Social Psychology Final

After the eyewitness of a hit and run crime offers an unprompted recollection of the incident, which of the following is an evocative and open-ended question that should be asked to the eyewitness to ensure that the recollections are the most accurate?

"Was there anything unusual about the driver's appearance?"

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

"We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue."

Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism?

"Women have a superior moral sensibility."

At a party, Grace meets Jonathan and Ben. The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening. By the end of the evening, Grace discovers that Ben and she share the same viewpoints whereas Jonathan and she see things differently. All else being equal, Grace will probably like:

Ben better

Of the following eyewitnesses to a crime, who would probably appear most believable to a jury?

David, a radio announcer who appears very confident about what he saw

Which of the following is an example of compliant confession?

Kamryn confesses to committing a crime after being deprived of food and sleep for three days

Jacob, a middle-aged man, works for an international company. His boss persuades him to bribe a government official to get an approval for a project. Jacob agrees but gets caught in the act. Identify the classical obedience study that justifies Jacob's behavior in this scenario?

Milgram's study on obedience

David watches a horror movie alone. Later that night, he wakes up hearing a strange noise and notices an ominous shadow moving outside his window. Fearing that someone is trying to break into his house, he turns on the light. When he looks out through the window, he finds leaves rustling and the shadow of a plant. Which of the following best explains the initial reaction of David?

Priming

In the context of prejudice, which of the following exemplifies discrimination?

Rachel refuses to share her hostel room with a girl belonging to a minority population

Who among the following is an individual with a low need for cognition?

Serena, a teenager, responds quickly to such cues as the pleasantness of the surroundings.

Which of the following illustrates the attitudes-follow-behavior principle in psychology?

Serena, an employee in a software company, dares to share confidential company information with a rival company as she was not caught doing a similar act earlier

Rachel, a middle-aged woman, appreciates maggot cheese because her friends love it and consider it healthy. She agrees with her friends' views about the health benefits of maggot cheese. Identify the classical obedience study that explains Rachel's choice in this scenario?

Sherif's study on norm formation

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways of reducing aggression suggested by the social learning theory?

Social learning theory suggests controlling aggression by engaging in catharsis and retaliation

When people need our help, we are most likely to provide assistance if we attribute their need to :

a circumstance beyond their control

A fellow student is consistently late for class. You assume this is because he is lazy and disorganized. What type of attribution are you making in this situation?

a dispositional attrbution

Jacob fights with young children on the school playground to gain the attention and respect of his friends. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is:

a learned response

Which of the following illustrates media influence through a two-step flow of communication?

a man buys a new laundry detergent after having it recommended by a friend who had read that it was both effective and environmentally safe in a consumer magazine.

You believe that you will perform poorly in exams even if you study well. As a consequence of this belief, you get low grades. This is an example of:

a self-fulfilling prophecy

The term "gender role" refers to:

a set of behavior expectations for males and females

Which of the following is a finding from the research on the influence of courtroom, factors?

a severe potential punishment (for example, a death penalty) makes jurors less willing to convict

Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because he has not been given a raise for the last 10 years. What type of attribution are you making to explain his behavior?

a situational attibution

When others expect us to perform poorly and our anxiety causes us to confirm their belief, we have reacted to:

a stereotype threat

In the context of evil and moral acts, research indicates that if you wish to love someone more, you should:

act as if you do

In the context of impression management, self monitoring involves:

adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone is known as

aggression

Which of the following factors has been shown to influence either the likelihood of conviction or the severity of punishment?

all of the answers are correct

Which of the following strategies can be used for reducing misidentifications in police lineups?

all of the answers are correct

Which two symptoms of groupthink lead to group members overestimating their group's right and might?

an illusion of invulnerability and an unquestioned belief in the group's morality

The perception of a relationship where none exists, or the perception of a stronger relationship that actually exists, is called:

an illusory correlation

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of members from their own group than those from other groups is known as

an own-race bias

In the context of the influence on aggression, which of the following has NOT been linked with aggressive behavior?

