his community, whereas Ben works at "getting ahead" financially. In all likelihood
That stress can increase the desire to affiliate
Strangers on a bus don't speak to one another until the bus is almost in an accident. After the bus driver steers the swerving bus around a broken down truck, the passengers start talking to one another. This illustrates what?
expressed higher self-esteem in private self-ratings
Students who had been induced to write self-laudatory essays
twelve-member juries elicit more total deliberation than six-member juries do
Studies comparing twelve-member juries with six-member juries indicate that
after age 25, testosterone and rates of violent crime decrease together
Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that
NONE OF THESE ARE TRUE a. eyewitnesses who have been discredited have no influence on a jury's judgments b. when witnessing conditions are shown to have been poor, jurors usually do not believe the eyewitness testimony c. eyewitnesses who are shown to have poor eyesight have no effect on the jurors' judgments
Studies of the impact of eyewitness testimony indicate that
increase self-esteem, increase liking for school, improve race relations
Studies of the use of cooperative learning strategies in the schools have shown that such strategies can
perfectly average is quite attractive
Studies on computer composites `of faces show that
half or more of all heart attack victims die before seeking or receiving medical help
Studies on people's reactions to their own physical condition indicate that
9 out of 10
Survey research findings report that ____________________ juries ultimately reach the verdict favored by the majority on the first ballot.
less polluting waste
Technological advances will help sustain the planet because of
our social identity.
The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call
individuals, groups, and nations
The GRIT model could be applied to the reduction of conflict between
for reversing conflict through conciliation
The GRIT strategy was formulated as a plan
anger levels
The Guidelines for National Indicators of Subjective Well-Being and Ill-Being have questions available for assessing all of the following issues EXCEPT
measures both conscious and unconscious attitudes
The Implicit Association Test (IAT)
based on research findings that revealed that racial diversity in the classroom has positive consequences.
The U.S. Supreme Court's 2003 decision that racial diversity may be a criterion in admissions to colleges and universities was
5
The United States has ___ percent of the world's population.
cathartic
The _______ view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy.
smaller; more
The __________________________ the commons, the ___________________________ responsibility each person feels for it.
companionate love.
The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined is called `
old cars are replaced by newer and better models.
The analogy used in the text to describe what happens when old theories are discarded employs a discussion of how
people feel ythey have some choice in their behavior
The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is strongest when
put more time in learning the problems and issues facing our world.
The author hopes that a shift to postmaterialist values will gain momentum as people, governments, and corporations take all of the following steps EXCEPT
take place in a labratory
The author of the text reported that two-thirds of social psychology experiments
he did the task for an intrinsic reason`
The best way to cultivate Mark's enjoyment of a task that is not intrinsically appealing to him is to have him comply with the behavior and then suggest that
specific;truthful
The best way to improve your performance in class is to be _____ in the praise and _____ about your ability and performance.
availability
The cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is called the _____ heuristic.
demand characteristics
The cues in an experiment that tell the participants what behavior is expected are called
theories explain facts
The difference between facts and theories is that
social influence on the interpretation of symptoms
The epidemic that suddenly affected secondary school students during a musical performance best illustrated the impact of
reproductive capacity
The evolutionary view of physical attractiveness is supported by research showing that men in many cultures worldwide prefer female characteristics that signify
independent
The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates in a study is called the ______ variable
locus of control
The extent to which we perceive outcomes as a result of our own efforts or as a result of chance refers to
group polarization
The fact that high authoritarians who initially recommended strong punishments were even more punitive after group deliberation suggests that ___________________________ can occur in juries.`
mere exposure effect
The fact that people prefer letters appearing in their own name illustrates the
self-interest colors social judgment.
The fact that we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves when problems arise in a relationship is an example of how
the tendency to see our talents and moral behaviors as relatively unusual.
The false uniqueness effect is
the principle of aggregation
The finding that religious attitudes can predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time is an example of
altruism
The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines
Evolutionary psychology
The observation that in many animal species males fight each other for the opportunity to mate supports which theory about aggression?
can stimulate improved human relations
The occurrence of conflict in any relationship
an illusory correlation.
The perception of a relationship where none actually exists, or the perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists, is called
relative deprivation
The perception that one is less well off than others is referred to as
Affiliation is desire for social interaction, intimacy is desire for close relationships
The primary difference between the need for affiliation and the need for intimacy is
random assignment
The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition is referred to as
representativeness
The process of judging something by comparing it to our mental representation of a category uses the _____ heuristic.
when groups compete for scarce resources.
The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises
mirror image perceptions
The reciprocal views that parties in conflict often hold of one another are referred to as
equals
The reciprocity norm applies most strongly to our interactions with our
act as if you do
The research indicates that if you wish to love someone more, you should
is relevant to our self-concepts
The self-reference effect refers to the tendency to quickly process and remember well the information that
responsibility each person feels for it.
The smaller the group, the more
help those dependent on them
The social-responsibility norm is an expectation that people will
reciprocity
The statement, "There is no duty more indispensable than that of returning a kindness," reflects the __________________ norm.
regression toward the average
The statistical tendency for extreme scores or behaviors to return toward average is called
activating the amygdala can facilitate aggressive outbursts in humans.
The study of neural influences on aggression has indicated that
mere exposure effect
The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as
fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate depositional influences on other people's behavior is called the
outgroup homogeneity effect.
The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race than faces of a different race may be due to
mirror-image perception
The tendency of each party to a conflict to see itself as moral and peaceloving and the other as evil and aggressive is known as
overconfidence phenomonon
The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs is called the
self-serving bias
The tendency to perceive oneself favorably is referred to as
the self-serving bias
The tendency to perceive oneself favorably is referred to as
illusory correlation
The text suggests that clinicians may continue to have confidence in uninformative or ambiguous tests because of human susceptibility to
attribution theory
The theory that explains people's behavior by attributing it to internal dispositions or external situations is called
self-serving behavior leads to collective doom
The tragedy of the commons illustrates how
effort and fewer self-doubts will help us succeed
The truth concerning self-efficacy encourages us not to resign ourselves to bad situations. If we persist despite initial failures
illusory correlation
Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents
controlled processing
"Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called
outgroup
"Them" - a group that people perceive as being distinctively different or apart from their own group is what social psychologists call a(n)
the looking-glass self
The habit of using how we imagine another person perceiving us, as a mirror for perceiving ourselves, is referred to as
the GRIT model
The handling of the " Suez Canal crisis" by Canada's Lester B. Pearson was an application of_____________________ to international tension reduction.
illusion of control
The idea that chance events are subject to our influence describes
transparency
The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others is referred to as the illusion of
internally; external
The insufficient justification effect involves reducing dissonance by _______ justifying one's behavior when _______ justification is insufficient
With an interdependent self, one has a sense of belonging.
. Since our self-concept seems to adjust to our situation, which is most correct?
tension
The major difference between the dissonance theory and the self-perception theory is that the former relies on the motivating effects of _______, while the latter does not.
an illusion of transparency
The misinterpretations of emotional states involved in the bystander effect are fed by
$1; interesting and enjoyable
9. A research study had experimental participants perform a dull task but paid them to lie by telling a prospective participant that the task had been enjoyable. Results showed that the participants who were paid _______ came to believe that the task had been _______.
the adaptation level phenomenon
A 65-degree day seems warm in February but cold in July. This is best explained in terms o
positively correlated
A Gallup poll found that being "highly spiritually committed" was ______________________ with helping the poor and elderly.
ethnocentrism.
A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group is called
has been absent due to illness
A classmate of Bianca's wants to borrow Bianca's notes to study for an upcoming exam. Research suggests that Bianca will most likely agree if the classmate says she needs the notes because she
may actually increase tension between the two groups if the effort is unsuccessful
A cooperative effort engaged in by two previously conflicting groups
dispositional
A fellow student is consistently late for class. You assume this is because he is lazy and unorganized. What type of attribution are you making for his behavior?
as a forewarning before the evidence is presented
A judge's instructions to jurors that they ignore inadmissible evidence are most likely to be followed if given
their trust that the opposing side is well-intentioned
A key factor in determining whether people will communicate constructively and thereby correct misperceptions is
easily degenerates into explaining-by-naming
A major weakness of the social-exchange theory is that it
the need to belong
A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition of
collectivistic; individualistic
A person from a(n) _____ culture is more likely to say, "Went to the movies," and a person from a(n) _____ culture is more likely to say, "I went to the movies."
be less likely to help others.
A person who is intensely self-focused in profound grief would
prejudice
A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called
Put the eyewitness on the stand, since even a discredited eyewitness is more convincing than no eyewitness at all.
