Social Psychology Chapter 9 Review

According to social exchange theory, an individual's primary motive in establishing and maintaining relationships is a. ​maximizing profits and minimizing costs. b. ​achieving an equitable balance of inputs and outputs. c. ​maintaining reciprocal levels of self-disclosure. d. ​the reproductive fitness of a potential partner.

A.

Fastinger and colleagues (1950) research in married college student housing found that a. ​students were more likely to become friends with people who lived nearby than those who lived farther away. b. ​married college students were not as affected by proximity effects in forming friendships as were single college students. c. mere exposure had a greater effect on platonic friendships versus romantic relationships. d. students who went away to college were unlikely to maintain hometown friendships for more than a few weeks.

A.

Traci is used to people telling her how attractive she is. Research suggests that if she receives positive feedback on a paper she writes for class, she will be most likely to believe that the feedback is genuine and feel good about it if a. the person who graded the paper has never seen her before. b. she has considered herself to be fairly unattractive when she was much younger. c. it is given to her in person. d. her friends do not get good grades on the same assignment.

A.

Walter et al. (1966) randomly matched students for a dance. At the end of the evening, students indicated how satisfied they were with their dates. The strongest predictor of satisfaction was a. physical attractiveness. b. attitudinal similarity. c. proximity of dorm rooms. d. complementary personalities.

A.

Which is most dissatisfying in a relationship? a. being underbenefited b. being overbenefited c. being underbenefited or overbenefited d. investing in a relationship and getting a comparable reward

A.

Which of the following best reflects the benefits and cost of being attractive? a. While attractiveness often brings a social advantage to attractive individuals, it can cause them to doubt the sincerity of others' praise for their work. b. While attractiveness often brings heightened self-esteem to attractive individuals, it can lead them to doubt others' praise of their attractiveness. c. While attractiveness often brings greater popularity to attractive individuals, it can increase mental health difficulties. d. While attractiveness often brings lifetime happiness to attractive individuals, it can put pressure on them to maintain their appearance.

A.

Dutton and Arno (1974) examined the effects of arousal on attraction by conducting a study in which a female approached and asked survey questions of men on a rickety suspension bridge. Which scenario is most analogous to the results of this study? a. After swerving to avoid an oncoming car, your heart races, and your mind is flooded with images of how much you care about your significant other. b. ​Ten minutes after you've begun a strenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation, and you immediately feel attracted to him/her. c. When a classmate that you find particularly attractive happens to sit down next to you, you feel your pulse quicken, and you stutter as you try to make conversation. d. You are still agitated after a heated phone conversation with your mother, and when you run into someone you had a crush on several years ago, you are surprised to realize you don't find him/her that attractive in your current state of arousal.

B.

Popular wisdom is often contradictory, as with the following two sayings: 1) "opposites attract" and 2) "birds of a feather flock together." Research on the relationship between similarity and liking suggests that a. statement #1 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are dissimilar from themselves. b. statement #2 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to themselves. c. both are right for different people; heterosexual men tend to be attracted to similar others whereas gay men tend to be attracted to dissimilar others. d. both are right in different conditions; people are attracted to similar others when they are interested in long-term relationships, but they prefer dissimilar others for less serious relationships without commitment.

B.

The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics is called the a. matching phenomenon. b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype. c. aesthetic appeal of beauty. d. reinforcement-affect principle.

B.

Which statement is consistent with the mere exposure effect? a. ​The more that dating partners talk to each other, the more they realize how different they are. b. Someone you see regularly just grows on you after a while. c. A couple falls in love at first sight. d. The old saying, "Birds of a feather flock together."

B.

​In their relationship, Clyde is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Bonnie is concerned with being responsive to Clyde's needs. Clyde views their relationship as a(n) ____ relationship, whereas Bonnie views it as a(n) ____ relationship. a. ​reciprocal; exchange b. ​exchange; communal c. ​communal; passionate d. ​passionate; companionate

B.

​Keith and David are most likely to have a communal relationship if they are ____ and most likely to have an exchange relationship if they are ____. a. ​business partners; friends b. ​romantic partners; strangers c. teammates; brothers d. ​classmates; business competitors

B.

Know the costs and benefits associated with being attractive.