an unexpected request

Ryanna is a 40 year old divorcee and a mother of three. She has become both assertive and nurturing over the years. In this scenario, Ryanna is performing an ________ role

androgynous

Skylar gets a new job. Although she has not met the person she will report to, she expects that relationship to be pleasant and their personalities to be compatible. This is an example of:

anticipatory liking

Attachment marked by possessiveness and jealousy is called:

anxious attachment

Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT:

aptitude

According to Gentile and Anderson, unlike viewing violent television, violent video game playing has a more toxic effect because players ______

are engaged with continual violence and threats of attack

In the context of the influences on aggression, identify a true statement about arousal

arousal fuels and triggers emotions

Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for increasing the accuracy of eyewitnesses and jurors?

ask witnesses to scan a lineup of several mug shots simultaneously rather than one at a time

Ryanna, a young woman, dyes her hair blue-green to stand out from the rest of the crowd. In this scenario, Ryanna is most likely to:

assert uniqueness

Darley and Latane described a sequence of decisions a bystander must make before he or she will intervene in an emergency. Which of the following is NOT one of the specific steps?

assessing the victim's desire for help

Identify a true statement about distinctive events and illusory correlations.

attention to unusual occurrences creates illusory correlations

Which of the following helps in building resistance to persuasion?

attitude incoluation

Which statement is NOT true about attitudes?

attitudes best predict behavior when social influences on subjects are the highest

When a choice concerns matters of personal value or taste, ________ communicators have a high influence.

attractive

The theory of how people explain other's behavior by ascribing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations is called:

attribution theory

In the context of the social sources of prejudice, a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status is known as an:

authoritarian personality

Research on minority influence suggests that jurors in the minority will be most persuasive when they

begin to trigger some defections from the majority

You attend a party where you do not know anyone but expect others to be friendly toward you. You greet people warmly. Your actions, in turn, lead other people to behave in a friendly manner with you. The situation can best be described as:

behavioral confirmation

Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT:

behaviors

The persistence of one's initial conceptions is called:

belief perseverance

When people viewed the videotape of a suspect confessing during a police interview with the camera focused on the suspect, they perceived the confession as genuine. When the camera was focused on the detective, they perceived the confession as coerced. This is an example of the:

camera perspective bias

The ________ view of aggression is that one's aggressive drive is reduces when one "releases" aggressive energy

catharsis

The way a message is delivered is what social psychologists refer to as the ________ of communication

channel

Rivalry between groups is often most intense when the groups:

closely resemble each other

In a park, a guy you do not know sits near you. His mere presence affects your behaviors even though he is doing nothing. In the context of social facilitation, this person is best described as:

co-actor

Shannon strongly believes that it is wrong to steal. However, after she steals a bottle of nail polish from a store, her attitude towards shoplifters becomes significantly less harsh. Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

The extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another, is called:

cohesiveness

Giving priority to the goals of one's group, such as one's family or workplace, and defining one's identity accordingly is known as:

collectivism

In ________ cultures, people less often perceive others in terms of personal dispositions than other cultures.

collectivistic

The affection we feel for those with whom out lives are deeply intertwined is called:

companionate love

Rachel, a talkative, extroverted young woman, is strongly attracted to Jacob, a quiet, introverted, middle-aged man. Rachel's attraction to Jacob would be predicted by:

complementary

Serena, a teenager, follows her school's dress code even though she believes that the dress code is unnecessary- she feels that following the dress code is better than getting punished. In this scenario, Serena's act exemplifies:

compliance

When we are eager to seek information that verifies our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove our beliefs, the ______ occurs.

confirmation bias

A change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure is called:

conformity

Viewing pornography:

contributes to men's actual aggression toward women

Explicit thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called:

controlled processing

Kamryn is the captain of her school's basketball team. After losing an interschool basketball tournament by one point, she is depressed and feels guilty. She thinks that if she had not made three consecutive fouls, her team would have won the match. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:

counterfactual thinking

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next are called:

cultures

Which of the following statements is true about death-qualified jurors?

death-qualified jurors are more concerned with crime control and less concerned with due process of law

When in groups, aggression can increase because of all of the following EXCEPT:

decreasing anonymity

Research suggests that jury deliberations can be influenced by all of the following processes EXCEPT

deindividuation

When people experience a loss of self-awareness as well as evaluation apprehension, they are in a state of:

deindividuation

Research on the effects of group deliberation by a jury suggests all of the following EXCEPT that

deliberation never tends to cancel out certain biases

A "dual attitude system" exists when we have ___________ attitudes toward the same object.