A prosecuting attorney is uncertain whether her eyewitness will seem credible to the jury. The eyewitness's testimony could help win a conviction, but the witness might be discredited by the defense attorney. What advice should the prosecutor accept?
random
A sample in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion is called a _____ sample.
self-awareness
A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself is called
self-efficacy
A sense that one is competent and effective refers to one's
role
A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a(n)
reduced consumption
A source of hope for a sustainable future is
cognition
A stereotype is part of an attitude regarding a group of people. Stereotype refers to what part of an attitude?
spotlight effect
A study by Gilovich, Medvec, and Savitsky (2000) had undergraduate students enter a room wearing Barry Manilow t-shirts. This study explored which concept mentioned in the text?
obese
A study of _____ women, by Gortmaker and colleagues (1993), found that these women were less likely to be married and less likely to earn high salaries than women in a comparison group.
less activity than normal
A study of brain activity in the prefrontal cortex of murderers found
an ingroup favoritism
A tendency to favor one's group is called
summarizes and explains facts
A theory
be unable to reach a verdict and be a hung jury
A twelve-member jury has heard all the evidence in a child abuse case and is beginning to deliberate. At the outset five favor acquittal of the defendant and seven favor conviction. Based on research in the text, the jury will probably
observations of others' behavior.
According to Albert Bandura, an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is
anger
According to Berkowitz (1989), the frustration-aggression relationship is mediated by the role of
empathy
According to Daniel Batson, genuine altruism may have its basis in feelings of
is basically over
According to Gentile and Anderson (2003), "The scientific debate over whether media violence has an effect _______."
defensive pessimism
According to Lewinsohn and his colleagues (1985), which of the following does NOT belong in the vicious cycle of depression?
depression
According to Martin Seligman, the decline of religion and family and the growth of the "you can do it" idea have contributed to a large increase in
Intuition is both powerful and perilous.
According to Myers' discussion of intuition, which statement is TRUE?
praise and learning from one's achievments
According to Myers' discussion on self-esteem and success, research suggests that self-esteem comes from
overestimating
According to Myers, we are prone to "impact bias," or _______ the impact of emotion-causing events (such as finding out the results after being tested for HIV).
majority; less
According to Myers, when our social group is the _______, we think _______ about it.
bicultural
According to Phinney (1990), someone who identifies with both his or her ethnic culture and the larger culture is said to have a _______ identity.
clinical depression
According to Schwartz (2000; 2004), individualistic modern cultures have "an excess of freedom," which is positively correlated with
only ourselves
According to Seligman's (2002) analysis of the attitudes that promote near-epidemic levels of depression in America, most of us feel that, if we do not "make it" in today's world, we can blame
cooperative learning.
According to Slavin (2003), a "practical, proven method for implementing contact theory in the desegregated classroom," is
can reduce anxiety by restricting people's ability to
According to Steele and Josephs (1990), the effect of alcohol myopia is that it`
overall, racial attitudes seem to have been little affected
According to Walter Stephan's review of the research, what has been the influence of school desegregation on racial attitudes in the United States?
both the intensity and the duration
According to Wilson and Gilbert (2003), people have the greatest difficulty predicting _______ of their emotions.
fear
According to Woodzicka and LaFrance (2001), women reported that they would feel angry if asked sexually harassing questions during a job interview. When actually asked such questions, women more often experienced
trust
According to conflict researchers, you are more likely to divulge your needs and concerns if your relationship with your partner includes
Dissimilar attitudes depress liking more than similar attitudes enhance liking.
According to research conclusions reached by Singh and his colleagues (2000), which of the following is TRUE?
congratulate them for being neat and tidy
According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975), if you want young children to put trash in wastebaskets, you should repeatedly
has little real effect on peoples behavior
According to research, it seems that just knowing about the dire consequences of noncooperation in a social dilemma
the benefits are greater than the costs
According to social-exchange theory we will help when
a norm of reciprocity
According to sociologist Alvin Gouldner, a universal moral code is
it is best to work on specific situations
According to studies on implicit attitudes, which of the following statements about changing behaviors through persuasion is the most accurate?
consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
According to the attribution theorist Kelley (1973), what three types of information do we use when we make attributions for other people's behavior?
the self
According to the author of the text, no topic in psychology today is more researched than
we are less likely to help others when others are present.
According to the bystander effect,
the smallest possible incentive
According to the dissonance theory, managers, teachers, and parents should use _______ to elicit the desired behavior.
reciprocity
According to the evolutionary theory, genetic selfishness predisposes us to helping based on
Joe who has just been running, but isn't thinking about that fact when he is provoked
According to the excitation transfer theory (by Zillmann) which of the following people would be most likely to be aggressive when they are provoked?
lead to less enjoyment of the activity
According to the overjustification effect, promising children a reward for doing what they already intrinsically enjoy will
the other person said about us
According to the results of the Kahan and Johnson (1992) study mentioned in the text, two days after a conversation with someone our recall is best for what
skill;chance
According to the self-serving bias, we tend to attribute our successes to _______ and our losses to _______.
the anticipated consequences.
According to the social learning theory, whether we act aggressively depends on
judges instructions to ignore testimony
According to the text, a jury may demonstrate reactance in response to a
political conservative
According to the text, an attribution of an uncontrollable predicament (such as a family crisis or natural disaster) is likely to encourage _______ to help.
placing White policemen on duty in predominantly Black residential neighborhoods
According to the text, contact between two conflicting racial groups can often improve relationships and correct misperceptions. Which kind of contact is, however, least likely to have that effect?
less flooding in the rainy seasons
According to the text, global warming effects do NOT include
misattribution
According to the text, many men assume women are flattered by repeated requests for dates, which women more often see as harassing. This is an example of
reciprocity does not work as well in big cities as it does in small, isolated groups
According to the text, one possible reason why people in big cities are less helpful is that
evokes imitation.
According to the text, one reason that TV viewing affects behavior is that it
they never fully grasp the situation as one requiring their assistance
According to the text, people in a hurry may be less willing to help because
increases
According to the text, self-esteem typically _____ in Japanese exchange students after they spend several months at a Canadian university. This suggests that self-concepts become more individualized after visiting Western countries.
can help us formulate theories that we can then use to interpret the more complex world.
According to the text, simulated juries
can help us formulate theories we can use to interpret the more complex world
According to the text, simulated juries
the definition of psychological disorder
According to the text, social psychology has contributed to all of the following except
the parable of the Good Samaritan
According to the text, the classic illustration of altruism is provided by
concerned about their self-image
According to the text, the door-in-the-face technique works to promote altruism because people are
define and measure it
According to the text, the first step in scientifically studying romantic love is to
the offer of final-offer arbitration
According to the text, the integration of major league baseball with the arrival of Jackie Robinson included all of the following except
greatest longevity
According to the text, the postal code areas of Scotland that have the least overcrowding and the least amount of unemployment also have the
can read each other's reactions
According to the text, the presence of others may not inhibit helping if the bystanders
give people what the deserve
According to the text, the social responsibility norm gets selectively applied according to which one of the following principles?
Positively correlated with aggression.
According to the text, watching violent media is:
similarity
According to the text, what factor helps explain why in acquaintance rape trials, men more often than women judge the defendant not guilty?
social norms theory, evolutionary psychology, social-exchange theory
According to the text, which theory of altruism proposes two types of altruism: a tit-for-tat reciprocal exchange, and a more unconditional helpfulness?
any source
According to the two-factor theory of emotion, being aroused by _______ should intensify passionate feelings.
moral hypocrisy
According to your text, _______ is the term Batson and his colleagues (2002) used to describe the tendency to appear moral while avoiding the costs of doing so.
biased against their position
According to your text, people everywhere perceive referees and the media as
get into fights.
Adam frequently plays violent video games. Social psychologists would predict that Adam would therefore be likely to frequently
the bias in after-the-fact explanations
After complaining of hearing voices, David Rosenhan and his associates were diagnosed as schizophrenic and hospitalized. Clinicians' subsequent attempts to explain the diagnosis demonstrated
the misinformation effect
After hearing a television report falsely indicating that drugs may have contributed to a recent auto accident, several eyewitnesses of the accident begin to remember the driver as traveling at a faster rate of speed than was actually the case. This provides an example of
more convinced that the evidence was insufficient to convict.
