Social Psychology review for final test

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, understanding our emotional states requires two steps. What is the second step? 1. Using cues (information) in the situation to decide why we feel physically aroused. 2. Receiving a shot of epinephrine. 3. Making an external attribution. 4. Experiencing physiological arousal.

1

Among the following, which is the best predictor that someone will be happy? 1. having satisfying social relationships 2. getting good grades 3. being successful at work 4. having a lot of money

1

As the amount of sleep each night goes up, your grade in social psychology goes up. This is an example of positive correlation. 1. True 2. False

1

If you want to conclude that one thing causes another, which research method must you use? 1. Experimental method 2. Survey 3. Archival analysis 4. Correlational study

1

Recall the experiment where one group of women who were tooth majors watched commercials showing women in stereotyped passive roles; and another group of women math majors watched commercials that showed women in more active roles (for example, a woman impressed a man with her knowledge of cars). The group that saw the stereotype commercials did worse on a math test than the group that saw the non-stereotypical commercials. What principle of social psychology explains this? 1. stereotype threat 2. cognitive dissonance 3. the mathematical attribution error 4. the self-fulfilling prophesy

1

Recall the experiment with "Bloomers" from lecture and your textbook. Students labeled as "Bloomers" got more attention from their teachers, and showed more increase in their IQ scores. What principle of social cognition explains this result? 1. The self fulfilling prophesy 2. The anchoring and adjustment heuristic 3. Cognitive dissonance 4. The effect of schema on memory

1

Remember the experiment where people in small groups had to choose which line from a group of three lines was the same length as a standard line (the Asch line judgment experiment). Which of the following was a result of the experiment? 1. People would say the wrong answer on purpose if other people before them chose that wrong answer, because they felt they had to conform to the group. 2. The task was hard, so people used informational social influence to decide. 3. The task was easy, so subjects always chose the correct line. 4. People felt free to disagree openly with other people's choices.

1

Sometimes people will say that those who have been discriminated against deserve this bad treatment. What is this attitude called? 1. blaming the victim 2. labeling the victim 3. ignoring the victim 4. defending the prejudiced

1

Suppose that a person is listening to persuasive communication, in other words, an attempt to change that person's opinion about an issue. Suppose also that the issue is especially important to that person, and the person has the ability to pay attention to what they are being told. In that situation, which of the following will be the most effective in changing the person's mind? 1. strong and logical arguments and facts 2. subliminal advertising 3. having an actor make the argument 4. classical conditioning

1

The hypothesis that humans and other primates have larger relative brain sizes because they live in socially complex groups is called the ___________ hypothesis. 1. social brain 2. group brain a social cognition 4. primate brain

1

Victor goes to a fancy French restaurant. There are utensils on the table that he's never even seen before, and more spoons and forks than he's ever seen on one table. Eager to dine in an appropriate and sophisticated way, Victor secretly watches other diners to see what they do. This is an example of: 1. informational social influence 2. situational interdependence 3. normative conformity 4. normative social influence

1

What is the fundamental attribution error (MAKin tg L.) )? 1. The tendency of people to believe that another person's behavior is mainly caused by that person's personality or character. This is also known as the correspondence bias. 2. The tendency of people to overuse schemas. This is also known as the schema bias. 3. The tendency of people to overuse stereotypes. This is also known as the stereotype bias. 4. The tendency of people to make external attributions. This is also known as the attribution bias.

1

Which of the following is a finding from the Stanford Prison Experiment? 1. The "guards" became cruel and abusive because of the power of the roles they were assigned. 2. The "guards" did not become cruel or abusive because they were able to resist the power of the situation. 3. The "guards" became cruel and abusive because they wanted to work for the CIA after they graduated. 4. The "guards" became cruel and abusive because the prisoners would not obey them.

1

Which of the following is the definition of normative social influence (Pliaffa) )? 1. The influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them; this type of conformity results in public compliance with the group's beliefs and behaviors but not necessarily private acceptance of those beliefs and behaviors. 2. The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified (such as when they are in a crowd), leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts. 3. The influence of other people that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behavior; we conform because we believe that others' interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action. 4. Changing one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others.

1

Which of the following statements about Deindividuation ( aiftlit) are true? Deindividuation 1. increases self-awareness, and greatly increases a person's feelings of accountability for his or her behavior. 2. is caused by the need to be accurate. 3. results in people feeling that there is little chance that they will be caught for behaving badly. 4. always results in negative behaviors.