differing explicit and implicit

In the context of influences on aggression, groups can amplify aggressive reactions partly by:

diffusing responsibility

The tendency for one person's intimacy of revealing his or her true self to match that of a conversational partner is referred to as:

disclosure reciprocity

When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility. This phenomenon is known as:

displaced aggression

In the context of social facilitation, social arousal facilitates:

dominant responses

The vicarious experience of another's feelings or ability to put oneself in another's shoes is:

empathy

________ is the vicarious experience of another's feelings and putting oneself in another's shoes.

empathy

Natalie is a researcher who studies the pattern of gene expression in human beings. She observes that when people fave major life-changing events or stressors, they experience depression that ranges from mild to severe. If people have a good support system, the expression of the gene related to depression is mitigated. Natalie most likely studies ________ in this scenario.

epigenetics

Jacob and Shannon, two middle-aged adults, have been married for two years. Both of them work. They share their household chores; on Sundays, they both book and eat together. They do their laundry together and thus, get to spend time with each other while doing unexciting chores. Which of the following is most likely exhibited by Jacob and Shannon in this scenario?

equity

A belief in the superiority of one's own culture group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups is called:

ethnocentrism

Kamryn, an aspiring athlete, finishes her race with a better finishing time when she performs in the presence of an audience. She feels that since every member of the audience watches her, she should do her best. However, she takes extra time to finish a run when she practices alone. Which of the following factors is exemplified in this scenario?

evaluation apprehension

In the context of the effect of media on aggression, one reason that television viewing affects behavior is that it:

evokes imitation

_________ is the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection.

evolutionary psychology

Jonathan, a middle-aged man, believes that his destiny determines the course of his life and his success and failures. According to Leung and Bond's five universal dimensions of social beliefs, to which of the following dimensions does Jonathan adhere?

fate control

Research on gender and helping norms revealed that:

females seek more help than males

Conformity experiments teach the practical lesson that it is easier for a person to stand up for something if he or she:

finds someone else to stand up with him or her

Rachel has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments as she thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. Social psychologists would call Rachel a:

free rider

The tendency of observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior is called the:

fundamental attribution error

Kamryn, a teenager, likes to wear skirts and has long hair. She also likes to shop in her leisure. On the other hand, Jacob, her brother, likes sports and other physically aggressive activities. In this scenario, Kamryn and Jacob most likely exemplify the characteristics associated with:

gender

People's ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called ________, whereas people's beliefs about how women and men do behave are called ________.

gender-role norms; gender stereotypes

What is the effect of fear-arousing communications?

generally, the more frightened people feel, the more they respond

People tend to have different social and political attitudes depending on their age because older people largely hold onto the attitudes they adopted when they were young. This refers to the ________ explanation for how age plays a role in persuasion.

generational

Two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us" are referred by social psychologists as a:

group

Which of the following factors contributes to deindividuation?

group size

In which of the following situations will deindividuation most likely occur?

group size is large

Explaining away outgroup members positive behaviors and attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions is known as:

group-serving bias

Research indicates the minorities are most influential when they:

have defected from the majority

In the context of aggression, the most studied environmental irritant is:

heat

________ aggression springs from anger, and its only goal is to injure

hostile

Functional distance refers to:

how often people's paths cross

Which is NOT one of the factors that influence a person's helping behavior?

impact biases

According to John and Gottman's study of 2,000 couples, which of the following is true of healthy marriages?

in healthy marriages, an ability to reconcile differences is significant.

The best-known universal norm is the taboo against:

incest

Playing violent, rather than nonviolent, video games has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT:

increased empathy for others

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is the definition of:

individualism

According to various studies on the effect of personality on conformity, who among the following is more likely to conform than the others?

individuals who follows the rules

Jonathan, a free-spirited young man, is traveling to the Bahamas for the first time. He depends on his friends' reviews to decide on the islands to visit during the trip. He makes his hotel bookings based on hotel reviews by a travel website. In this scenario, Jonathan most likely exemplifies:

informational influence

What underlying processes help to explain the occurrences of group polarization?

