Social Psychology Final Study Guide

When employers use the Internet to find informal, noninstitutional data about applicants that they did not choose to share, it is called _____. a. cybervetting b. cyberstalking c. online screening d. online harassment

A

According to Zajonc's conceptualization of the social facilitation effect, who would you expect to perform the best in front of an audience? a. Anna, who is a gifted speaker, discussing environmental issues with ease, as the subject is close to her heart b. Mariah, who is a fantastic country singer, performing a piece of blues for the first time, although it is an easy piece c. Ronald, who has only played piano for three weeks, but still has to play a simple piece at a recital d. James, who was a champion diver as a youth, but is now returning to competitive diving in his 50s

A

According to the "matching hypothesis," people tend to become involved romantically with others who are equivalent in their _____. a. physical attractiveness b. religiosity c. financial standing d. education

A

According to the SIDE model of group behavior, deindividuation is the result of _____. a. a shift from personal identity to social identity b. an emphasis on group over individual goals c. the use of control-oriented methods in leadership d. the motivation of individuals to belong to groups

A

According to the _____ model, people who are feeling bad are inclined to help others in order to improve their mood. a. negative state relief b. empathy-altruism c. hyper-cooperation d. diffusion of responsibility

A

Across a wide range of settings, research shows that when a criminal pulls out a gun, a razor blade, or a knife, witnesses are _____. a. less able to identify that culprit than if no weapon is present b. more able to identify that culprit if they are relatively far away from the culprit c. more able to identify that culprit if they are relatively close to the culprit d. more able to identify that culprit than if no weapon is present

A

After she broke up with yet another "love of her life," Katelin proclaimed that she was simply not loveable and was destined to spend her life alone. Katelin has a(n) _____ explanatory style. a. depressive b. affective c. introspective d. narcissistic

A

An individual from the United States or another Westernized culture is most likely to _____. a. view written contracts as binding but oral agreements as not binding b. rely on holistic arguments and tolerate the use of emotionality and contradiction c. assign greater importance to history and tradition than current information d. seek to develop a trusting relationship before opening negotiations

A

Brain imaging research suggests that activity in the _____ is associated with higher levels of empathic concern for strangers. a. amygdala b. pineal c. hippocampus d. thalamus

A

Holmes and Rahe based their approach to measuring stress on observations that _____. a. individuals with serious illnesses often report experiencing major life changes prior to their illness b. some individuals who are exposed to stress become resilient, while others crumble under the strain c. people often cope with stress by engaging in behaviors that change the levels of neurotransmitters d. there is a very strong genetic component underlying vulnerability to the physical effects of stress

A

Our body naturally responds to stress in a three-stage process called _____. a. general adaptation syndrome b. dopamine dysregulation syndrome c. proactive coping d. reactive coping

A

People playing informal roles in a group play two fundamental types of roles, which are quite powerful but less obvious. The roles are _________. a. instrumental and expressive b. stereotypical and mystical c. magical and challenging d. entitative and interactive

A

Research on the death penalty has found _____. a. consistent racial disparities b. racial disparities only when the victim is black c. racial disparities only when the victim is a criminal d. an almost complete absence of racial disparities

A

Research on the qualities desired in romantic partners has found that, in the vast majority of countries, _____ was valued more by men, whereas _____ was more important to women. a. good looks; being ambitious and industrious b. no previous experience in sexual intercourse; good looks c. being ambitious and industrious; no previous experience in sexual intercourse d. having good financial prospects; being ambitious and industrious

A

Studies show that shy people evaluate themselves _________ and expect to ______in their social encounters. a. negatively; fail b. harshly; do well c. rationally; not blame themselves d. positively; fail

A

Suppose a workplace allows workers to set their own hours as long as they maintain a 40-hour work week. All other things being equal, which employee would you expect to be rated as the most conscientious? a. Casey, who starts at 7 a.m. b. Dakota, who starts at 10 a.m. c. Jordan, who starts at 1 p.m. d. Riley, who sometimes starts early and sometimes starts late

A

The belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need is called _____. a. diffusion of responsibility b. audience inhibition c. reluctant observation d. pluralistic ignorance

A

Which approach to reducing violence addresses individuals' problems at several different levels, including the needs of the adolescents and the many contexts in which they are embedded, such as family, peer group, school, and neighborhood? a. Multisystemic therapy b. Cognitive-behavioral therapy c. Multicultural therapy d. Competence-based therapy

