Social Psychology Exam #2

-How are they different from beliefs?

-Beliefs are statements of knowledge. -Not always accurate. ex: believe will do well on test, but don't ex: his name is Johnny Depp

Behavioral attitude formation

-Classical conditioning- pair something we already like or dislike with something neutral... to develop attitude EX: Learn association= with trying food for 1st time... if you get sick from eating a certain food.... you most likely will not eat it again/ not like it ... bad association

How is conformity culturally specific?

-Demonstrate culture norms -Views are often culture dependent -ex: different attire in certain cultures. -

What is the mere exposure effect and what were the methods and findings of the study on it that we discussed in class?

-Favorability increases with greater exposure. -Develop pleasant associations with stimulus -Zajonc (1968) "chinease character study" -subliminal exposure to novel characters -Flash character at 150 milliseconds -not see, but brain will process. -will say saw nothing -P's picked which character they liked most from list -They pick the one they saw the post -Develop a more positive attitude toward the one they liked the most -mere exposure does not work unless I have a positive attitude. -mere exposure ex: throw in room with spiders, but comfortable setting where don't attack... eventually with not hate them. -goal: lower dislike for it as much as possible, rather than like... phobias?

Cognition influences attitudes

-People like information that is easy to process. -dislike more difficult information (also, negative things-harder to process) -If it is easy to read, people form more positive attitudes toward it ex: Nice hand writing (people like it more, think its true, think) its easier. ex: black bean hummus recipe with 2 different fonts (easier font is half as difficult, would take half as long, more willing to try it) -Ex: Rated proverbs in marriages: rhyme (easy to read/ process/ remember, so must be true) -

What is the chameleon effect?

-Social effects -Participants set up to work with an experimenter ex: friend gets southern accent when talking to parents. -Half the time, experimenter was neutral -Other half, experimenter mimics the participant -Ps like the mimicker significantly more. -*** can backfire/ lead to bad results if participant thinks they r intentionally copying them... mocked. >Why do we conform? -Informational influence: Our behavior is shaped by the evidence about reality that we get from other people ex: how do I use the subway in Tokyo... watch what other people do. where they wait/ get tix.... then i copy... this is what i'm supposed to do. -likely to result in acceptance (i'm copying it because I think it is the correct thing to do.) >The classic Sherif 1936 (remember this name) -"Vision perception" experiment -subjects sat in a dark room and viewed a light - alone (-initial estimates vary because alone) -in groups of 3 (not together... overtime there responses converge... can talk about how much they believe it moves.... by end of experiment each person is given similar answers aka a norm. we think it moved this much... due to conformity.) -Took advantage of autokinetic effect. (blinking makes it appear to move??) -The classics : Asch (1951) (remember this) -You join 6 others sitting at a table for a "visual perception task"... -indicate which of 3 comparison lines is identical to the first -say answer outloud. (some are confederates. and they all say the wrong answer and the subject conforms) -First two trials are unanimous -3rd trial confederates give wrong answer. -subjects went along with incorrect majority 37% of the time. (easy obvious choices) -75% of participants conformed at least once (majority of these people are conforming at least once)

Operant conditioning

-attitude formation -develop a positive attitude toward behaviors that are rewarded. -ex: Receive praise for high grades = more positive attitude toward high grades. -punishing should lead to more negative attitudes.

c.

Cohesion

19.

Why do small increments of negative behavior make it easier/more likely for a person to obey orders to do antisocial behaviors?

3.

Why would we have evolved the tendency to conform?

a.

Group size

11.

How and why do the following affect conformity?

20.

How does the fundamental attribution error relate to Milgram's study?

17.

How many people obeyed orders in Milgram's study?

f.

Prior Commitment (from text)

e.

Public response

d.

Status

b.

Unanimity

6.

What are mass delusions? How are the examples from the textbooks examples of mass delusions? Know the specific types mentioned.

18.

What are the factors that increased obedience in Milgram's study?

10.

What are the two types of conformity, when do they happen, and what type of conformity do they create?

14.

What do the Galinsky (2008) and Quinn (2002) studies say about whether conformity always works? What are their methods and results?

13.

What does the book say about reactance and what are some examples of it?

9.

What factors decreased conformity in Asch's experiments?

15.