informational influences and normative influences

The use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor is known

ingratiation

A tendency to favor one's own group is called

ingroup bias

Ben believes that aggression is unlearned and universal. In other words, Ben believes that aggression is:

instinctive

________ aggression aims to injure only as a means to some other end

instrumental

You just broke up with someone you had been dating for a few months. You are surprised at how upset you are over the breakup, given that the relationship was not that serious. This is an example of how people have difficulty predicting the:

intensity of their future emotions

Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between biology and culture?

interaction

Compared with males, the average female:

is more sensitive to smells and sounds

Which of the following statements is true of retaliation?

it fuels negative feelings in the long run

Which of the following is NOT a criticism against evolutionary psychology?

it goes against biological research

Identify the true statement about role-playing studies

it highlights how an artificial role can subtly morph into what is real

Research shows that when a judge rules evidence to be inadmissible and admonishes the jury to ignore it:

jurors have a hard time ignoring the evidence and its influence on their deliberations

The tendency of people to believe that individuals get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the:

just-world phenomenon

Studies comparing different media find that more ________ a medium, the more persuasive its message.

lifelike

Implicit egotism is our tendency to:

like what we associate with ourselves

When faced with potentially dangerous situations where strangers need help:

men help the most

Incorporating inaccurate information into one's memory of an event after witnessing the event of receiving misleading information about it is called:

misinformation effect

The process of witnessing an event, receiving misleading information about it, and then incorporating the misleading information into one's memory of the event is referred to as the:

misinformation effect

Which of the following is an effective way to increase helping behavior?

model prosocial behavior

Omitting certain people from one's circle of moral concern is called:

moral exclusion

The disjuncture between attitudes and actions is what Daniel Batson and his colleagues call ________, appearing moral while avoiding the cost of being so.

moral hypocrisy

Regarding others as within one's circle of moral concern is called:

moral inclusion

All things being equal, when compared to others, people typically assume beautiful people are:

more intelligent, happier, more outgoing

According to evolutionary psychology:

most altruism in human society reflects either a kin selection process or reciprocity

Which statement related to attraction and liking is true?

most people are attracted to people who expresses liking for them

The evolutionary process by which traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations is called:

natural selection

Rules for accepted and expected social behavior are called:

norm

Although he had made a promise to himself to not smoke, Ben gave into peer pressure at a party and smoked because he did not want to be rejected by the others. Ben's conformity is a result of:

normative influence

When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us what to do, it is a form of:

obedience

Identify a reason for the fundamental attribution error.

one finds causes where one looks for them

A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup is called an:

outgroup

Every semester, you underestimate how long you will take to complete a research paper that is due at the end of the term. Your behavior is an example of the:

overconfidence phenomenon

People are prone to "impact bias" or ___________ the enduring impact of emotion causing events.

overestimating

In the context of ingroups similarity and helping, which of the following statements is true of people's helping behavior?

people are predisposed to help their fellow group members, whether those are defined more narrowly or more inclusively

A message about brushing one's teeth conveyed by a dentist is more persuading than the same message from a student who has done a project on dental hygiene. This reflects the credibility of the communicator through:

perceived expertise

Shannon is interested in purchasing a DVD player and is overwhelmed by different models available at a local electronics store. She decides to purchase a shine, metallic model as it is the best-looking one in the store. Shannon has been persuaded to purchase the particular DVD player because of the ________ route to persuasion.

peripheral

According to personality researchers, which of the following is true of the effect of personality on altruism?

personality influences how particular people react to particular situations

________ is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs or behaviors.

persuasion

According to the theory of ________, you can best predict a person's behavior when you know that person's intended behaviors and their perceived self-efficacy and control

planned behavior

Compared to girls, boys:

play in larger groups

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding is what social psychologist call:

pluralistic ignorance

While walking down the street, Jonathan sees a man slumped over grabbing his chest. Jonathan looks around at the other pedestrians who don't seem concerned. He assumes that if they aren't worried then everything is OK and keeps walking. This is an example of:

pluralistic ignorance

A preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members is called:

prejudice

Robert Cialdini illustrated six principles that underlie human relationships and human influence in his book Influence: Science and Practice. In this context, when people feel obliged to repay in kind what they have received, it is known as the:

principle of reciprocity

Research evidence indicates that prosocial models of helping:

promote altruism in the observers

In both laboratory and everyday worlds, increased aggression is predicted by:

provocation

A prosecuting attorney is uncertain whether her eyewitness will seem credible to the jury. The eyewitnesses' testimony could help win a conviction, but the eyewitness might be discredited by the defense attorney. What advice should the prosecutor accept?