A

Which aspect of the workday is most associated with positive mood? a. A sense of making meaningful progress b. Knowledge that the weekend is coming c. Learning about new challenges d. A sense of being feared by subordinates

A

Which of the "Big Five" personality factors is most strongly associated with aggression? a. Being low in agreeableness b. Being high in openness c. Being high in conscientiousness d. Being low in neuroticism

A

A good _____ leader is one who gains compliance and support from followers by setting clear goals for them, by offering tangible rewards, by providing assistance, and by fulfilling psychological needs in exchange for an expected level of job performance. a. transitional b. transactional c. translational d. transformational

B

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, companionate love represents _____. a. commitment alone b. intimacy plus commitment c. intimacy plus passion d. intimacy alone

B

According to Steven Prentice-Dunn and Ronald Rogers, _____ cues affect a person's cost-reward calculations when considering a deviant act. a. deindividuating b. accountability c. attentional d. collectivist

B

According to _____ theory, people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners. a. rational choice b. equity c. balance d. social exchange

B

According to _____ theory, performance will be enhanced or impaired only in the presence of others who are in a position to evaluate that performance. a. mere presence b. evaluation apprehension c. distraction-conflict d. collective effort

B

Actions intended to benefit others are called _____ behaviors. a. empathic b. prosocial c. reciprocal d. egoistic

B

Aggression in which harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end is called _____ aggression. a. channeled b. proactive c. planned d. direct

B

Boys are more prone to _____ aggression, whereas girls are more prone to _____ aggression. a. covert; direct b. overt; relational c. subjective; objective d. relational; emotional

B

George witnesses an accident between a car and a truck and instantly knows that the car driver is at fault as he was speeding. However, after learning that the truck driver has many counts of speeding charges, George thinks that it could be the truck driver's fault. This is an example of _____ effect. a. distortion b. misinformation c. skewing d. bias

B

Group _____ refers to the extent to which forces push group members closer together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity, and commitment to group goals. a. norming b. cohesiveness c. tolerance d. integration

B

In Latané and Darley's five step model of helping, the first step is _____. a. weighing the costs of helping b. noticing that something is happening c. defining what kind of help is needed d. determining whether someone else is helping

B

In a typical _____ assessment, employee performance is rated by superiors, peers, subordinates, the employees themselves, and sometimes even outside stakeholders. a. 24/7 b. 360-degree c. due-process d. comprehensive

B

Research on the ability of individuals to determine whether a person is telling the truth or lying suggests that _____. a. the average person is usually far better than police b. training has very little effect on improving detection c. judges are far less accurate than are the police d. police are correct about 80% of the time

B

Research on the impact of perceived characteristics of the person in need has found that _____. a. blonde females are less likely to be helped than are females with brown or black hair b. even when there is no possibility of direct contact, attractive individuals are more likely to be helped c. unattractive people are more likely to be helped when they are clearly injured d. the relationship between helping and attractiveness holds only when the potential helper is female

B

Research shows that people perform better at work and are more productive when they are _____. a. told simply to do their best b. given specific goals and clear standards c. encouraged to find their own way d. allowed to create their own job descriptions

B

Social psychologists refer to the desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships as the need for _____. a. intimacy b. affiliation c. codependency d. collaboration

B

Support that comes from just thinking about close others but that does not involve actually seeking or receiving their help in coping with stressful events is referred to as _____ social support. a. virtual b. implicit c. suggested d. incidental

B

The Hawthorne effect refers to the finding that _____. a. people become less motivated to work if they are paid more than they deserve b. workers who are given special attention improve their productivity regardless of actual changes c. extrinsic rewards can decrease intrinsic motivation in individuals who are extrinsically motivated d. little can be done to improve productivity in assembly-line style factories

B

The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion is referred to as group _____. a. distortion b. polarization c. facilitation d. extremism

B

The most powerful indicator for who will experience the negative effects of everyday hassles is _____. a. stage of life b. socioeconomic status c. physical health d. history of psychiatric disorders

B

What type of relationship involves some combination of feelings of attachment, affection, and love; fulfillment of psychological needs; and interdependence between partners, each of whom has a meaningful influence on the other? a. Romantic b. Intimate c. Compassionate d. Passionate