After hearing evidence in a murder trial, ten jurors believed that the evidence was insufficient to convict the 25-year-old Black defendant. According to the group polarization hypothesis, after the jurors deliberated, they would be
they will be more convinced the evidence is insufficient to convict
After hearing evidence in a murder trial, twelve jurors tend to believe the evidence is insufficient to convict the 25-year-old Black defendant. According to the group polarization hypothesis, after the jurors deliberate
explicit
After learning about another culture or religion, we begin to realize how prejudiced we have been toward this group and realize that we should change our attitude to a more positive one. This is an _______ attitude.
upgrading; downgrading
After much deliberation, you decide on a college to attend. After you have made your decision, you find yourself reducing any dissonance by _______ the chosen university and _______ the unchosen universities.
possible self
After seeing a billboard for the lottery, you imagine a life of the rich and famous for yourself. This future self-schema you imagine is an example of a
upgrading; downgrading
After spending a great deal of time researching vehicles, Linda makes a purchase. After having owned the vehicle for several months, she experiences dissonance and wonders if she made the right decision with her purchase. According to dissonance theory, we would expect Linda to reduce her dissonance by _______ the chosen vehicle and _______ the unchosen vehicles.
correctly identify their high-stress interrogator 30 percent of the time.
After the study by Morgan and his team, they found soldiers, during a mock training session on survival, could
integrative agreement
Ahmed and Fatima, two teenage siblings, are fighting over the evening newspaper. Knowing Ahmed only wants the sports section and Fatima only wants the latest stock quotations, their mother takes the paper and gives each the section containing the news of interest. In this case the mother arrived at a(n)
we want to name our children using family names.
All of the following are examples of implicit egotism EXCEPT
police questions should be spontaneous, not scripted
All of the following are good procedures to follow when dealing with the lineup process EXCEPT
ingroup bias
Although most suspects in cases of incest, child molestation, and sexual abuse are heterosexual males, the local newspaper omits the word "heterosexual" in any related headlines. In contrast, whenever a self-described gay male is arrested for a crime, the headline proclaims "homosexual arrested". The resulting prejudice that gay males are more likely to commit violent crimes can in part be blamed on
principle of aggregation
Although you may spend the evening surfing the Internet rather than studying, you have generally been quite a disciplined student throughout your academic career and have always held the attitude that studying is important. The relationship between your studying behavior and your attitude toward studying can best be described by which social psychological term?
regression toward the average
Although you once earned a 100 on your physics exam, you have subsequently been unable to earn a perfect score again. Your experience may be understood in terms of
cognitive dissonance theory
Although you were opposed to the war with Iraq, your attitude changed when you were required to report on the justifications for it at your job as a newspaper journalist. Which theory best explains the change in your attitude?
increased
Although your mother had to nag you to clean your room as a child, she always praised your desire to keep your room clean and orderly when you finished. Her comments likely _______ your intrinsic motivation to maintain a clean and orderly environment on your own.
risen dramatically
Among entering collegians, the proportion considering it "very important or essential" that they become "very well-off financially" has _______ between 1970 and 2005.
raise the standards by which we evaluate our own attainments
An example of how social comparisons can actually breed misery, rather than satisfaction, is when
decreased
An example of the overjustification effect in the text describes how the number of books Myers' son read ______ after the local library provided an incentive for children to read 10 books in three months.
dependent variable
An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on aggression. Aggression was the
being asked the same question repeatedly
An eyewitness gains confidence from which of the following sources?`
racism
An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given race is called
sexism
An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given sex is called
low self-esteem
Anwar, a Indo-Canadian, lacks a real sense of either his Indian or his Canadian identity. Anwar is especially likely to experience
have proven to be helpful in reducing social dilemmas
Appeals to altruistic norms
baby boys
Around the world, people tend to prefer
her own motivation
As a result of participating in a program to help her quit smoking, Anne has not had a cigarette for three weeks. She is least likely to return to smoking if she attributes her success in quitting the habit to
his own motivation
As a result of participating in a program to help him quit smoking, Bill has not had a cigarette for three weeks. He is least likely to return to smoking if he attributes his success in quitting the habit to
are more likely to be about the same in every way
As a result of random assignment, the people in both groups of an experiment
reactance
As a result of the judge's warning that the jury disregard evidence ruled inadmissible, the stricken evidence may have an even greater impact on the jury's decision than if it had not been ruled out. This is probably due to _______ in the jurors.
public conformity; private beliefs
As mentioned in the textbook, the daily flag salute by school children in the U.S. is an attempt to use _______ to build _______.
the catharsis hypothesis.
As part of therapy, a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility. The therapist apparently believes in
the catharsis hypothesis.
As part of therapy, a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility. The therapist apparently believes in
laboratory research
Asking students to come to a laboratory at 3 p.m. in order to participate in a study on university students' usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research?
availability
Assuming most crimes involve violence because the news generally reports on rapes, robberies, and beatings is an example of the _______ heuristic.
spotlight
Assuming that everyone thinks you are a jerk because you forgot to show up at a dinner party with a gift for the host can be considered an example of the _____ effect.
the false consensus effect
Assuming that other people are as prejudiced against a certain group as we are can easily be explained by
Blake better
At a party, Ellie meets Rob and Blake. The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening. By the end of the evening, Ellie has discovered that she and Blake see things eye-to-eye, whereas she and Rob see things differently. All else being equal, Ellie will probably like
even when their testimony was discredited.
At the University of Washington, Loftus (1979) found that eyewitnesses in a hypothetical robbery-murder case were influential
Prisoner and Commons Dilemma
Attempting to explain others' behavior dispositionally is a characteristic of
Wilma, a 42-year-old mother of two who tends to be authoritarian
Attorney Johnson will be defending James S., who is accused of raping a 22-year-old woman. Who of the following jurors is likely to be least sympathetic to his client's case?
SHE SHOULD DO ALL OF THESE a. select Bill and Philip who are also university students to serve as jurors b. have Mary appear in court as attractively dressed as possible c. select jurors who oppose the death penalty
Attorney Miller is defending Mary, a 20-year-old university student, who is being tried for failing to pay income tax. What should she do to boost Mary's chances of being acquitted?
situational
Attributing behavior to a person's environment is an example of what type of attribution
dispositional
Attributing behavior to a person's traits is an example of what type of attribution?
black females
Ayres' (1991) research team visited 90 Chicago-area car dealers using a uniform strategy to negotiate the lowest price on an $11,000 car. The results indicated that _______ were given the highest quote.
false consensus effect
Barbara was really shocked when her candidate was not elected. She had assumed that everyone felt as she did and supported her candidate's ideas. This is an example of the
when the conflict is over a pie that can shrink
Bargaining tough is likely to backfire
most participants agreed to help even if they knew that their part in the experiment was complete.
Batson and his colleagues (1981) had university women watch another woman suffer a series of painful shocks. Some participants were led to feel empathy for her and were then asked if they would trade places, taking her remaining shocks. The results indicated that
subsequently volunteered less time to a service agency
Batson found that those who attributed their helpful act to compliance rather than compassion
high self-esteem
Baumeister (2003) reported that people who engaged in sexual activity at an early age, teen gang leaders, terrorists, and men in prison for committing violent crimes tend to possess
illusory correlations
Because we are sensitive to distinctive events, the simultaneous occurrence of two such events is especially noticeable. Our attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create
self-reference effect
Being a musician in a band, you seem to pay attention when other people are discussing music and easily remember their musical preferences. This tendency is referred to as the
anger, an emotional readiness to aggress.
Berkowitz argued that frustration may increase aggression because:
an ingroup
Between classes, you notice how smokers congregate outside the doors of the building. When interacting with one another, they seem to behave as if they identify as quite different from the non-smokers who happen to be outside the door. What term would best describe the group of smokers?
financial well being
Britain's New Economic Foundation 2009 National Accounts of Well-Being report measures all of the following EXCEPT
with a pounding heart; no longer shy
Brodt and Zimbardo (1981) found that shy women who were bombarded with loud noise and told that it would leave them _______ were subsequently _______ when interacting with a handsome male.
the majority made a wrong identification
Buckhout (1974) had students witness an assault on a professor. Seven weeks later, the students, when asked to identify the assailant from a group of six photographs,
longevity
Carroll, Smith, and Bennett (1994) found that the height of graveyard markers in a Glasgow cemetery was positively correlated with
if students or clinicians expected a particular association, they perceived it, regardless of whether the data was supportive
Chapman and Chapman had college students and professional clinicians study the relationship between patients' test performances and diagnoses. They found that
employed women
Children of _______ have less stereotyped views of men and women.
self-esteem
Children of stay-at-home moms have more stereotyped views of men and women. This illustrates a ___________ source of prejudice
themselves
Chronically lonely people tend to blame ________________ for their poor social relationships.
more enduring and lead to better ongoing relationships
Compared to compromises, integrative agreements are
internal
Compared to nondepressed people, depressed people are more likely to attribute their failures and setbacks to causes that are
happier
Compared to those with low self-esteem, people with a sense of self-worth are
they had kept their secret to themselves
Compared with university women who have experienced nonsexual traumas, sexually abused women reported more health problems especially if
unity
Conflict between groups promotes ___________________________ within groups.
perceived incompatibility of actions or goals
Conflict is defined as
if it is structured to convey equal status
Contact between opposing racial groups reduces hostility
we can easily picture an alterntive outcome
Counterfactual thinking is more likely when
increase
Court (1985) reported that as pornographic materials become more widely available, the rate of reported rapes has generally been found to
more trusting and more generous
DeBruine (2002) found that when students played an interactive game with a supposed other player, participants were _______ when the other person's pictured faced had some features of their own face morphed into it.
used only if it is essential and justified.