put the eyewitness on the stand, since even a discredited eyewitness is more convincing than no eyewitness at all

In the context of resisting social pressure, the motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is known as:

reactance

The attitudes that best predict behavior are:

readily accessible and stable

Group judgments surpass those made by individuals because groups

recall information from a trial better than individuals

Jacob, a professional soccer player, played extremely well in the first few years of his career. Later, his career suffered a setback, and he became a mediocre player. In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates:

regression toward the average

In the context of different attachments styles, which of the following is true of individuals with a secure attachment?

relationships of securely attached adults tend to be satisfying and enduring

The perception that one is less well-off than others with whom one compares oneself is referred to as:

relative deprivation

The _________ effect refers to how information that is presented last sometimes has the most influence

rencency

In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must ________ than when they must ________.

respond publicly; write down their responses in private

Which of the following statements is true of retelling?

retelling events commits people to their recollections, accurate or not

David, a sales executive in a multinational company, believes that if he tries hard he will succeed.. This has helped him climb the corporate ladder. According to Leung Bond's five universal dimensions of social beliefs, to which of the following dimensions does David adhere?

reward for application

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a:

role

People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. This phenomenon is known as

scapegoating

On subjective, socially desirable, and common dimensions, most people:

see themselves as better than the average person

The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one's views and to avoid dissonant information is called:

selective exposure

Which theory states that people often experience a self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behavior, and they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self?

self-affirmation theory

Which of the following terms denotes what we know and believe about ourselves?

self-concept

Which of the following is true of self-control?

self-control can be depleted or strengthened, much like a muscle

You notice that your niece is unusually persistent when working on her homework. She rarely claims that she is unable to compete an assignment and is academically successful. You would be correct in speculating that she likely has a strong feelings of:

self-efficacy

Which of the following terms is defined as a person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth?

self-esteem

Which of the following theories states that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs?

self-perception theory

Which of the following theories assumes that people, especially those who self-monitor their behavior hoping to create good impressions, will adapt their attitude reports to appear consistent with their actions?

self-presentation theory

Jonathan remembers Ben's birthday, which is in the same month as his, but fails to recall Jacob's birthday, which is in a different month. Though both of them are his friends, Jonathan's ability to recall Ben's birthday but not Jacob's can be best explained through the concept of:

self-schema

In the first half of a soccer match, Skylar, the goalkeeper of a soccer team, saves three goals, She believes that her agility and hard work have helped her achieve this. However, during the second half of the match, she fails to save a goal, which causes her team to lose the match. Later, she reports she could not save the final goal because of her shoulder injury and her team would have won the match if she were in perfect health. In this scenario, Skylar's behavior exemplifies:

self-serving attributions

The two biological categories of male and female are referred to as:

sex

An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given gender is called:

sexism

We tend to like the people who are like us. This exemplifies which characteristic of attractiveness?

similarity

At what point does adding additional group members yield diminishing returns in conformity research?

six group members

Rachel has a group of friends in a social networking site. When any of her friends are on a vacation in a foreign country and post pictures on the site, she feels bad about herself. To measure up to her friends, she often borrows money to take such vacations. Which of the following psychological phenomena is exemplified in this scenario?

social comparison

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others is called:

social comparisons

A motivation to have one's group control other social groups or have higher status is called:

social dominance orientation

A concern for ________ produces normative influence, while a concern for ________ produces informational influence.

social image; being correct

Skylar is a highly effective leader who excels in delegating authority, building teamwork, and providing support. Skylar excels in:

social leadership

________ are culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations.

social scripts

Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter, Shannon weighs the costs and benefits of doing so. This strategy is best explained by:

social-exchange theory

The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines:

social-exchange theory

According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when:

someone disagrees with the majority

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a:

stereotype

Group polarization occurs when group discussion ________ group members' initial inclinations.

strengthens

________ are exceptions to a group: ________ are acknowledged as a part of an overall diverse group.

subtypes; subgroups

Shannon is excellent at organizing her employees, setting goals, and focusing on achieving those goals for the company. Shannon excels in:

task leadership

Which of the following theories proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses, including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices, when confronted with reminders of their mortality?