1

match the word from the following list with the right definition Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members. 1. d: Group cohesiveness 2. b: Social loafing 3. c: Social roles 4. a: Social facilitation

1

"Positive feelings and special treatment for people we have defined as being part of our in-group and negative feelings and unfair treatment for others simply because we have defined them as being in the out-group" is the definition of which of the following terms? 1. in-group bias 2. group cohesion 3. the fundamental attribution error 4. out-group homogeneity

2

A researcher finds a correlation between drinking fair-trade coffee and scoring high on social psychology quizzes. This means that drinking fair-trade coffee will make your quiz score go up. 1. True 2. False

2

According to the 'contact hypothesis" 1. The two groups must be brought together with both groups having equal status. 2. All choices are correct. 3. Prejudice between groups can sometimes be overcome by bringing the two groups together, but contact alone is sometimes not enough. 4. The two groups should experience mutual interdependence. That is, they should have to work together to accomplish a goal.

2

According to the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis, why do some people help other people even if the costs are more than the rewards? 1. People who help expect to be rewarded for their altruism. 2. People who help feel empathy for the person they are going to help. 3. People who help have an altruistic personality. 4. People who help expect to be rewarded for their empathy.

2

An APU student is asked to give a speech arguing in favor of selling wine and been in the cafeteria. The student actually opposes this idea. Nevertheless, after the speech the student changes his or her mind, and starts to support selling beer and wine in the cafeteria. This would be an example of: 1. the over-justification effect 2. counter-attitudinal advocacy 3. alcoholism 4. informational social influence

2

Experiments have demonstrated that the more unpleasant the procedure the participants underwent to get into a group, the better they liked the group. Which psychological motivation helps to explain this finding? 1. The need to be accurate. 2. The need to feel good about yourself. 3. The need to belong. 4. The need to be popular.

2

Imagine a company named "Beppu Car Company" that makes a car called "Mejiron". Beppu Car Company pays the producer of the next James Bond movie to have James Bond drive a "Mejiron". What kind of advertising is this? 1. subliminal advertising 2. product placement 3. central route advertising 4. peripheral rout advertising

2

Imagine a student who likes to sing. He sings without getting a reward or pay. Suppose now we start to pay the student to sing. After a few weeks of paying the student, we now stop paying the student. As a result, he stops singing, even for fun. What has happened (according to social psychology)? 1. The student has gotten bored with singing. 2. The student makes a mistake about his own motivation, and starts to think that he was singing mainly for the money. 3. The student sang too much and has a sore throat. 4. The student is on strike to force us to pay.

2

In the Milgram experiment, the majority of participants continued to give shocks even though they thought the person receiving the shocks was in great pain. Which of the following reasons explains why? 1. Loss of personal responsibility: The participants felt they were just obeying orders, and so they were not personally responsible. 2. All choices are correct. a Normative social influence: People are taught to obey authority, and the participants felt they had to follow the social norm. 4. Informational social influence: Participants were confused and uncertain, so they looked to the expert for guidance.

2

Reducing cognitive dissonance (認知的不協和) is always a conscious (CR) process. 1. True 2. False

2

When people experience cognitive dissonance, what do they try to do? 1. Maintain the feeling of dissonance. 2. Reduce the feeling of dissonance. 3. Ignore the feeling of dissonance. 4. Increase the feeling of dissonance.

2

Which of the following choices in NOT one of the ways of resisting informational social influence? 1. Asking yourself the question: If I behave as the people around me are behaving, will I go against one of my values? 2. Remembering that your group will tolerate you if you have often conformed in the past. 3. Remembering that you CAN choose to resist informational social influence. 4. Asking yourself if the actions of other people and experts seem sensible?

2

Which of the following is the best definition of the term Cognitive Dissonance )11InTtil4f1 ? 1. A feeling of disappointment when another person behaves differently from our expectations. 2. A feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action that runs counter to ones customary (typically positive) conception of oneself. 3. A feeling of unease when trying to understand a difficult concept. 4. A feeling of discomfort resulting from the misattribution of arousal according to the two-factor theory of emotion.

2

You later leam that this same student has not eaten food for three days, because his wallet was stolen and he could not get any money from his bank. You decide that he pushed his way to the front because his hunger made him desperate to eat. What kind of an attribution have you just made? 1. a defensive attribution 2. an external attribution 3. an internal attribution 4. a self serving attribution

2

_________ is "The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (joy and sadness for example) the way that person experiences them." The Japanese term for this is VinX. 1. Cognitive dissonance 2. Empathy 3. Self sacrifice 4. Selfishness

2

Which of the following human thoughts or behaviors cannot be explained by Cognitive Dissonance trAtl? More than one answer can be selected. 1. counterattitudinal advocacy 2. blaming the victim 3. the fundamental attribution error 4. social loafing 5. the two factor theory of emotion

2,3,4

"Diffusion of Responsibility" means: 1. People like to help in emergencies because of the need to feel good about themselves. 2. People are more likely to help if they have accurate information. 3. The more people who witness an emergency, the less likely it is that any of those witnesses will help. 4. The more people who witness an emergency, the more likely one of the witnesses will help.

