social psych unit 7, 9, 10.

​Baumeister and Leary (1996) suggest that humans have a fundamental drive to have at least a minimum number of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships with others. They refer to this as the

need to belong.

The unspoken rule dictating that we should treat others as they have treated us is called the

norm of reciprocity.

Those participants in Milgram's study who went to the very end of the shock meter were

not found to be substantially different than those who refused to do so.

Milgram's research on obedience is notable for having led some participants to believe that a helpless man in the next room had been rendered unconscious or even dead by a strong electric shock, marked "xxx" on a shock generator. What was the highest voltage that participants believed they could administer?

450 volts

Which researcher conducted the first large-scale survey of sexual practices in the United States?

Alfred Kinsey

Many participants in the social influence study conducted by ____ gave public responses that they privately knew to be inaccurate.

Asch

Which outcome has not demonstrated in research on physical attractiveness?

Attractive employees earn approximately the same salaries as unattractive employees.

The victim (person being shocked) was not an accomplice of the experimenter, and tried to answer the questions correctly.

False

Which of the following is likely to be a reason passers-by did not help when the street was crowded?

Diffusion of responsibility is more likely to be an issue on crowded streets

Consider situations in which other people are able to see you help another person, versus situations in which no one is around to see you help. Which type of helping motivator would be predicted to be less important in conditions in which no one will witness the helping act?

Expectation of external rewards

Which of the following was NOT a motivation to help as presented by the video segment?

Expectation of punishment for not helping

Shannon is always giving rides and loaning money to her friend Meg. Which helping motivator explains why Meg would be predicted to help Shannon if help was needed?

Expectation of reciprocity

The people administering the shocking did not experience any conflict or stress while administering the shocks.

False

Michael asked Brian, his teammate, to give him a ride home after the soccer game. Once they were on their way, he said, "You don't mind if we stop a little bit away from here and pick up three more people who are coming to my house, do you?"

Foot in the door

Students who were asked to help create blood donation campaign posters were more likely to donate blood when the campaign started a week later.

Foot in the door

Abigail ran back into the burning house to rescue her sister, Sophia, but when she found out that her neighbor, Mitchell, was also in the house, she waited for the firemen to arrive and rescue him. According to the study by Fitzgerald and others (2010), which statement best explains Abigail's actions?

In high-risk scenarios, we are more willing to help only our closest relatives.

What did the narrator of the segment say about true altruism?

It is very difficult to measure, as competing explanations for helping cannot be ruled out

Only after Jenna agreed to babysit for Mr. and Mrs. Williams' two-year-old twins for $5.00 an hour, was she told that their cousin, another toddler, was staying with them that night and that she would be watching him too.

Low balling

​Which of the following best describes existing gender differences with respect to Lee's (1988) styles of love?

Men tend to score higher on ludus love, but women score higher on pragma love.

If in the classroom exercise there had only been a few highly attractive participants, and many less attractive participants, what would the likely result of this be?

Most participants should have shifted their preferences downwards and accepted less attractive partners.

Which of the following was not part of the procedure in Milgram's research on destructive obedience?

Participants playing the role of learners were ordered to give shocks to the teacher who was trying to complete the task.

Which of the following is the best example of normative influence?

People wear a particular type of shoe even if uncomfortable because it is considered fashionable.

Which of the following was NOT offered as a reason why people sometimes fail to help others?

Poor morals

Dana says, "When I don't help other people, it makes me feel really guilty." This is an example of which helping motivator?

Reduction of anxiety

According to Milgram one of the things that's a prerequisite for carrying out acts that are evil is to shed responsibility to the person in charge.

T

What was the narrator's end message regarding cooperation and prosocial behavior?

That as we all benefit from cooperation, we should try and find ways to increase prosocial behavior

Kevin thought the laptop was priced too high, but when he found out that it came with a free printer, he decided it was worth the asking price and he bought it, even though he already owned a perfectly good printer.

That's not all

Linda was shopping for a new sweater. She was ready to spend around $50. Then she saw one that had a sale tag saying it had been reduced from $150 to $75. Even though it appeared to be almost identical to the less expensive sweaters, she bought it thinking it was a good deal.

That's not all

Milgram wanted to study under what conditions would a person obey authority that commanded actions that went against conscious.

True

Milgram's original motive of the experiment was to understand how the German people could permit the extinction of the Jews.