terror management theory

An attitude predicts one's behavior when:

the attitude is potent

Although travelers in the US are more likely to die in an automobile crash than on an airplane trip covering the same distance, people often assume that flying is more dangerous than driving. What type of heuristic are people using when they make this assumption?

the availability heuristic

The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called:

the bystander effect

David is interested in purchasing a bike. He consults various online automobile magazines to analyze the features of the latest bikes available in the market. Finally, he selects a bike that meets his requirements. In the context of persuasion, this scenario illustrates:

the cental route to persuasion

Which of the following refers to internalized confessions?

the confessions apparently believed after people are fed misinformation

Ben, a 13-year-old, is overweight and is not motivated to lose weight. In order to persuade him to lose weight, Ben's parents first ask him to go for walks twice a day for an hour each. He flatly refuses. Alternatively, they ask him to play basketball once a day to which he readily agrees. In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates:

the door-in-the-face technique

Which of the following phenomena is defined as the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors?

the false consensus effect

Jacob needs his sister Grace to help him make a model of human heart for the upcoming science exhibitions in his school. However, he is not sure if she will oblige. So he initially urges Grace to accompany him to the arts and crafts supply store to buy materials for the model. A day later, when she appears interested in the project, Jacob asks Grace if she would help him complete the model. Grace readily agrees to Jacob's proposal. In the context of persuasion, this scenario exemplifies:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

It was raining and Kamryn's car had a flat tire. After she managed to fix it, she arrived home late and found that someone parked in her assigned parking spot. When she entered her apartment, she yelled at her roommate. Kamryn's behavior can perhaps be easily explained in terms of:

the frustration-aggression theory

David gives a presentation to his interviewers. He is nervous, and he presumes that his nervousness is obvious to the interviewers. He fears that they would consider him an incompetent candidate. As a result, he becomes more nervous a, his voice quivers, and his hands tremble. David's rising nervousness is caused by:

the illusion of transparency

Skylar has two sons. She promises to give incentives to her sons for weeding the garden every Sunday. Her elder son, Ben, gets $1 an hour, whereas her younger son, Jonathan, gets $5 an hour for the same task. Contrary to her expectation, Skylar notices that although Ben is payed less for the task and has probably experienced more dissonance that Jonathan, he does a better job than Jonathan. In this scenario, Ben's attitude toward the task exemplifies:

the insufficient justification effect

An electronic store advertises that customers can buy a specific cell phone for half of its original price. When customers are drawn by the offer and enter the store, they get to know that the offer is valid only if they make a purchase of $200 or above. The store's manager notices that those customers who are merely interested in purchasing cell phones end up buying other products as well. In the context of persuasion, this scenario illustrates:

the lowball technique

David, a young, vibrant, Michelin star chef, makes innovative dishes for his customers. His girlfriend, Natalie, is a successful pastry chef. He wishes to marry her as she has a similar outlook toward life as he does. In the context of physical attractiveness, which of the following is most likely exhibited in this scenario by David and Natalie?

the matching phenomenon

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as:

the mere exposure effect

A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is:

the need to belong

The perception that the members of a different group as more similar to one another than are ingroup members is known as:

the outgroup homogeneity effect

Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward. If so, this would undermine their seld-perception that they do it because they like it. This is called:

the overjustification effect

What principle or concept suggests that rewarding people for their helpfulness may in the long run undermine their self-motivated altruism?

the overjustification effect

Ben, a 7-year-old, boy comes from an abusive family where his parents would physically abuse him, and he later grows up in a foster family. However, he continues in the same school and has the same set of friends. He grows to be loving and caring person just like his friends. According to behavior genetics Robert Plomin and Denise Daniels, Ben develops into a loving personality most likely due to:

the peer-transmitted culture

Social loafing can be minimized if:

the performance of individuals is identifiable

In the context of the elements of persuasion, other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence. This is know as:

the primacy effect

Although you may spend an evening surfing the Internet rather than studying, you have generally been a disciplined student throughout your academic career and have always held attitude that studying is important. The relationship between your studying behavior and your attitude toward studying can be best described by which social psychological term?