Deception in an experiment is
7 %
Diener and Wallbom (1976) found that when research participants were instructed to stop working on a problem after a bell sounded, 71 percent continued working when left alone. How many continued to work after the bell if they were made self-aware by working in front of a mirror?
group-serving bias
Dismissing outgroup members' positive behaviors and attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions is known as
self worth
Dissonance conditions do indeed arouse tension, especially when those conditions threaten
1:2
Each year Canada and the United States record _____ divorce/s for every _____ marriage/s.
illustrates the tragedy of the commons
Edney's Nuts Game
rape and battered women cases
Ellsworth and Mauro (1998) reported that gender seems to be linked with verdicts only in
Jill agreed to donate bone marrow to save the life of a stranger.
Evolutionary psychologists would have greatest difficulty explaining why
accept credit for their successes and to note how circumstances make things go wrong
Explanatory style therapy attempts to teach depressed people to
expanded fish populations
Exploding populations and increasing consumption have produced serious interrelated problems of all of the following EXCEPT
suggestive questions , an eyewitness's own retelling of events, whether the person is an eyewitness for the defendant or the plaintiff
Eyewitness testimony can be distorted or biased by which of the following?
recalled being more confident when making their initial judgment
Eyewitnesses who received confirming feedback on their testimony
arbitration
Factory workers want a pay rate of $15 per hour and management offers $12 per hour. After weeks of conflict they agree to have a third party set the pay scale. After hearing both sides the third party sets the rate at $14. This is an example of resolving conflict through
The Italian women gave poor ratings of the Jewish women when the Italian women had high self-esteem, thus felt superior.
Fein and Spencer had women of Italian descent rate job applicants who were Jewish. The results of their study revealed:
happy
Few findings have been more consistent than those that show that _______ people are helpful people
becoming very well off financially
For today's collegians, the goal of _______ has been at the top of their list in recent years.
40 percent indicated that it would have affected their verdicts
Freedman (1990) surveyed 151 jurors who served on 32 first degree murder trials in the Toronto area. When asked if they would have been more or less likely to vote for a guilty verdict if the case involved the death penalty
Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered
From an evolutionary perspective it would be most difficult to explain why
Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered.
From an evolutionary perspective, it would be most difficult to explain why
may be persuasive if they are consistent and self-confident
From research on minority influence we can speculate that jurors in the minority
behaviors of people undergoing psychotherapy come to fit the theories of their therapists
From the material presented in the text, which of the following is an accurate statement?
the courtroom is a miniature social world where people think about and influence each other
From the text, which of the following is a true statement regarding social psychology and the courtroom?
underestimate; overestimate
Fundamental attribution error is the tendency for observers to _________ situational influences and ________ dispositional influences on behavior.
masculine features
Gangestad and his colleagues (2004) found that during ovulation, women show a heightened preference for men with
the patients are perhaps induced to give information that is consistent with Gayle's theoretical orientation
Gayle, a Freudian analyst, finds that, without exception, her patients report dreams closely related to their emotional problems and are easily understood in terms of Freud's theory of personality. From research presented in the text, what may best explain why the dreams and problems of Gayle's patients are so consistent with Freudian theory?
individualism
Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is a definition of
collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one's group, such as one's family or workplace, and defining one's identity accordingly is called
led to credit their changed eating behavior to their own effort
Graduates of a weight-control program were more successful in maintaining their weight loss if they had been
automatic, implicit prejudice exists.
Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight). Their results showed that all participants mistakenly shot at more targets who were Black. The results showed that
pre-existing stereotypes lead us to "see" correlations that do not exist.
Hamilton and Rose's (1980) research in which students read sentences describing accountants, doctors, and salespeople revealed that
humans' tendency to prejudge reality based on expectations
Hastorf and Cantril (1954) found that Princeton students identified twice as many Dartmouth violations as Dartmouth students did when each watched the game. This emphasizes
humans' tendency to prejudge reality based on expectations.
Hastorf and Cantril (1954) found that Princeton students identified twice as many Dartmouth violations as Dartmouth students did when each watched the game. This emphasizes
physical attractiveness
Hatfield and her colleagues (1966) matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a Welcome Week dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, what determined whether they liked each other?
passionate love
Hatfield defines _______ as a state of intense longing for union with another
negative; more liking of
Hatfield gave university women evaluations, affirming the self-esteem of some and wounding others with negative evaluations. Each participant was then asked to evaluate a man who had earlier asked her for a date. Women whose evaluations had been _______ expressed _______ the man.
saying it changes our beliefs or feelings
Higgins and Rholes (1978) found that when people say something positive to others when told to supported the research that
large, selective university
High school students who finished near the top of their class are more likely to experience a threat to their academic self-esteem if they attend a
Tam
Ian is from England, Dan is from America, and Tam is from India. Which one of these people is most likely to support and act on the norm of social responsibility?
gender-role norms; gender stereotypes
Ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called _______, whereas people's ideas about how women and men do behave are called _______.
go ahead and take action even we dont feel like it
If we want to change ourselves in some important way, it is best to
more likely
If you are asked to participate in a research study without knowing the start time, you are _______ to participate than if you were aware that the study began at 7 am.
near where people hang out
If you are new in the office and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a desk
attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility.
If you are studying because you want to do well in a course and truly want to understand the material, you are more likely to want to study in the future as compared to those students who view studying as compulsory. Your situation is an example of how
behave toward that person in a way that draws out their flirtatious behavior
If you are told that someone you have never met is attracted to you, you will likely
increase
If your initial efforts to lose weight, stop smoking, or improve your grades are successful, it is likely that your self-efficacy will
possble-selfs
Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future are called
self-presentation; self-justification
Impression management is to _______ as cognitive dissonance is to _______.
choosing between the final offers made by each side
In "final-offer arbitration," the third party settles a conflict by
sampling bias
In 1936, the news magazine Literary Digest obtained the opinions of over two million Americans regarding the presidential election. The results suggested that Landon would win in a landslide over Franklin D. Roosevelt. A few weeks later, FDR won in a landslide. The results of the survey were not valid, and this was due to
hardly ever
In 1969, social psychologist Allan Wicker completed a review of dozens of research studies and concluded that people's expressed attitudes _______ predicted their varying behaviors.
overturned a lower court ruling that death-qualified jurors are a biased sample
In 1986, the U.S. Supreme Court in a split decision
significantly more
In Boyatzis' (1995) study of the influence television has on aggressive behavior in children, the results indicated that the viewers of Power Rangers committed ____ aggressive acts per two-minute interval compared to those children who did not watch this program.
seniority; productivity
In Japan, pay is more often based on _________ and less often based on ____________.
more
In Kitayama's (1996) study of cultural differences in the praise that friends give to one another, the results indicated that Americans are ¬¬_______ likely to compliment others when compared with the Japanese.
gazed more into each others eyes
In Rubin's research, "strong-love" couples differed from "weak-love" couples in that they
better about their speach and their appearance
In Savitsky and Gilovich's study, public speakers who were informed about the illusion-of-transparency phenomenon felt
competition between the groups was introduced
In Sherif's research, the camper groups became hostile towards each other when
normal or overweight woman's picture.