True

Stanley Millgram conducted a series of studies called "Blind Obedience to Authority."

True

The "teacher" is instructed to give a shock starting at 15 volts when the "subject" answered a question incorrectly.

True

The Authority figure in the study was the "Teacher" in control of administering the shocks.

True

The subjects were 40 males ages between the ages 20-50 residing in the greater New Haven area

True

Several people in the video segment stated that they did not help because the situation was unclear. However, in some situations, making the situation clearer did not seem to increase helping. In what scenario was the situation clearer, yet people did not stop to help?

When the person needing help was lying next to an empty liquor bottle

Pina and colleagues (2006) refer to "I-sharing" as an important form of similarity whereby individuals share

a subjective experience.

According to Reis and colleagues (2011), familiarity breeds

attraction

Normative social influence is based on our desire to ________.

be liked or accepted by others

In equity theory, which is most dissatisfying in a relationship?

being underbenefited

Informational influence occurs primarily because people

believe that others are correct in their judgments, especially when they agree.

Normative influence tends to occur primarily when people

fear the negative social consequences of rejection that can follow appearing deviant.

The effectiveness of lowballing seemed to be based on the psychology of

commitment.

The lowball procedure is based on the ________ principle of compliance

commitment/consistency

Individuals from collectivistic cultures are more likely than those from individualistic cultures to

conform to a public norm.

The tendency to alter perceptions, opinions, and behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms is called

conformity.

Diffusion of responsibility results in

decreases in helping when multiple people are present.

The belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need is called

diffusion of responsibility.

Rosenbaum (1986) argues that social psychologists overestimate the role of attitudinal similarity in attraction, and suggests that it is not that similarity creates attraction but that

dissimilarity produces interpersonal repulsion.

Public conformity is ________; private acceptance is ________.

doing or saying what others around us do or say; coming to feel or think as others around us do

The ability to understand or vicariously experience another's perspective and to feel sympathy and compassion for that person is called ____.

empathy

"Good Samaritan" laws

encourage bystanders to intervene in emergencies regardless of the consequences.

Helping in the face of ____ costs is best described as ____.

enormous; courageous resistance

Jacinta volunteers at a local clinical where patients with AIDS come to get treatment and social assistance. She spends 10 to 15 hours a week at the clinic because it helps her escape the pressures and stress in her life. Which motivation category is behind Jacinta's volunteerism?

esteem enhancement

According to the results of Milgram's studies, woman's obedience level was different from men.

f

An evolutionary perspective on attraction suggests that people prefer mates who

favor the conception and birth of their offspring.

The nature of Milgram's obedience research paradigm exploited which compliance-induction strategy?

foot-in-the-door technique

As stated in the video segment, kin selection is a potential motivator for helping that would lead people towards

helping others who are or appear to be related to you.

​According to social impact theory, the source's proximity in time and space to a target determines the source's

immediacy.

Whether or not someone seems responsible for her own predicament is more influential on helping behavior

in individualistic cultures.

A cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, and self-reliance take priority over group allegiances is called

individualism.

Samantha and David had no close friends outside of their marriage but instead relied on each other for everything. When the marriage failed, they were both extremely distressed, most likely as a result of their

interdependence.

​Shari is a 42-year-old woman who has wanted to find a husband for many years. She has had several successful dating relationships, but they never seem to "go the distance." In addition, Shari does not have a true "best friend" to rely on in times of personal distress. Shari is likely experiencing ____ loneliness.

intimate

When in conflict in close relationships, women often try to get their husbands to talk about the problem and men retreat. This communication pattern

llustrates the demand/withdraw interaction pattern.

Mr. and Mrs. Brown were looking to buy an outdoor table and chair set that was advertised at $500. After they said they'll take it, the salesman explained that they had to pay an extra $100 for the store to assemble the pieces, another $125 for the umbrella, and an additional $50 for the umbrella stand.

low balling

Research on the marital trajectory suggests that once a couple's children have grown up and left the home,

marital satisfaction tends to increase.

One student commented that after being dumped, she was waiting and planning on telling potential partners, "the game's almost over, and you need someone." After being rejected by several potential partners, another student commented, "well, if I have to go a little lower, then that's okay." This suggests that

part of the decision process when choosing a partner depends on the context, and people's strategies may change depending on the current situation

Sheriff's (1936) research using the auto kinetic effect demonstrated that

people often look to others as a source of information.