the principle of aggregation

Jacob, a student at a medical school, gets help from his roommate to fix a chair, and Jacob helps his roommate with the laundry. According to the social-exchange theory, Jacob and his roommate exhibit:

the reciprocity norm

During a hospital stay, you observed a man and a woman, both in health professional attire, talking to each other. You assumed that the man was the physician and that the woman was a nurse. Later, you found the opposite to be true. What type of heuristic did you use during your initial reaction to the two individuals?

the representativeness heuristic

Ryanna, a student, likes her classmate, David who always helps her with her assignments and projects. She likes him more than anyone in her class as she can rely on him on any given day to get her work done. Which of the following theories explains Ryanna's liking in this scenario?

the reward theory of attraction

Zimbardo attributed the behavior of the subjects in his Stanford prison study to:

the roles played by the subjects

A delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective is known as:

the sleeper effect

The tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of:

the social facilitation effect

Grace, an intelligent medical student, supports poor children in her neighborhood. She tutors them without accepting anything in return. According to the social-exchange theory, Grace demonstrates:

the social responsibility norm

Jacob and Serena, a middle-aged couple, have been married for 7 years. Jacob has great physical strength, and he takes care of household activities like gardening, repairs, and plumbing. Serena takes care of her husband and children. Both Jacob and Serena exhibit the behaviors expected of them as a man and woman, and their skills and beliefs are shaped accordingly. Which of the following theories is exemplified in this scenario?

the social-role theory of gender differences

Grace dyes her hair blue and goes to school. She assumes that the students will stare at her and comment on her hair color. However, only a few of her friends really noticed her dyed hair. Which of the following psychological effects is best exemplified in this scenario?

the spotlight effect

Identify a true statement about religiosity and helping.

the tendency to engage in charity is strongest for religious individuals when religious behavior is a matter of personal choice

Groupthink can be defined as:

the tendency to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony

Which of the following theories suggests that being aroused by any source should intensify passionate feelings--- provided that the mind is free to attribute some of the arousal to a romantic stimulus?

the two-factor theory of emotion

Saying becomes believing when:

there is no compelling external explanation for your words

In then context of different attachment styles, which of the following is true of individuals with an avoidant attachment?

they are more fearful to engage in uncommitted hookups than other adults are/

In the context of marital dissolution and detachment, which of the following characteristics is true of people who usually stay married?

they are well and similarly educated

Why is it important that interrogators be blind to which person in a lineup is the actual suspect of the crime?

to avoid the post-identification feedback effect

Which of the following is NOT one of the explanations for why we study attribution errors?

to provide insight into why it is acceptable to focus social psychological research on Western cultures

Ryanna, a young entrepreneur, is very energetic and enthusiastic about her work. She gives personal attention to every project and motivates her employees to work toward the company's mission. As a result, her employees are highly committed and loyal. Identify the type of leadership exemplified by Ryanna in this scenario?

transformational leadership

Women are typically ________ leaders. Men are typically ________ leaders.

transformational; task-focused

Which of the following is true about juries?

twelve-person juries are twice as likely as six-person juries to have hung verdicts

In the context of predicting our behavior, the planning fallacy is the tendency to:

underestimate how long it will take to complete a task

Shannon does not wear a helmet when riding her motorcycle. She believes that she is less vulnerable to road accidents than others are. In context of self-serving bias, this scenario exemplifies the concept of:

unrealistic optimism

After much deliberation, you select a college to enroll yourself. After you have made your decision, you can reduce dissonance by ________ the chosen university and ________ the unchosen universities.

upgrading; downgrading

Jurors think that an eyewitness who can recall trivial details such as how many pictures were hanging in the room probably:

was paying better attention than one who recalls no details

Which statement is most accurate regarding self-analysis?

we are unaware of much that goes on in our minds

When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men, he found that over 60 percent of them:

went all the way to 450 volts

Identify the situation in which conformity is the highest.

when a response is public and made without prior commitment

Which of the following statements is true of group influences affecting jurors?

when evidence is not highly incriminating, deliberating jurors become more lenient

Which of the following is true of Asch's conformity procedure?

when external influences overrode inner convictions, attitudes failed to determine behavior.

Identify the situation in which people in a group are most likely to conform.

when the group is cohesive

Whether a one- or two-sided message is more persuasive depends on all of the following EXCEPT:

whether the audience thinks information is being shared in an appropriate way

In the context of aggression, identify a true statement.

women are slightly more likely to commit indirect aggressive acts