In Snyder and Haugen's research on obesity and social status (1994; 1995), male students were shown a picture of a normal or obese woman before having a conversation with a female student. In this study, the independent variable was the
attacked a Bobo doll
In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and his colleagues, children watched an adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some toys that they were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they
40 %`
In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969), a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle. What percentage of participants who were alone offered help?
through a camera focused on the detective
In a study conducted by Lassiter and his colleagues (2005), participants observed a suspect confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that participants were more likely to perceive the confession as coerced when they viewed the confession
through a camera focused on the suspect
In a study conducted by Lassiter and his colleagues (2005), participants observed a suspect confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that participants were more likely to perceive the confession as genuine when they viewed the confession
15
In a study designed to test people's understanding of judicial instructions, viewers of videotaped instructions could answer _____ percent of the questions posed to them about what they had heard.
similar; beautiful
In a survey of college-age individuals, Buston and Emlen (2003) reported that the desire for _______ mates far outweighed the desire for _______ mates
time pressures
In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson (1973) studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by
situationally; dispositionally
In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma, people are tempted to explain their own behavior _______ and others' behavior _______.
they are led to think that helpfulness will be socially rewarded
In comparison to low self-monitors, high self-monitors are especially helpful if
readily; slowly
In comparison to women, men fall in love more _______ and out of love more _______
spend more time talking about themselves when conversing with a stranger
In contrast to those who are not lonely, lonely people tend to
both players may win, both may lose, or one may win and the other may lose
In non-zero-sum games,
experimental
In order to determine whether or not changing one variable (such as education) will produce changes in another (such as income), one needs to conduct _______ research
defects
In playing the laboratory version of Prisoner's Dilemma, a person's outcome from any given decision will be better if he or she
overjustificaton effect
In socializing altruism, we should beware of the
diminished; they sought true friendship
In studies at the University of Maryland, Clark and Mills found that tit-for-tat exchanges _______ people's liking for each other when _______
anxious-ambivalent; avoidant
In terms of adult attachment styles, _______ individuals seem to be possessive and jealous, while _______ individuals are less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them.
twelve heads are better than one
In terms of the number of people who deliberate, jury research suggests that
affect
In the ABCs of attitudes, "A" stands for
cognition
In the ABCs of attitudes, "C" stands for
collectivism
In the U.S., those living in Hawaii and the deep South exhibit more _______ than those living in the Mountain West states.
individualistic
In what type of culture would a threat to our personal identity (such as having someone tell us we are dumb or weird) cause us to be more upset than a threat to our collective identity (such as having someone ridicule students)?
India
In which of the following countries is the norm of social responsibility supported most strongly?
higher
Individualistic cultures have _______ divorce rates than communal cultures
forget about situational influences
Inferring that Cinderella is truly meek as she cowers in her oppressive home is an example of how we often
the frustration-aggression theory
It was raining out and Jessie's car had a flat tire. After she managed to fix it, she arrived home late only to find someone had parked in her assigned parking spot. When she entered her apartment, she kicked her pet cat who was waiting at the door. Jessie's behavior is perhaps most easily explained in terms of
Jen probably finds Stan to be more attractive today than the day she married him.
Jen is more in love with Stan today than the day she married him. According to research on the relationship between love and perceived attractiveness,
self-perception theory
Jeremy loses his former interest in doing arithmetic after his teacher promises him $1 for each problem he solves correctly. Which theory best explains Jeremy's loss of interest in arithmetic?
the just-world phenomenon
Jeremy's belief that earthquake victims are being punished by God for their own sins best illustrates
a lack of conflict
John Gottman (1994,1998) noted that healthy marriages were NOT marked by
mirror-image perception
John believes he is hard-working but his wife Rachel is lazy. Rachel believes she is hard-working but John is lazy. This is an example of
self-handicapping
John is nervous about his tennis match, but he still stays out late instead of getting a good night's sleep the night before the match. This could be an example of
health
Jones is a psychologist who specializes in the causes and control of stress. Dr. Jones is most likely a(n) _________ psychologist.
automatic processing
Jumping out of your seat as a result of an unexpected scene in a movie is what type of thinking?
especially when the inadmissible evidence has an emotional impact.
Jurors have difficulty "erasing" the impact of inadmissible evidence
tend to be most influential in simulated juries
Jurors who are male and of high social status
more authoritarian
Jurors who are more prone to vote guilty tend to be
believed both correct and incorrect eyewitnesses most of the time
Jurors who were asked to observe and evaluate eyewitnesses to the staged theft of a University of Alberta calculator
larger juries more accurately recall trial testimony.
Jury researcher Michael Saks (1998) reported that
installing "smart meters" that provide a continuous readout of electrical use.
Just as in Britain, the author suggests that we harness the power of immediate feedback by
post-surgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable.
Kalick (1977) had Harvard students indicate their impressions of eight women, judging from photos taken before or after cosmetic surgery, and found that
integrative agreement
Kevin and Joel, two teenage brothers, are fighting over the evening newspaper. Knowing Kevin only wants the sports section and Joel only wants the latest stock quotations, their mother takes the paper and gives each boy the section containing the news of interest. In this case the mother arrived at a(n)
effective, superior, and proud
Kitayama and Markus (2000) found that, for American students, happiness comes from
rated their partners as more tense, distant, and patronizing.
Kleck and Strenta (1980) had women who falsely believed that they appeared disfigured by theatrical makeup interact with a female partner. Results indicated that women who thought they were disfigured
satisfaction
Koo and her colleagues (2008) had people write about how they might never have met their romantic partner. Compared to others who wrote about meeting their partner and imagining not having the relationship they expressed
most prone
Kruger and Dunning (1999) found that those students who scored lowest on tests of grammar and logic were _______ to overestimating their grammar and logic skills.
sucks people's energy and dampens their moods.
Kubey and Csikszentmihaly (2002) reported that compared to active recreation, television watching
a situation influence
Latane and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese in terms of
they move on and try to do better
Learning about immune neglect, which statement applies to how most people respond to failing an exam?
the majority of jurors still voted for conviction
Loftus (1979) found that when an eyewitness who had testified against the defendant in a hypothetical robbery-murder case was discredited because of having poor vision
the interaction of genes and the environment can cause aggressive behavior.
Long-term studies of New Zealand children revealed that
unrealistic optimism
Many people don't quit smoking despite all the negative health information available. This is an example of
the planning fallacy
Marcia thought that she would have enough time to write her paper after she bought groceries and cleaned the house, but she ran out of time. This is an example of
explanatory style therapy
Maria's therapist instructed her to monitor her attributions for successes and failures. Maria is probably participating in
just-world
Mary tells you that she thinks the reason people live in poverty is because they are lazy. Mary's thinking is an example of the _______ phenomenon.
control and optimism
Mary wants advice on how to cope with the stress of a new job. She would be best advised to approach her new job with a sense of
self-conscious
Maureen does not seem to take responsibility for her actions (e.g., always creating excuses for coming home past curfew and acting like a victim of teachers when it comes to bad grades). In order for her to take responsibility for her behavior, she needs to become more
integrative
Mediators seek to establish _______ agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit.
equity
Melanie believes that her boyfriend enjoys far more benefits from their relationship than she does, even though she invests more time, effort, and resources. Clearly, Melanie believes that her relationship with her boyfriend lacks
died at younger ages
Members of baseball's Hall of Fame who offered pessimistic explanations for bad events such as losing big games
the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic values in happiness.
Mfezy's story of being brought up in a village full of love, and that she had not been "poor," is an example of
distinctiveness
Misha is struggling with her computer. She is asked if she has difficulty using other computers on campus. The answer to this question provides information about
consistency
Misha is struggling with her computer. She is asked if she usually encounters difficulty when using her computer. The answer to this question provides information
much less prejudice than others
Most people perceive themselves as
individual acheivement
Most people with high self-esteem value individual achievement and relationships with others. Narcissists
individual achievement
Most people with high self-esteem value individual achievement and relationships with others. Narcissists value
instrumental
Most terrorism is considered _______ aggression
bargaining
Motto and Yoko are roommates and are experiencing a conflict about what type of cable television service is within their budget. They negotiate by having Yoko, who wanted a more expensive service, pay the remainder of the bill after both of them have paid for half of the cost of the less expensive service. What form of communication did Motto and Yoko use to resolve their conflict?
a stereotype; discrimination
Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of _______. His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of _______.
a stereotype; discrimination
Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of _______. His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of _______.
a stereotype threat.
Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus make better speeches than girls do. The girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. The girls are experiencing
devalue their partner and become distant from him or her.
Murray and his colleagues (2003) found that among married couples, the self-fulfilling prophecy occurred when one person interpreted slight hurts as rejections. The person who felt rejected was then motivated to
fact that it occurs in real-world settings.