Benefits: more popular, more socially skilled, more sexually experienced, and more likely to attract a mate Costs: can't always tell if the attention and praise they receive from others is due to their talent or just their good looks; pressure to maintain one's appearance

Aimee attends a large lecture section of Introductory Psychology every Tuesday and Thursday throughout her first semester at college. According to the mere exposure effect, Aimee should a. ​come to intensely dislike psychology. b. come to intensely like psychology. c. more positively evaluate the face of the guy who sat in front of her in class all semester than the face of a stranger. d. more positively evaluate the face of a stranger than the guy who sat in front of her in class all semester.

C.

Ben goes out of his way to help Jennifer whenever he can. However, Jennifer has been busy lately and unable to reciprocate. Ben doesn't seem upset because he knows she is sensitive to his needs overall. Which of the following best describes their relationship? a. ​equitable relationship b. ​exchange relationship c. ​communal relationship d. companionate relationship

C.

C.Equity theory predicts that people are most satisfied in their relationships when the a. perceived rewards of the relationship are equal to the perceived costs of the relationship. b. perceived rewards of the relationship outweigh the perceived costs of the relationship. c. ​rewards and costs one partner experiences are roughly equal to those of the other partner. d. actual rewards and costs of the relationship exceed the expected rewards and costs of the relationship.

C.

C.Which statement regarding physically attractive people is false? a. Attractive people tend to have more sexual experience than unattractive people. b. Attractive people tend to be more popular than unattractive people. c. Attractive people tend to have higher self-esteem than unattractive people. d. Attractive people, when told that a judge who has just given them praise has seen what they look like, often come to have doubts about the true quality of their work.

C.

Jack and Diane have been dating and living together for two years. Jack always puts Diane's needs before his own, is very supportive of Diane, and devotes a great deal of time and energy to the relationship. Diane, on the other hand, focuses on her own needs and problems and does not exert a great deal of effort when it comes to the relationship. According to equity theorists, a. ​Jack should feel under benefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, whereas Diane will be content because her needs are being met at minimal cost to her. b. Jack and Diane should be content with the relationship because people in an equity relationship do not keep track of costs and benefits. c. Jack should feel under benefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, and Diane should feel over benefited and guilty. d. Jack should feel content with the relationship because he knows he's working for his partner's happiness, but Diane will feel over benefited and guilty.

C.

According to the two-stage model of attraction proposed by Byrne et al. (1986), people a. seek partners who are similar with respect to physical attractiveness, but dissimilar with respect to attitudes. b. seek partners who are similar with respect to attitudes, but dissimilar with respect to personality. c. first approach similar others and then weed out those who are least similar. d. first avoid dissimilar others and then approach those remaining who are most similar.

D.

Bruce and Pam have just started dating. According to social exchange theory, their relationship is likely to last longer and be more satisfying if they each feel that a. ​the rewards gained from the relationship are shared equally between them. b. the costs of maintaining the relationship are shared equally between them. c. the rewards gained from the relationship are equal to the costs of maintaining the relationship. d. the rewards gained from the relationship are greater than the costs of maintaining the relationship.

D.

Which statement describes an example of the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype? a. Athletes who have greater physical skills tend to earn higher salaries when they make it to the professional level of their sport. b. Physicians have been found to spend less time with patients who they feel are not serious about taking care of their own physical health. c. Students who take classes from professors who they report to be physically unattractive often assume that the course will be a worthy educational experience. d. In animated movies for children, the hero is usually very attractive while the villain is often very ugly.

D.

Be able to recognize an example of the "mere exposure effect" and know what the possible outcomes might be, under certain conditions. Hint: Think about the study involving assigned seating in a classroom.

People tend to like people sit next to them more than people the other side of the room

According to Equity Theory, when are people most likely to be satisfied in their relationship?

a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners

Be able to recognize examples of "exchange" and "communal" relationships.

exchange- a relationship in which participants expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions communal-a relationship in which the participants expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other's needs

Know the results of Dutton and Aron's 1974 "suspension bridge" study. Be able to apply the implications of their research findings to another situation.

men who crossed the scary bridge were later more likely to call her than those who crossed the stable bridge, "Love at first fright"

What do research findings suggest about similarities and differences, when it comes to choosing a partner...do opposites attract?

opposites do not attract. People tend to associate with others who are similar to themselves

What is it called when we make the assumption that attractive individuals also possess other good qualities?

what-is-beautiful-good stereotypes