What major 20th century event influenced the ideas behind Milgram's obedience studies?

8.

What were the methods and findings of Asch's conformity experiments?

16.

What were the methods and findings of Milgram's obedience study?

7.

What were the methods and findings of Sherif's "vision" experiment?

12.

What were the methods and findings of the "staring at the sky" study?

What are implicit and explicit attitudes and how do they differ? Is it possible to have opposing implicit and explicit attitudes?

----Dual attitudes----- -Explicit attitudes - controlled and conscious evaluative responses >ex: "I like Johnny Depp" -Implicit attitudes- automatic and nonconscious evaluative responses. ex: I like dogs....jump back when see dogs -Implicit = negative automatic response... don't have control over usually. -further repeated positive exposure can change implicit attitude. ^both attitudes don't have to line up. Measuring implicit attitudes >difficult >measuring explicit attitudes -Can researchers simply ask? -Unobtrusive attitude measures. -get around social desirability -ex: some creative methods.. (gay men/ lesbians) (had participants #'s from previous meeting)(how many participants would call this #.... more prejudice people were less likely to call if someone was calling the same sex partner.)(where people chose to sit can be a proxy for attitudes.....ex: see someone that is the same race/ diff race.... they get to chose where to sit, and where the chair goes.....how far away do they put the chairs form each other... more prejudice ppl will put the chair far away when it is someone of a diff race)(ex: drop letters on campus... when letters sounded white name vs black name more letters got back....) <--- ways of looking at attitudes of diff groups without directly asking opinion. Dual attitudes -Weak relationships between implicit and explicit attitudes === reason = social desirability. >origins of implicit/ explicit attitudes may be diff -way raised/ early interactions >Dual attitudes predictions -Measured implicit and explicit attitudes of White participants toward blacks -videotaped white participants interacting with black participants -did implicit attitudes or explicit attitudes predict behavior? ----explicit predicted -verbal behavior -self-reported friendliness (how they viewed themselves here) (+/- attitude toward black people). -----Implicit predicted -nonverbal behavior (body language, eye contact).(how confederates rank them as well....negative/ positive if read that way.) -others-reported friendliness (explicit + implicit -..... sounded nice, but body language said otherwise) >Dual attitudes predict -Arcuri et al. (2008) -Local elections in italy -measured explicit attitudes - which part are you going to vote for? Left ? Right? Undecided? -Measured implicit attitudes of political parties. -Explicit attitudes predict explicit behavior (i know i like this candidate.... i will vote for them. ) -undecided= implicit will predict this (did not tell researchers who they will vote for, but will go off of gut feeling/ implicit association/ attitude when seeing candidates/ party)(implicit attitudes predict who they will vote for when they are undecided.)

What are attitudes? How are they different from beliefs?

-2 diff sets of attitudes (conscious/ unconscious ) -A favorable, unfavorite, indifferent, or ambivalent evaluative reaction toward something or someone Ex: I like Johnny Depp (positive attitude) Ex: I don't know how i feel (indifferent) Ex: I don't like him (Negative) Ex: Car (gets me where i need to go) (Breaks down all the time)(Ambivalent- simultaneous positive/ negative). -

Conformity

-A change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.

What were the sources of attitudes covered in class? How does each source affect attitude formation?

-Affect(instant positive/ negative emotion we feel before emotion)(instant +/- spike) influences emotion.... emotion influences attitudes. Ex: look at shark picture. Negative affect (scared) can lead to having negative emotion/ attitude -Cognition -Behavior (look to how we are acting) -others ---------------------- > Where do different attitudes come from? -Rudman et al. 2007 -List earliest experiences -list recent experiences -rate how positive/ negative experience was ^ explain how we have implicit/ explicit attitudes that don't match -IAT and explicit attitudes toward smoking -(look at chart) -EX: my grandma smoked when I was little (early experience) so i may have a + -implicit attitude. .... early experiences shape our implicit attitudes more. -recent experiences have a bigger effect on explicit attitude >Come from -----Developmental Source Hypothesis----- -Implicit attitudes stem from past (likely forgotten) experiences during childhood -explicit attitudes stem from recent experiences.