Myers argues that the major strength of correlational research is the
concepts
Myers discusses how Maslow's description of "self-actualized" people was based on a sample he personally selected. Had he selected other people to describe, his ensuing list of self-actualization characterizations may have been different. This is an example of how values can influence
unequal status
Myers indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practiced. This fact is consistent with the principle that _______ breeds prejudice.
other people, our attitudes and personality, and our biology
Myers points out that our social behavior is shaped by
temporary jolt of joy
Myers reported that lottery winners typically gain _______ from their winnings
scientific
Myers suggests that the pervasiveness of illusory thinking points to the need for a _______ study of thought and behavior
they become cold and uncaring after living in the city
Myers suggests that there are a number of reasons why individuals who live in big cities tend to be less helpful. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?
pay him to play and then offer him less and less.
Myra's neighbor, a little boy, practices his saxophone loudly and annoyingly. According to the overjustification effect, if Myra wants to get him to quit playing, she should
the poorest countries
Nearly all the expected population increases will be in
prescriptive; descriptive
Norms are _____. Stereotypes are _____.
visit physicians more frequently
Numerous studies have found that women ___________ than men.
Randy, a radio announcer who appears very confident about what he saw
Of the following eyewitnesses to a crime, who would probably appear most believable to a jury?
representativeness
On the first day of class, we see a middle-aged man at the front of the room, talking to a younger man. If we assume the older man is the professor and the younger man is the student, we are relying on what heuristic?
decreases
Once a comfortable income level is reached, more money _____ long-term rewards.
representativeness heuristic
Once during a hospital stay, you observed a man and a woman (both in health professional attire) talking. You assumed that the man was a physician and that the woman was a nurse. Later, you found out the opposite was true. What type of heuristic did you use during your initial reaction to the two individuals?
we form additional reasons for that decision or choice.
Once we make a decision or choice, and feel some cognitive dissonance,
they might disprove what they believe
One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information
conciliation
Osgood's (1980) GRIT strategy is an alternative that best fits into the _______ category of the "four C's of peacemaking."
daily experiences
Our self-concept is fed by our roles, our social identity, our comparisons, and by
self-esteem
Our sense of self-worth is also called our
Joni
Paula has just arrived as a new student on campus and does not know anyone. All else being equal, is she most likely to become friends with Joni who lives next door, with Kristy who lives two doors down, with Beth who lives three doors down, or with Heidi who lives in the room directly above hers?
more likely
People are _________ to comply with a large request if they comply with a small request first.
strong; strong
People are likely to have high self-esteem if they have a ___________ ethnic identity and a ____________ mainstream cultural identity
reflect inner traits
People in Western cultures are more inclined to assume that others' behaviors
more likely to favor the prosecution
People who do not oppose the death penalty are
internal
People who successfully stop smoking and do well in school tend to have a(n) _______ locus of control.
more aggressive
People with high self-esteem and narcissism are _____.
more likely
People with low self-esteem are _____ to have clinical problems, including anxiety, loneliness, and eating disorders.
perceive more control over their lives
People with more money
poor
People's attitude toward religion is a(n) _______ predictor of whether they will go to worship next weekend
I am a poor driver and always will be.
Philip suffers from chronic depression. How is he likely to respond when told that he failed the test to renew his driver's license?
aggression
Physical or verbal behavior `intended to cause harm is known as
political acts supported by public attitude
Policies that would curb individual consumption require
individualists; collectivists
Political conservatives tend to be economic _______ and moral _______.
collectivists; individualists
Political liberals tend to be economic ¬¬¬¬_______ and moral _______.
prosocial behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful social behavior is what psychologists refer to as
implicit
Practice that forms new habits, albeit slowly, tends to change what type of attitudes?
nearly always accurate
Pryke and colleagues (2004) invited students to identify a prior class visitor from multiple lineups that separately presented face, body, and voice samples. When eyewitnesses consistently identified the same suspect by face, body, and voice, he or she was
a social dilemma
Pursuing one's self-interest to the collective detriment of one's community or society is the central pattern in
unattractive
Put the eyewitness on the stand, since even a discredited eyewitness is more convincing than no eyewitness at all.
random assignment
Putting participants in one of two conditions by flipping a coin illustrates
inescapable shock
Rats injected with live cancer cells were more likely to die of tumors if they also received _______________.
can occur outside of one's conscious awareness.
Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations
moral inclusion
Regarding people who are within one's circle of moral concern is called
generalizing from the laboratory to life.
Regarding social-psychological research, Myers warns that we must be cautious about
tends to increase attraction for one's partner
Repeated exposure to erotic films that feature quick, uncommitted sex does NOT have which effect?
reverse an earlier criticism and come to evaluate us positively.
Research by Aronson and Linder (1965) suggested that more often than not, we like people more if they
reduce their social anxiety
Research by Haemmerlie and Montgomery (1986) supported the notion that social skills training can lead shy men to
four times in five the judge concurs with the jury's decision
Research comparing juries' decisions with those made by a judge has indicated that
automatic processing involves unconscious activity in emotional parts of the brain.
Research concerning automatic prejudices reveals that
promote altruism in the observers.
Research evidence indicates that prosocial models of helping
are too readily convinced of their own after-the-fact analyses
Research evidence suggests that professional clinicians
to be found guilty of crimes involving negligence
Research has found that defendants with baby-faced features (those with large, round eyes and small chins) are more likely
commit less vandalism
Research has found that when prisoners are given some control over their environments, such as being able to move chairs and operate the lights, they tend to
ALL OF THESE a. by having witnesses make individual yes/no judgments in response to a sequence of people b. with instructions that acknowledge that the offender may not be in the lineup c. by using a lineup that contains no suspects and screening out those who make false identifications
Research has indicated that false lineup identifications can be reduced
students are subsequently more likely to help someone in need
Research has indicated that when students have been informed through a lecture of how bystanders can affect one's reactions to an emergency, the
reduces
Research has shown that explaining why an opposite theory may be true (e.g., why a cautious person might be a better firefighter than a risk-taking person) _______ belief perseverance
beautiful
Research has shown that we guess _______ people are happier, sexually warmer, more outgoing, and successful
foot-in-the-door
Research in France found that having people first sign a petition against landmines increased the likelihood that Internet users would contribute to a fund for victims of landmines. This is an example of the _______ phenomenon.
less likely to help when they are sad
Research indicates that compared to adults, young children are
disparage the vistim to justify behavior
Research indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to
increases their confidence about what they saw, even if they were wrong
Research indicates that having eyewitnesses rehearse their answers to questions before taking the witness stand
anger-prone
Research indicates that heart disease is most clearly linked with an ____________ personality.
are less likely to embody a community's diversity
Research indicates that six-member juries
the confirmation bias
Research indicates that when interviewers are instructed to test for a trait, they tend to ask questions that show evidence of
the opponents can communicate with one another
Research on laboratory dilemmas reveals that cooperation is facilitated if
the opponents can communicate with one another.
Research on laboratory dilemmas reveals that cooperation is facilitated if
lonely people tend to perceive others in negative ways
Research on loneliness indicates that
ALL OF THESE a. a yield sign was actually a stop sign b. a red light was actually green c. a robber had a moustache when he did not
Research on memory construction indicates that suggestive questioning can lead people to believe that
familiarity leads to liking
Research on proximity and social attraction generally supports the view that
A ) groups do no better at recalling information from a trial than do their individual members, B) deliberation cancels out some of the biases that contaminate individual judgments. C) deliberation increases the likelihood that jurors will use inadmissible evidence.
Research on the effects of group deliberation by a jury suggests that
these characteristics have their strongest effect when the evidence is ambiguous
Research on the individual characteristics of jurors, such as personality and general attitudes, indicates that
less likely to be found guilty and if found guilty receive less punishment
Research on the physical attractiveness of defendants has indicated that physically attractive defendants are
people who say their marriage is satisfying rarely report being unhappy or depressed
Research on the relationship between marriage and happiness indicates that
depression is both a cause and a consequence of their negative thinking
Research on the social thinking of those vulnerable to depression indicates that
"Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder."
Research on the two-factor theory of love supports which of the following conclusions?
jurors have a hard time ignoring the evidence and its influence on their deliberations.
Research shows that when a judge rules evidence to be inadmissible and admonishes the jury to ignore it
may see themselves as invulnerable and thus fail to take sensible precautions
Research suggest optimists
optimism
Research suggests that an attitude of ______________ is generally good for health.
have a poorer memory of the culprits face
Research suggests that eyewitnesses who correctly remember trivial details surrounding a crime
well educated
Research suggests that jurors in the minority will be most persuasive when they are all of the following EXCEPT
statistics
Research suggests that the prediction of someone's future academic success is best when the prediction is based on
self-efficacy
Research suggests that those who are high in ____________ are more likely to be helpful.
we are happy
Research suggests that we are especially likely to help when
women thought to be attractive spoke more warmly than the other women.