The "minority slowness effect" refers to the finding that

people with minority opinions are slower to respond to questions about the topic than people with majority opinions.

The numbers students were assigned were meant to represent

physical attractiveness

Dewanto hears what sounds like gunshots coming from the school parking lot. None of his classmates appears concerned, so Dewanto assumes that they know the sound was only a car backfiring or someone playing with firecrackers. Dewanto's beliefs illustrate

pluralistic ignorance.

The belief that one's own thoughts and feelings differ from those of others, even though everyone is behaving in the same way, is called

pluralistic ignorance.

According to Lateen and Darley's (1970) five-step model of helping, analysis of costs and rewards occurs just prior to

providing help.

Erin has been living with her boyfriend for a year. During that time, Erin has heard her boyfriend and his family make many negative comments about Asians. When her boyfriend's family is around, Erin also occasionally makes negative comments about Asians, even though she doesn't believe these comments are based in facts. This situation best represents the distinction between ________ and ________.

public conformity; private acceptance

Online file-sharing websites depend on the idea of

reciprocal altruism.

The door-in-the-face technique is based on the ________ principle of compliance.

reciprocity

Juanita wants her date, a man she finds very sexually attractive, to perceive her as very sexually attractive. What color dress should she wear to her sorority formal to promote this perception?

red

Taking malicious pleasure in the negative experiences of a disliked other is called ___.

schadenfreude

​Conceit has good relationships with her boyfriend and with her parents. She is also able to form caring and supportive friendships. Conceit probably has a(n) ____ attachment style.

secure

In Milgram's study, 60-65% of people went all the way to the top of the switchboard, administering the highest voltage of shock, obeying the authority figure present.

t

In one study, the obedience of Milgram's subjects was 90%, meaning 90% of the subjects in the experiment, obeyed the authority figure.

t

Which of the following was the central focus of Muzzier Sheriff's (1936) study on conformity?

the auto kinetic effect

One technique used for seeking compliance from others involves making a small request first, then making a larger request that is actually desired after compliance with the smaller request has been obtained. This is known as ________.

the foot-in-the-door technique

The compliance technique in which compliance to a desired request is increased by first gaining compliance to a smaller, but related, request is called

the foot-in-the-door technique.

The bystander effect refers to the finding that

the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely individuals are to help.

Jack has agreed to purchase a new car for $18,000. However, just before he gets ready to sign the contract, the salesman tells Jack that the sales manager will not approve the amount allowed for his trade-in, and that the contract will have to be higher, probably around $19,000. Jack has just been the victim of ________.

the lowball technique

Mario believes that people desire and form relationships with others who are similar in terms of physical attractiveness. Mario subscribes to

the matching hypothesis.

James, a 17-year-old high school student, has just moved to a new city and enrolled in a new school. At his old school, there were strong social norms against teenagers smoking cigarettes. At his new school, however, several of his new friends regularly smoke and say to him, "C'mon, don't be a jerk, have one of mine." As a result, James is likely to begin smoking because of ________.

the normative social influence

The presumed reason that putting an overturned wheelchair by the person who needed help resulted in more helping was

the overturned wheelchair made the situation less ambiguous, and people were more likely to help when they thought help was really needed.

The video on the matching phenomenon showed that when students were asked to pair up with others in a classroom exercise

the partner pairs that resulted had approximately equal assigned numbers

The Milgram study demonstrated

the potential for situational influences to lead ordinary people to commit extraordinarily destructive acts.

People are less likely to help others when they are walking alone. According to the video segment, why might this be the case?

the potential risk of helping another person is higher when you are alone.

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for

the presence of others to inhibit helping.

The video segment showed that people were less likely to help when

the streets were crowded.

The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics is called the

what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype.

Research suggests that negative moods tend to enhance helping

when helping is thought to repair mood.

Researchers use the phrase erotic plasticity to suggest that

women are more likely to change sexual preference over time than men.

The matching video suggests that in the real world, someone who was blind

would have a relatively good idea how physically attractive he or she was

​A feeling of deprivation about existing social relations is called

​loneliness.

Equity theory predicts that people are most satisfied in their relationships when the

​rewards and costs one partner experiences are roughly equal to those of the other partner.

Which of the following was the central focus of Muzzier Sheriff's (1936) study on conformity?

​the auto kinetic effect