B

When Forbes studied college students in the United States and China, he found that advocacy of overt aggression in response to hypothetical situations was _____. a. more common in the U.S. students than in Chinese students b. more common among men in the United States than in China, but unrelated to culture in women c. more common among women in the United States than in China, but unrelated to culture in men d. more common in Chinese students than in the U.S. students

B

When experiencing conflicts, happy couples tend to _____. a. attribute undesirable behavior to the partner's character b. attribute undesirable behavior to the situation c. perceive undesirable behavior as unchanging d. perceive undesirable behavior as generalizable

B

When it comes to the final verdict, _____. a. research suggests that it will be unrelated to the first vote b. most juries render one that is consistent with their first vote c. the foreperson exerts disproportionate influence d. it is often the minority on the first vote that prevails

B

Which type of loneliness results from someone wanting but lacking friendships from school, work, and family connections? a. Intimate b. Relational c. Interpersonal d. Collective

B

A manager who believes that leaders are fundamentally different from others and that those qualities alone will determine their success is espousing a _____ model of leadership. a. contingency b. transactional c. trait d. transformational

C

Approximately _____ of innocent people who were wrongfully convicted in the United States had pled guilty rather than risk conviction on more serious charges. a. 1% to 5% b. 5% to 6% c. 10% to 15% d. 25% to 35%

C

In Darley and Batson's study of seminary students going to give a talk and encountering an individual needing help, the best predictor of whether help was rendered was _____. a. whether the talk was about the parable of the Good Samaritan b. the seminarian's history of engaging in helping behavior c. whether the seminarian was early, on time, or late for the talk d. the similarity between the seminarian and the person needing help

C

In romantic relationships, we tend to prefer people who are _____. a. highly selective b. more selective than we are c. moderately selective d. less selective than we are

C

In the _____ model, a neutral investigator gathers evidence from both sides and presents the findings in court. a. adversarial b. case law c. inquisitorial d. jurisdictional

C

Lenore is always chosen for task groups at her job because she can always be counted on to do whatever it takes to accomplish the task. Lenore's typical role is best described as ____. a. receptive b. concrete c. instrumental d. expressive

C

Making judgments about the demands of potentially stressful events is referred to as _____. a. reframing b. weighting c. appraisal d. evaluation

C

Mila was home alone a year ago when a flash flood ripped through her town, resulting in widespread damage and several deaths. She watched from the second story of her home while the flood waters tore down nearby homes and swept debris past only yards away. Since then, she frequently has dreams about floods, monitors weather conditions obsessively, is extremely anxious, and is unwilling to go out at all if it is raining heavily. Mila's symptoms are consistent with _____. a. chronic stress reaction b. brief psychotic reaction c. posttraumatic stress disorder d. acute stress reaction

C

Nearness or ____ is the single best predictor of whether two people will get together. a. religious similarities b. family links c. physical proximity d. socioeconomic compatibility

C

Research shows that false confessions were present in _____ of all cases involving prisoners who were convicted and later proved innocent by DNA evidence. a. less than 5% b. approximately 15% c. more than 25% d. approximately 20%

C

The most common cause of wrongful convictions in the United States is _____. a. systemic racism b. errors in forensic science c. faulty eyewitness testimony d. police or prosecutorial misconduct

C

The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group dynamics such as problems of coordination and motivation is called _____. a. maladaptation b. groupthink c. process loss d. social loafing

C

The tendency for people to inflate the value of objects, goods, or services they already own is called the _____ effect. a. disposition b. commitment c. endowment d. escalation

C

The term _____ refers to aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access. a. repression b. projection c. displacement d. transference

C

Through _____, helping someone else can be in your best interests because it increases the likelihood that you will be helped in return. a. mutual dependency b. motivated helping c. reciprocal altruism d. commensal interactions

C

What are the three characteristics associated with hardiness? a. Results-oriented, reactionary, and reliant b. Careful, cohesive, and consistent c. Commitment, challenge, and control d. Resilience, reliability, and risk-averse

C

When review of written application materials has created high expectations, managers _____. a. tend to be harshly judgmental during interviews b. are paradoxically less likely to hire the applicant c. spend more time recruiting than evaluating d. almost always find the applicant has lied Hide Feedback

C

Which statement about the polygraph test is accurate? a. It is almost impossible to fake a polygraph. b. Polygraph evidence is acceptable in all U.S. courts. c. Truthful people can fail a polygraph. d. It is almost impossible to understand how the test is conducted.