3

"Don't talk during the movie" and "Cross the street at the corner or crosswalk" are examples of: 1. social roles 2. prescriptive behaviors 3. social norms 4. group processes

3

Before the Bay of Pigs invasion, American President Kennedy and his advisors discussed whether to invade or not. They were a very cohesive group and failed to consider other alternatives, did not think they could fail, and did not express opinions that differed from the President's opinion. These thought patterns are characteristic of which of the following? 1. cognitive dissonance 2. informational social influence 3. groupthink 4. social facilitation

3

If a person commits an act of aggression against another person (the victim), cognitive dissonance theory predicts that his or her feelings about the victim will change in what way? 1. He or she will start liking the victim. 2. His or her feelings will not change. 3. His or her negative feelings about the victim will increase. 4. He or she will feel sorry for the victim.

3

If you want to know if two variables are associated so that you can make predictions, which research method is appropriate? 1. Survey 2. Archival analysis 3. Correlational study 4. Experimental method

3

People will conform to informational social influence ( ) under what conditions? 1. When the situation is a crisis. 2. When the situation is not clear. 3. All choices are correct. 4. When other people are experts.

3

Which of the following is one of the ethical principles that psychologists must follow when using human participants? All participants must be: 1. informed of the true nature of the study upon arriving at the laboratory. 2. compensated in some way for their participation in research. 3. informed that they can withdraw from the study at any time. 4. contacted six months after the study to assure that no psychological harm resulted.

3

Which of the following pairs of motives are of primary importance in order to explain how individuals make construals? 1. The need to feel love and the need to love. 2. The need to be in control and the need to win.

3

Which of the following pairs of motives are of primary importance in order to explain how individuals make construals? 1. The need to feel love and the need to love. 2. The need to be in control and the need to win. 3. The need to be accurate and the need to feel good about yourself. 4. The need to be safe and the need to be free.

3

You are waiting in the APU cafeteria trying to order your food from the staff behind the counter. There are many students and it is hard to get the attention of the staff. Suddenly a student pushes the other students out of the way, gets in front of everyone, and shouts out his order. You decide that the student is rude. What kind of an attribution have you just made? 1. a self serving attribution 2. an external attribution 3. an internal attribution 4. a defensive attribution

3

match the word from the following list with the right definition Shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave: 1. d: Group cohesiveness 2. b: Social loafing 3. c: Social roles 4. a: Social facilitation

3

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, understanding our emotional states requires two steps. What is the first step? 1. Using information in the situation to decide why we feel aroused. 2. Making an external attribution. 3. Receiving a shot of epinephrine. 4. Experiencing physiological arousal.

4

Fill in the blanks. The tendency to engage in social loafing is stronger in than it is also stronger in than in 1. women, men; Western cultures, Asian cultures 2. women, men; Asian cultures, Western cultures 3. men, women; Asian cultures, Western cultures 4. men, women; Western cultures, Asian cultures

4

In the two-step process of making attributions (explaining why another person does something), research shows that there is a difference between people from Western countries and people from Asian countries. What is this difference? 1. Western people make internal attributions, but Asian people make external attributions. 2. Western people first do step one, but Asian people first do step two. 3. People from Asia complete the two steps faster. 4. Western people tend to stop after the first step, but Asian people tend to go on to the second step.

4

People writing in internet chat-rooms and other internet forums are often much ruder than they would be in person. This is because of: 1. Prejudice 2. Normative social influence 3. Out-group homogeneity 4. Deindividuation

4

What principle of social psychology best explains this tendency? 1. the two-factor theory of emotion 2. the fundamental attribution error 3. cognitive dissonance 4. the overjustification effect

4

Which of the following is an important finding from the Milgram experiment? 1. People like to shock other people. 2. People cannot be made to go against their core beliefs by outside pressures. 3. People who are given electric shocks learn better. 4. People can be made to obey orders by the power of the social situation.

4

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, understanding our emotional states requires two steps. What is the first step? 1. Using information in the situation to decide why we feel aroused. 2. Making an external attribution. 3. Receiving a shot of...

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