Social psychology - Prejudice Ch 13
Realistic conflict theory
Which theory highlights the observation that prejudiced attitudes increase when times are tense or when conflict exists over mutually exclusive goals?
symbolic racism
Resentment that focuses on special treatment for Black people
contact hypothesis
The idea that under certain circumstances, direct contact between rival groups will reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.
______ is to affect as ______ is to cognition: A) stereotype, prejudice, B) discrimination, stereotype, C) prejudice, discrimination, D) prejudice, stereotype.
d
Why do stereotypes persist and resist change? Reasons:
1) biased processing and storage of new information, 2) subtyping, 3) illusory correlation, 4) media perpetuation, 5) self fulfilling prophesy, 6) stereotype threat.
What is the social psychology perspective on the origins of stereotypes?
1) categorization (in-groups and out-groups), 2) attribution
Stigma can actually protect self-esteem when the stigmatized individual:
1) makes social comparisons to in-group members and not to out-group members , 2) attributes negative feedback to group membership (attributional ambiguity), 3) devalues domains on which his/her group performs poorly
How do stigmatized groups respond to negative stereotypes?
1) protect self esteem, 2) stereotype threat
29% individuals that are living in poverty are black (1990 U.S. Census) however in the media 62 % of photos representing the poor were of black individuals (Gilens, 1996). This perpetuates stereotypes. When asked to guess the percentage of individuals living in poverty who are black, people guessed ______ %
50
jigsaw classroom
A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class.
stereotype
A generalization about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among members.
prejudice
A hostile or negative (Prof also thinks positive) attitude toward a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their membership in that group.
subtyping
A mental mechanism for maintaining negative stereotypes in the face of contradictory evidence, in which individual cases that disprove the stereotype are seen as exceptions to the general rule
stereotype
A set of beliefs about the personal attributes shared by a group of people
Just World Theory
Assuming that people get what they deserve (leads to blaming the victim)
Ultimate attribution error
Attributing negative out-group behavior to dispositional causes, and positive out-group behavior to situational causes.
mutual interdependence
Critical conditions for reducing prejudice and discrimination. 1) ___________ , 2) common goal, 3) equal status, 4) informal, interpersonal contact, 5) multiple contacts (realize variety in the group), 6) Social norms of equality
common goal
Critical conditions for reducing prejudice and discrimination. 1) mutual interdependence, 2) ___________ , 3) equal status, 4) informal, interpersonal contact, 5) multiple contacts (realize variety in the group), 6) Social norms of equality
equal status
Critical conditions for reducing prejudice and discrimination. 1) mutual interdependence, 2) common goal, 3) ___________ , 4) informal, interpersonal contact, 5) multiple contacts (realize variety in the group), 6) Social norms of equality
informal interpersonal contact
Critical conditions for reducing prejudice and discrimination. 1) mutual interdependence, 2) common goal, 3) equal status, 4) ___________ , 5) multiple contacts (realize variety in the group), 6) Social norms of equality
multiple contacts (realize variety in the group)
Critical conditions for reducing prejudice and discrimination. 1) mutual interdependence, 2) common goal, 3) equal status, 4) informal, interpersonal contact, 5) ___________ , 6) Social norms of equality
social norms of equality
Critical conditions for reducing prejudice and discrimination. 1) mutual interdependence, 2) common goal, 3) equal status, 4) informal, interpersonal contact, 5) multiple contacts (realize variety in the group), 6) ___________
______ refers to an attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on group membership. A) discrimination, B) stereotypes, C) racism, D) prejudice
D
increases empathy
How does empathy training reduce prejudice and discrimination: 1) ___________, 2) increases situational attributions
increases situational attributions
How does empathy training reduce prejudice and discrimination: 1) increases empathy, 2) ___________
aversive racism
In a study using mock job interviews, participants only exhibited strong racism when candidates' qualifications for the job were not clearly strong or weak (ambiguous). This is an example of which type of racism: *[symbolic racism/ aversive racism/ ambivalent racism]*.
cognitive
Is a stereotype the behavioral, cognitive or affective element of group attitudes?
behavioral
Is discrimination the affective, cognitive or behavioral element of group attitudes?
affective
Is prejudice the affective, behavioral or cognitive element of group attitudes?
prejudice
Is the affective element of group attitudes the stereotype, prejudice or discrimination?
discrimination
Is the behavioral element of group attitudes the prejudice, discrimination or stereotype?
stereotype
Is the cognitive element of group attitudes the stereotype, discrimination, or prejudice?
modern racism
Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes.
institutionalized racism
Racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm.
institutionalized sexism
Sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm.
stereotype threat
The apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype.
self-fulfilling prophecy
The case whereby people 1) have an expectation about what another person is like, which 2) influences how they act toward that person, which 3) causes that person to behave in a way consistent with people's original expectations.
normative conformity
The example discussed in class about Black and White miners being friends below ground but living segregated lives above ground is an example of what principle?
ignorance hypothesis
The idea that if people only learned what members of other groups are truly like, they wouldn't be prejudiced
out-group homogeneity
The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other (homogeneous) than they really are, as well as more similar than the members of the in-group are.