C

Which statement about the relationship between religiosity and helping is most accurate? a. Highly religious people are more likely to help others, regardless of the other person's religion. b. Individuals who are atheist or agnostic typically refuse to help others unless motivated by gain. c. Religious individuals are willing to help coreligionists but may be more aggressive to outsiders. d. Individuals who are moderately religious are unlikely to help unless being directly observed.

C

Which statement about the relationship between the negative emotional states associated with stress and a weakened immune system is most accurate? a. Negative emotional states directly harm the immune system. b. Positive emotional states strengthen the immune system, but negative emotional states do not harm it. c. Negative emotional states lead to unhealthy behaviors and the release of stress hormones, which, in turn, weaken the immune system. d. Negative emotional states alter neurotransmitter systems, which, in turn, directly impact immune system functioning.

C

Which statement about violent crime and murder rates in the United States and the United Kingdom is accurate? a. Violent crime and murder rates are higher in the United States than in the United Kingdom. b. Violent crime rates are higher in the United States, but murder rates are higher in the United Kingdom. c. Violent crime rates are higher in the United Kingdom, but murder rates are higher in the United States. d. Violent crime and murder rates are higher in the United Kingdom than in the United States.

C

Which statement is true of cross-race identification bias? a. It occurs only with white Americans. b. It happens when people think their own racial and ethnic group is the most dominant one. c. It happens when eyewitnesses find it difficult to identify people of other racial and ethnic groups. d. It occurs when children unconsciously show bias toward members of other racial and ethnic groups.

C

Which statement is true of nonviolent cultures? a. They often have a remote history of grotesque violence. b. They support peace only till they come in direct contact with aggression. c. They view peacefulness as a core part of their identity. d. They mostly hold individualistic values.

C

Which statement is true of self-ratings? a. They are overly judgmental. b. They provide accurate information for appraisal. c. They are overly positive. d. They are more predictive of job success

C

Which theory holds that we learn from others and direct experience with rewards and punishments? a. Gender schema theory b. Social constructivism theory c. Social learning theory d. Behavioral theory

C

The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information than unshared information is referred to as _____. a. common processing b. input restriction c. the echo chamber d. biased sampling

D

A group is a set of individuals who interact over time and have _____ fate, goals, or identity. a. diverse b. desired c. positive d. shared

D

A human resources manager who wants to increase the likelihood of getting accurate, useful results on an integrity test of potential employees would be well advised to rely on _____. a. a recommendation from a friend b. overt tests with "fake good" instructions c. overt tests with "fake bad" instructions d. a covert test of integrity

D

A recent speed-dating study showed that _____. a. both men and women tend to overperceive sexual interest b. both men and women tend to underperceive sexual interest c. men tend to underperceive sexual interest and women tend to overperceive sexual interest d. men tend to overperceive sexual interest and women tend to underperceive sexual interest

D

According to ____ theory, people are motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in their relationships with others. a. rational choice b. equity c. balance d. social exchange

D

According to a(n) _____ perspective, males are competitive with each other because females select high-status males for mating, and aggression is a means by which males were able to achieve and maintain status. a. behavioral b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. evolutionary

D

According to research, "death qualified" jurors are _____. a. scrupulous about protecting the rights of defendants b. less likely to believe that the defendant is guilty c. less trustful of police and the courts d. more cynical about defense attorneys

D

According to six major professional societies in the United States, research reveals unequivocal evidence that media violence _____. a. has no effect on the likelihood of aggressive or violent behavior in the immediate or long-term contexts b. increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in the immediate context but decreases it in the long-term context c. increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in the immediate context but has no effect on it in the long-term context d. increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in both immediate and long-term contexts

D

Among politically stable, industrialized nations, which nation has the highest murder rate? a. Canada b. Australia c. New Zealand d. The United States

D

Gershoff's study on the effects of corporal punishment indicate that it _____. a. decreases aggressiveness in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood b. decreases aggressiveness in childhood but not in adolescence and adulthood c. increases aggressiveness in childhood but not in adolescence and adulthood d. increases aggressiveness in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood

D

In the ____ model, individuals will try hard on a collective task when they think their efforts will help them achieve outcomes they personally value. a. goal-seeking b. evaluation monitoring c. conflict reduction d. collective effort

D

Paternalistic leadership styles stem from Confucian ideals characterized by _____. a. egalitarianism, nonmaleficence, and obedience b. authoritarianism, nonmaleficence, and moral character c. egalitarianism, benevolence, and moral character d. authoritarianism, benevolence, and moral character

D

Perspective taking, a major cognitive component of empathy, involves _____. a. helping people who share one's genetic makeup b. resisting the urge to help others when it makes one more vulnerable to attacks c. focusing on the self to gain advantage over others d. using imagination to try to see the world through other people's eyes

D

Research on perceived similarity and likelihood of helping has shown that _____. a. the effect is limited to racial and ethnic similarities b. in general, only males are influenced by perceived similarity c. perceived similarity has an effect only on nonempathic helpers d. a variety of kinds of perceived similarity increase helping

D

Research suggests that _____ is associated with increased risk of aggression. a. a low level of testosterone b. a high level of serotonin c. occipital lobe abnormality d. variation in the MAOA gene

D

Research suggests that a pre-sex confession of love may signal interest in _____. a. exploring the possibility of a more enduring relationship b. a long-term commitment from the partner c. a more exclusive relationship with a future d. advancing a relationship to include sexual activity

D

Research suggests that brainstorming groups are _____ as productive as an equal number of individuals working alone. a. nearly three times b. more than twice c. just d. only about half

D

Research suggests that people facing an imminent threat seek each other out in order to _____ the danger they are in. a. get the needed resources to cope with b. find emotional support to face c. develop the skills they need to surmount d. gain cognitive clarity about

D

Research suggests that the mere presence of a weapon _____. a. decreases the likelihood of aggression b. has no effect on aggression c. increases aggressiveness among women but not men d. increases aggressiveness

D

The idea of _____ points out that, by helping biologically related family members, we help ensure genes they have in common with us will survive. a. genetic determinism b. kindness imperative c. evolution of empathy d. kin selection

D

The primary toxic ingredient in Type A personality as far as heart health is concerned is _____. a. anxiety b. cynicism c. loathing d. hostility

D

The process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks is social _____. a. influencing b. conditionality c. interactionism d. facilitation

D

When employees get emotionally exhausted and withdraw and distance themselves from their clients and coworkers, it is called _____. a. exhaustion b. acute stress c. microstress d. depersonalization Hide Feedback

D

When individuals are hired in a preferential selection process, _____. a. they feel appreciated and do well b. they usually would have been hired anyway c. they perform far better than expected d. others may assume they lack competence

D

When the presence of other people inhibits helping, it is known as the _____. a. altruism hypothesis b. empathy effect c. reluctant observation d. bystander effect

D

Which eyewitness identification procedure is most likely to result in a correct identification? a. An eyewitness is shown a group of photographs simultaneously and asked to identify the perpetrator. b. An eyewitness views a lineup of 12 individuals and is asked to identify the perpetrator. c. An eyewitness views a lineup of six individuals and is urged to look and relook in order to identify the perpetrator. d. An eyewitness is shown photographs one at a time and asked whether or not the photograph is of the perpetrator.

D

Which statement about eyewitness testimony is the most accurate? a. Children are far less suggestible than is generally believed. b. Nothing can be done to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. c. Jurors place little importance on eyewitness testimony. d. Eyewitness testimony can be affected by the wording of questions.

D

Which statement is true based on the research on relationship between individualism or collectivism and prosocial behavior? a. Individualists prefer to help members who do not belong to their in-group. b. Collectivists are more likely to help others in abstract situations. c. Peer pressure had zero influence on people in collectivist cultures when it comes to helping. d. Collectivists prefer to help members of their own in-group.

D

Which type of assessment procedure is the most useful in selecting employees such as insurance agents and sales clerks? a. Paper-pencil intelligence testing b. Paper-pencil personality testing c. Unstructured interviews d. Structured interviews

D

_____ refers to the means by which lawyers can exclude a limited number of prospective jurors without the judge's approval. a. Jury nullification b. Leniency challenge c. Sentencing disparity d. Peremptory challenge

D