Behaviorally based attitudes

-An attitude based on observations of how one behaves toward an attitude object -Self-perception theory: people don't know how they feel until they see how they behave. ex: hold pen in mouth (smile/ frown) rate cartoon... more thought it was funny when smiling muscles were being activated. ex: controlled: holding pen in non dominant hand.

Social learning

-Attitude formation -Learn attitudes through observation -ex: you see other people having fun playing volleyball, you think you may like it too. -ex: if everyone yu know is doing it yu may try ti again (go back to FSU) -ex: even though i don't like swimming, if i keep going to pools and see people liking it I may try it again.

What is attitude polarization? Know the studies (methods and results) from class about this concept.

-Attitudes become more extreme by convincing ourselves they are right. -consequences of attitudes -EX: Lord, Ross, and Lepper (1979) -ex: pro- life/ pro- choice= become more in favor of initial stance.

What is cognitive dissonance and what are the effects of it?

-Behavior and attitude are inconsistent -Cognitive dissonance: An unpleasant psychological state. -Change something to reduce dissonance.

When do attitudes affect behavior? Know the studies that demonstrate that attitudes affect behaviors.

-How much do my attitudes affect my behaviors.... what's the point of them if they don't predict anything(early views) --Attitude is strong >vested interest >Accessible -Measured at the same level of specificity (can't be too general for specific behavior) -Other influences on behavior minimized ^ all equal measure behavior well -Lapierce (1934) >Traveled with asian couple... (asians looked at poorly) >Expected anti-asian attitudes would produce discrimination, yet the vast majority of hotels allowed them to stay >wrote hotels months later, asking if they would accommodate asians (90% said no even though they allowed it to happen) >prejudice attitude did not... not let them stay... since they wanted money more it was a bigger deal. -Wicker (1969) - meta analysis. >If i have an attitude toward something, than I should act accordance to that attitude?? >interested in helping behaviors (volunteering)...most people have positive attitudes toward behavior... doesn't mean they will all engage in this behavior. >overall, attitudes influence behaviors, but certain predict/ not all do ex: exercise is good... but do now row (depends on way asking question.. must directly correlate) -Regan & Fazio (1977) >Housing crisis at Cornell >Some students in permanent housing vs. some in temp housing > both groups had neg attitudes toward housing crisis.(both realize both r crappy situations) >did they act on it? (write letters/ protest) ---- when this affects yu then will act on attitude. (temp will complain but not do since they have the room) (temp will act since directly affects them most) -Fazio & Williams (1986) >1964 election (Reagan vs. Mondale) >measured how quickly people rated candidates >4 months later- who did you vote for? >quick response = strong attitude/ association in this situation..... quick negative likely to have not..... quick = more accessible..strength on attitude ex: Who do yu like? quick answer Mondale = more likely to vote... than long response. >low response= not as strong attitude.... not as predictive behavior

-Consequences of attitudes

-Lord, Ross, and Lepper (1979) -Participants were extremely pro- or anti capital punishment. -Read 2 studies- one pro- and one anti capital punishment -did they change their views in face of mixed evidence/ change opinion. -

How do mirror neurons relate to conformity?

-Our brain is activated when we watch others. -Mirror neurons can help us learn. ex: if i watch yu play volleyball, maybe I can learn to play it. -ex: if yu have no musical training different when you see someone play volleyball -these can be here to help us learn new tasks, but we need a basic understanding first

How does insufficient justification affect cognitive dissonance effects and what was the study that demonstrated these effects (know methods and results)?

>Cognitive dissonance theory -Festinger and Carlsmith -If I was paid 20$ to lie ... more likely to do it rated task as more interesting than 1$ (from this perspective... easier to change attitude since getting paid more... feel less bad about it.) -Attitude change is more likely if there is insufficient justification for the behavior. $1 "why did i do that.?" -- insufficient justification for behavior 20$ "i obviously did it for the money" sufficient justification for bejavior

Is conformity a good or bad thing?

>Good: -Standing in line for yur turn -leaving a tip for service -cheering with everyone at a football game >Bad: -Joining in racist behavior -Drinking/ Driving(one person leaves and then everyone else does the same thing) >Indifferent -Everyone Wears black to a party -

What is the Implicit Association Test and how does it work?

>The implicit Association Test (IAT) (look up website) ex: Left/ Right when looking at insect/ pleasant words.. >attitudes measured by reaction time/ accuracy