aversive racism
The phenomena of whites who hold anti-prejudicial values but still experience negative emotional reactions toward black people
mutual interdependence
The situation that exists when two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them.
scape goating
The tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible and relatively powerless.
ambivalent racism
The tendency to believe in racial equality but blame minorities for contributing to their own plight. Sympathy yet disdain.
blaming the victim
The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place.
symbolic racism
The tendency to deny being racist (usually), say that discrimination is a thing of the past, that they have no problem with other groups as long as they are self-reliant, hard working, and individualistic, to attribute inequalities that are evident in statistics to some other explanation, and say that Black people are too pushy and demand too much.
normative conformity
The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance.
correspondence bias
The tendency to infer that people's behavior corresponds to (matches) their disposition (personality)
ultimate attribution error
The tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people.
illusory correlation
The tendency to perceive relationships where none exists, or to overestimate how often two things go together
illusory correlation
The tendency to sea relationships or correlations between events that are actually unrelated.
realistic conflict theory
The theory that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination.
discrimination
Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group.
decrease in prejudice and stereotyping
What were the outcomes of the Jigsaw classroom: 1) ___________, 2) increase in academic performance, 3) increase in self-esteem and empathy for others.
increase in academic performance
What were the outcomes of the Jigsaw classroom: 1) decrease in prejudice and stereotyping, 2) ___________, 3) increase in self-esteem and empathy for others.
increase in self-esteem and empathy for others
What were the outcomes of the Jigsaw classroom: 1) decrease in prejudice and stereotyping, 2) increase in academic performance, 3) ___________.
kids placed into (racially) diverse groups
What were three key parts of the Jigsaw classroom: 1) ___________, 2) groups worked together on an assignment, 3) each person assigned a unique piece of the puzzle
groups worked together on an assignment
What were three key parts of the Jigsaw classroom: 1) kids placed into (racially) diverse groups, 2) ___________ , 3) each person assigned a unique piece of the puzzle
each person assigned a unique piece of the puzzle
What were three key parts of the Jigsaw classroom: 1) kids placed into (racially) diverse groups, 2) groups worked together on an assignment, 3) ___________
economic competition (realistic conflict theory)
Why are some people prejudiced? 1) ___________, 2) attributional biases (self-serving bias, group-serving bias), 3) conformity to social norms
attributional biases (self-serving bias, group-serving bias)
Why are some people prejudiced? 1) economic competition (realistic conflict theory), 2) ___________, 3) conformity to social norms
conformity to social norms
Why are some people prejudiced? 1) economic competition (realistic conflict theory), 2) attributional biases (self-serving bias, group-serving bias), 3) ___________
Men attribute their successes to ______ and their failures to _________
ability, lack of effort or bad luck
Out-group homogeneity bias says that they're *[all alike/subtly different]*
all alike
A stereotype is a *[cognitive/emotional]* process
cognitive
Entman (1992) examined video footage of arrests for both black and white individuals. Regardless of______, the video footage was more likely to show arresting offices physically restraining accused blacks than accused whites
crime type
A *[stereotype/prejudice/discrimination]* is often apparent only through a pattern of behavior (it is only apparent because it is constant)
discrimination
Ultimate attribution error is attributing negative out-group behavior to __________ causes, and positive out-group behavior to __________ causes.
dispositional, situational
Subtyping is a mental mechanism that maintains negative stereotypes in the face of contradictory evidence, in which individual cases that disprove the stereotype are seen as ___________
exceptions to the general rule
Ultimate attribution error applies to *[groups/individuals]*
groups
Women attribute their successes to ______ and their failures to _________
hard work or effort, lack of ability
In the media, whites more likely to be heard using statements ___________ (Entman, 1992)
in their own defense
Gordon Alport's" Law of_______" explains that stereotypes minimize cognitive load.
least effort
In a study of automatic stereotyping in a shooting game, people were *[less/more]* likely to make mistakes with an armed black target compared to an armed white target.
less
A study of out-group homogeneity bias found that white witnesses are *[no more/more]* likely to accurately pick white criminals from line-up than black witnesses.
more
In a study of automatic stereotyping in a shooting game, people were *[less/more]* likely to make mistakes with an black unarmed target who was holding a tool.
more
In Linville & Jones (1980) study, fraternity members were asked to rate their own fraternity and other fraternities on a number of dimensions. Participants rated their own fraternity as ______ than other fraternities.
more diverse
To change a negative stereotypes and prevent subtyping, it's best of expose people to _________
multiple diverse examples
A *[stereotype/prejudice/discrimination]* is referred to as both the affective component of a group attitude.
prejudice
Repeated pairing of homosexuality with __________ perpetuate the marginalization of the gay community (Myrick, 1998).
serious health threats
A *[stereotype/prejudice/discrimination]* is a type of schema
stereotype
An overgeneralization about of group of people is *[stereotype/prejudice/discrimination]*
stereotype
Out-group homogeneity bias: we know more about our own groups, so we see__________. In contrast, we tend to _________out-group members
subtle differences, lump together
perceptual salience
the seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention
Is stereotyping inevitable?
yes (stereotypes are often activated without our awareness)