Researchers had male students speak by telephone with women they thought were either attractive or unattractive. When judges later analyzed the women's comments, they found that the
noticed the smoke more quickly than did those in groups
Researchers had participants fill out a questionnaire in a room either by themselves or with two strangers. When the experimenters pumped smoke through a wall vent, solitary participants
concluded that to some extent the speech reflected the speaker's true beliefs
Researchers had students read debaters' speeches either supporting or attacking Cuban leader Fidel Castro. When the students were later told that each debater's position had been assigned, they
mistakenly "remembered" having felt the same as they do now
Researchers had students write essays opposing student control over university curricula. When asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier, most of the students
both contestants and observers thought the hosts were more knowledgeable than the contestants.
Researchers randomly assigned participants to play the part of either a quiz game contestant or the host, while other participants merely observed the game. Results indicated that
positive
Researchers reported a _______ correlation between persistence and self-efficacy.
social neuroscientists.
Those who consider under-the-skin (i.e., biological) and between the skins (i.e., social) influences on topics such as love and hate are referred to as
offer more direct support to the poor
Those who make situational attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that
agrees to give the speech without special incentives
Though she is opposed to capital punishment, Lisa is asked to give a speech in favor of it to round out a class debate. Dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she
superordinate goals
Through the use of _______, Muzafer Sherif made boy camper enemies into friends.
priming
To retrieve a memory of where your date told you she wanted to go for dinner tomorrow, you need to activate one of the strands that leads to this memory, such as thinking about what types of food she does and does not like. This process is known as
secure
Twelve-month-old Joshua enters an unfamiliar laboratory playroom with his mother. When she leaves, he gets distressed. When she returns, he runs to her and hugs her close. After this intense reunion, he returns to playing. Joshua demonstrates the characteristics of ______ attachment.
control and random assigment
Two essential ingredients in a social-psychological experiment are
a social dilemma
Two gas station owners in Roseville cut their gas prices in order to capture a portion of their competitor's business. However, neither gained any of the other's customers and in the long run both operated at a loss. This outcome best illustrates the dynamics of
demonstrates the sadder-but-wiser effect
Valerie is a mildly depressed university student. From the research presented in the text on depression she
All of these ...X causes Y, Y causes X, A third variable causes or influences both X and Y
Variable X is correlated with Variable Y. Which of the following could explain this correlation?
allows the court to edit out inadmissible evidence
Videotaped testimony
when the weather is hot
Violent crimes are more likely committed
the individuals as being representative of their group rather than as atypical
We are most likely to generalize positive interracial experiences with a few individuals to a more positive attitude toward a whole outgroup if we perceive
reward
We like people with whom we associate good feelings. This fact is consistent with the ___________ theory of attraction.
we have just observed someone else helping
We tend to help more often when
The correlations between heat and aggression do not prove a causal relationship
What can we conclude about the relationship between heat and aggression?
actor-observor perspective
What commands our attention as we shop for groceries each week is the environment around us, such as the number of people in front of us at the checkout counter. Yet when we watch another person's behavior at the grocery store, he or she, rather than the environment, occupies the center of our attention. As a result, we tend to engage in the attribution error. That is, we are irritable because the lines are long, but the other person is cantankerous because he or she is an unhappy person. What explanation below best explains this use of the fundamental attribution error?
People with low self-image tend to be more prejudiced.
What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice?
materialism
What does NOT enhance the quality of life?
gender difference interacts with the situation
What does research indicate regarding the role of gender difference in predicting helping?
hindsight bias
What error in thinking may contribute to a person's feeling of guilt after a close relative commits suicide?
Social psychology research shows us what to value.
What is NOT true about how values affect social psychology?
There is a decrease in ocean temperatures
What is NOT true in relationship to our climate?
The jury verdict is usually the alternative favored by at least two-thirds of the jurors at the outset.
What is meant by the "two-thirds-majority" scheme?
people are less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders
What is meant by the term "bystander effect"?
the overjustification effect
What principle or concept suggests that rewarding people for their helpfulness may, in the long run, undermine their self-motivated altruism?
Positive behaviors are attributed to situational factors.
What sort of attributions are made when an outgroup member commits a positive behavior?
his political views were similar to their own.
When Amato (1979) had Australian students read evidence concerning a left- or right-wing person accused of a politically motivated burglary, they judged him less guilty if
enough priority placed on equality to meet their own needs but also some reward for productivity
When Gregory Mitchell and his colleagues asked university students what standard of justice they would prefer if their own place on the economic ladder was unknown, they indicated that they would prefer
a learned response.
When Jason hits his brother, the brother hands over a toy. This most clearly suggests that Jason aggression is
results much like those obtained in western cultures
When Kaori Sato used a simulated forest to study the Commons Dilemma in a communal culture, he found
people were more cooperative in their play
When Robyn Dawes and his colleagues gave people a short sermon about group benefits, exploitation, and ethics before they played a dilemma game,
both the number of contributors and the average amount of each contribution increased
When a solicitor for a charitable cause added the phrase, "Even a penny will help" to the request for a donation,
jurors become more likely to trust such testimony
When experts provide jurors information on the conditions under which eyewitness accounts are trustworthy
cognitive dissonance
When external inducements are insufficient to justify our behavior, we reduce dissonance by justifying the behavior internally. Which of the following theories explains this insufficient justification effect?
the bystander effect
When his car overheated on a nearly deserted highway early one morning, elderly Mr. Hurley received help from the first passerby. One week later the same thing happened in the afternoon when traffic was heavy and Mr. Hurley waited nearly two hours for help. This difference best illustrates
experience great difficulty
When it comes to predicting the intensity and duration of our future emotions, research indicates that most people
behavioral confirmation
When our expectations lead us to act in ways that induce others to confirm those expectations, _______ is at work.
all said they thought the deception was justified and would be willing to take part in future similar experiments
When participants in Darley and Latane's seizure experiment were later interviewed,
close personal relationships
When people are asked, "What is necessary for your happiness?" most mention _________________ first.
attractiveness; status
When people describe themselves in personal ads, women often offer _______ and seek _______
depressed were quite accurate in estimating their degree of control
When researchers had relatively depressed and nondepressed university students observe whether their pressing a button was linked with whether a light came on, the results indicated that the
statistical prediction is usually superior to expert intuition.
When researchers pit statistical prediction—such as predicting graduate school success using a formula that includes grades and aptitude scores—against interviewers' intuitive prediction,
expressed attitudes
When social psychologists try to measure attitudes of people they end up measuring
the majority of students voted for conviction even if the eyesight of the eyewitness was called into question
When students were presented with a hypothetical robbery-murder with circumstantial evidence but no eyewitness testimony, only 18 percent voted for conviction. With the addition of eyewitness testimony to the circumstantial evidence,
displaced aggression
When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility. This phenomenon is known as
controlled processing
When trying to recall the definition of the fundamental attribution error during an exam, you think back to what the professor was wearing when he was talking about the fundamental attribution error in class. What type of thinking is this?
the felt attraction and affection
When unacquainted male-female pairs gazed intently for two minutes into each other's eyes for a research project, what was the result?
see ourselves as better than the average person
When we compare ourselves with others, most of us tend to
overestimate
When you give a presentation in class and feel extremely nervous you will tend to _____ what others think about your nervousness.
avoiding eye contact
Which is NOT one of the reasons that affect us as to when we will help others?
"It's going to affect everything I do"
Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or a setback illustrates the global quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?
"It's going to last forever"
Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or setback illustrates the stable quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?
What is beautiful is good.
Which of the following best expresses the meaning of the physical attractiveness stereotype?
apartment dwellers install a television antenna they can all use
Which of the following best illustrates a superordinate goal?
gene survival
Which of the following factors is likely to increase helping behavior?
the presence of others who offer help
Which of the following factors is likely to increase helping behavior?
an unexpected request
Which of the following has NOT been linked with aggressive behavior according to your text?
ALL OF THESE A) Give eyewitnesses a "blank" lineup that contains no suspects and screen out those who make false identifications. B) Minimize false identifications with instructions that acknowledge that the offender may not be in the lineup. C) Include one suspect and several known innocent people in the lineup rather than a group of several suspects.
Which of the following has been suggested as a strategy for reducing misidentifications in police lineups?
Ask witnesses to scan a lineup of several suspects or mug shots simultaneously rather than one at a time.
Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for increasing the accuracy of eyewitnesses and jurors?
"I've learned my lesson"
Which of the following is NOT an example of one of the components of a pessimistic explanatory style?
competition
Which of the following is NOT cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?
It makes us feel less vulnerable to risks such as AIDS.
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that the self-serving bias is adaptive?
jigsaw technique
Which of the following is a cooperative learning strategy used in schools?
heuristic
Which of the following is a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments?
Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing some rumors about Marcy's social life.
Which of the following is an example of aggression as it is defined in the text?
Our standards regarding promptness, beauty, and equality vary with our culture.
Which of the following is an example of how our attitudes and behaviors are shaped by external social forces?
I'm sure I'll get a great job when I graduate
Which of the following is an example of unrealistic optimism?
psychoanalysis
Which of the following is not given as an example of a therapy that utilizes the "attitudes-follow-behavior" principle?
weighing the costs and benefits of helping
Which of the following is not one of the steps in Darley and Latane's decision tree?
how the physical environment of the jury room influences jurors' judgments
Which of the following is not part of the literature discussed in the text on social psychology and the courtroom?
without conflict, people seldom face and resolve their problems
Which of the following is true of conflict?
a minority that favors acquittal stands a better chance of influencing the majority than does a minority that favors conviction
Which of the following is true regarding the influence of minorities in jury deliberations?
counterfactual thinking
Which of the following maxims best represents the concept of individualism?
to thine own self be true
Which of the following maxims best represents the concept of individualism?
guilt
Which of the following negative moods is most likely to motivate altruism?
"Opposites attract."
Which of the following proverbs is clearly NOT supported by the research findings?
Everyone is a child of God and thus your brother or sister
Which of the following religious teachings most clearly promotes "moral inclusion"?
Eyewitnesses' certainty about what they have seen is closely related to their accuracy.
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is FALSE?
A judge's orders to ignore inadmissible testimony can boomerang—adding to the impact of the testimony.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
We have nearly 7 billion people and 600 million cars.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
give them feedback about others; performance
Which of the following strategies will NOT be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?
show them films of heroes who risked their own welfare to help others
Which of the following techniques should elementary schoolteachers use if they hope to promote enduring altruistic tendencies in students?
self-perception theory
Which of the following theories assumes that our actions are self-revealing?
self perception
Which of the following theories explains the insufficient justification effect by claiming that we explain our behavior by noting the conditions under which it occurs?
your best friend Carol
Which of your friends is most likely to report a preference for a mate who is homely and warm over one who is attractive and cold?
the presence of the researcher
Which one of the following does NOT predict increased aggression?
sympathy
Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic that conflict expert Deutsch (1993) advises negotiators to exhibit?
Hypotheses allow us to test a theory
Which one of the following is one of the purposes of a hypothesis according to the text?
evryone does it
Which saying reflects the false consensus effect?
The people who know you can probably predict your behaviors better than you
Which statement about predicting your own behaviors or relationships is TRUE?
The people who know you can probably predict your behaviors better than you.
Which statement about predicting your own behaviors or relationships is TRUE?
Unhappy people tend to be more self-focused and brooding
Which statement is NOT correct as it relates to mood and judgment?
You can't sense how someone else is feeling if you mirror their facial expressions.
Which statement is NOT true according to the research findings on behavior and attitudes?
There is no correlation between national wealth and well-being.
Which statement is NOT true?
We really don't know ourselves as well as we think we do
Which statement is most accurate in relationship to our self-awareness?
cognitive dissonance
Which theory best explains why 40 percent of smokers in the U.S. judge smoking as not very harmful?
self-perception theory
Which theory explains our conclusion that we must be anxious because we woke up before dawn?
instinct theory
Which theory is most susceptible to the criticism that it tries to explain aggression by naming it?
two factor theory
Which theory suggests that love is a function of physiological arousal along with the label that we give to our arousal?
misinformation effect
While waiting to cross the street, you witness a man running a red light—causing a three-car accident. Just after it happens, the man who ran the stoplight gets out of the car to talk to you. He tells you that the light was yellow. Later you tell police that you remembered the light being yellow, not red, when the man went through the intersection. This scenario illustrates
Freud
Who among the following argued that there is an inborn aggressive drive?
Tim, an unattractive auto mechanic, with long hair
Who among the following is likely to receive the most severe sentence for drunk driving?
Bill, who emphasizes his income
Who is likely to receive the most responses to his personal ad?
a person high in social dominance
Who is most likely to support a policy, such as tax cuts for the wealthy, that maintains hierarchies?
Anita who is five minutes late for a committee meeting
Who of the following is least likely to help an injured pedestrian?
`Thressa's report immediately after a bank robbery. She was simply asked by police to tell in her own words what happened.
Whose eyewitness testimony is probably the most reliable?
disposititional
You are consistently late to your psychology class, because the biology class you have immediately before it is in a building on the other side of campus. You are concerned that your professor does not think you are a serious student because of your chronic tardiness. If this were true, what type of attribution would your professor be making about your behavior?
downgrading
You are fortunate to receive multiple job offers after graduating from college. You find the decision-making very difficult, but once you decide on an offer to accept, you notice yourself _______ the job offers that you did not accept
both experimental and labratory research
You are interested in finding out the effect that crowding has on people's moods. You conduct a study in a psychology research lab using two types of participants - participants who have to wait in a crowded waiting room before completing a measure of their mood, and participants who wait in an empty room before completing the same measure. Which type of research did you conduct?
roles that shape our behavior
You are teaching students, and unlike when you were student teaching, you find that the role of teacher feels more comfortable. This is an example of
behavioral confirmation
You attend a party where you do not know anyone, but expect that people will be friendly. You behave in a warm and sociable manner. Your behavior, in turn, leads to other people being friendly to you. This situation can best be described as
internal
You attend a self-help discussion group, where the leader is encouraging people to think of themselves as the writers, directors, and actors of their own lives. The group leader is hoping people will adopt a(n) _______ locus of control.
remind the jury before the trial that the victim's previous sexual history is irrelevant
You have just been appointed to serve as a new provincial judge. You are concerned about the effect inadmissible evidence may have on the jury in an upcoming trial of a case involving rape. You anticipate that the defense attorney will seek to introduce evidence regarding the victim's prior sexual history. To minimize the impact of such evidence on the jury, you should
Your beliefs influence how you see now information
You have strong feelings about abortion. Which statement is true?
learned helplessness
You have tried to study for an exam with flashcards, with a friend, and with your notes - all to no avail. You begin to feel that you should give up, as whatever you do does not seem to help your exam scores. According to Myers, the best term for this symptom is
intensity of their future emotions.
You just broke up with someone you had been dating for a few months. You are surprised at how upset you are over the breakup, given that the relationship was not that serious. This is an example of how people have difficulty predicting the
strong
You notice that your niece is unusually persistent when working on her homework. She rarely claims that she is unable to complete an assignment and is academically successful. You would be correct in speculating that she likely has _______ feelings of self-efficacy.
conservative
You overhear a neighbor say that she believes that gay marriage should be illegal and that she favors tax cuts for the wealthy. Knowing what you do about individualism and collectivism, you can conclude that your neighbor is likely to be a political
social comparison
You prefer that professors post exam scores (by identification number), rather than returning them individually. It makes you feel better to see how you did in comparison to other students. This is an example of what social psychology phenomenon?
external
Your best friend earned a grade of F on her latest physics exam, and believes it was because the professor wrote a very difficult exam. She therefore has a(n) _______ locus of control.
everyday language
Your decision to call someone a "terrorist" rather than a "freedom fighter" depends on your view of the cause. This is an example of how values can influence not only social psychology, but
Their beliefs influence how they see new information.
Your friends have strong feelings about abortion. Which statement is true?
start the paper and you will feel better about wanting to do it
Your research paper, which you don't want to write, is due in two months. The best way deal with it, according to the research, is to
door-in-the-face technique
Your roommate asks you to loan her twenty-five dollars to buy her boyfriend a birthday present and you refuse. She then asks for three dollars to purchase a new notebook. You loan her the three dollars. Your roommate has successfully used the
Informed consent
_____ is an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
deception
_____ occurs in research when participants are misinformed or misled about the method and purposes of the study.
Carefree procrastinator; higher
_____ students reported lower stress and illness early in the semester and _____ illness later in the semester
few; many
_______ agree that money buys happiness, whereas _______ agree that a little more money will make one a little happier
prejudice; discrimination
_______ is a negative attitude; _______ is a negative behavior.
Arbitration
_______ occurs when a neutral third party studies a conflict and imposes a settlement
informed consent
___________ is an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
commitment
`Which component in Sternberg's theory of love involves a decision to maintain a relationship?
