Social Psychology Test #2
What is an example of OHE?
When we think of Austrailians, we think that they like to drink beer, wrestle crocodiles, play with boomerangs, and surf due to our limited media exposure and not knowing a lot of them personally
What is objectification?
When women are treated as bodies or objects and less as full functioning human beings
What did the Coudry and Coudry 1976 study show?
That sexism influences emotional life; how we are emotionalized/socialized
What is an example of moral credentials?
"My best friend is black/some other race"
What are the effects of placing people into ingroups and outgroups?
1. Ingroup bias: tendency to like the ingroup more than the outgroup. That doesn't mean that we necessarily hate/dislike the outgroup though. Ex. the ingroup like members can be treated better by you but not so much for outgroup members. Doesn't mean you treat them badly. Marrying into the family: once they join the family, you would probably like them more, not that you hated them before. 2. Outgroup homogeneity effect (OHE): tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroup than members of ingroups.
What is the social identity theory?
1. self esteem = personal identity + social identity 2. group identities are used to maximize self esteem
What is an example of a self prophecy?
A foreign exchange student from Australia is staying with you Perceiver's expectation What you think about Austrailians → surfing, wrestling crocs, and drinking beer Perceiver's behavior towards target Asking if they want to have a beer Target behavior toward perceiver Them saying sure yeah or accepting Back to perceiver's expectations Confirms stereotypes of what you think of Australians.
What is modern racism?
A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.
What is a group?
A group is a set of individuals who interact over time and have shares fate, goals, or identity.
What is an example of implicit racism?
A judge giving darker skin women longer sentences than lighter ones; putting money on the counter instead of directly in their hand.
What is an example of explicit racism?
A soccer fan throwing a banana at a black soccer playe
In terms of the ABCs of group perception, what is prejudice?
A-affect
How did the Zanna, Cooper, and Word study promote self prophecy and was it negative?
Actions like this causes a self fulfilling prophecy (in relation to the SP chart) and has real world consequences; it influences the perception of the group and expectation of the future. For example, if white interviewers had their own stereotypes, acted in a way that promotes it, and the black interviewees respond in the way that they expect → then it promotes the stereotypes.
What is the Coudry and Coudry 1976 study?
Adults see the same video of a baby and a jack in the box Group a - told baby is a boy State that baby's reaction is "angry" Group b - told baby is a girl State that baby's reaction is "frightened" These assumptions about their reactions are examples of benevolent sexism We eventually act based on the emotions that we are told we have based on gender Boys start to react angrily as an unconscious reaction Girls are frightened as an unconscious reaction
What is benevolent sexism?
Affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection
What is the second definition of racism?
As an institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.
What is the difference between racism at an individual and institutional levels?
At the individual level, everyone can be racist but at the institutional/cultural level, some people are more privileged than others.
What does it mean for something to be automatic?
Automatic, unconscious (outside awareness), unintentional, effortless
In terms of the ABCs of group perception, what is discrimination?
B-behavior
What is an example of subtyping?
Barden being a white man comfortable talking about race when most white men aren't is due to him being a teacher at HU; an exception to rule so it doesn't change the stereotype.
Out of the options to automatize, which one is the best and why?
Being generally motivated to be egalitarian or taking the perspective of the stereotyped target because it replaces stereotypes with fairness words.
What is a stereotype?
Beliefs or associations that link whole groups of people with certain traits or characteristics.
What are scale items for white participants (McConahay 1983)?
Black people have had more influence upon school desegregation plans than they ought to have. Over the past few years, blacks have gotten more economically than they deserve. This came to be when it became less and less acceptable to do old fashioned racism.
In terms of the ABCs of group perception, what is stereotype?
C- cognition
Who was in charge of the Stereotype Threat?
Claude Steele and Aronson (1995)
What is the stereotype threat study?
Claude Steele and Aronson (1995) Vulnerability experienced by a person from a stereotyped group when they believe that their behavior could potentially confirm the stereotype about their group Anxiety or distracting thought that have a negative impact on performance Participants Black and white students with equal test scores Manipulation Group A: test diagnostic of intellectual ability Group B: test nondiagnostic of intellectual ability Dv Performance on difficult test Results Black and white participants who were told it was nondiagnostic performed around the same. Black participants who were told it was diagnostic performed significantly lower than their white counterparts.
What is the realistic conflict theory?
Competition for limited resources breeds hostility and results in propaganda and discrimination. Competition can be real or imagined because our perception is our reality. Predicts prejudice and discrimination increased when economic and political arenas are uncertain or threatened; there can only be one
In the Dovido et al 1999 study, what is the controlled?
Controlled is self report measure; is conscious aware behavior; you choose behavior; guilt/innocence of black/white people
What do stereotypes do?
Direct attention, distort perceptions, and influence memory (remember stereotypes consistent information)
What was the results of the Trish Devine study?
Donald was seen more hostile when primed with African American stereotyepes more than people who were primed with neutral words. High and low prejudice individuals in between each category didn't affect results much.
Who did the implicit vs controlled prejudice?
Dovido et al 1999
What is an example of individuating?
Ex. Obama not being seen black Stanley Crouch said he was different from other black because of his lineage lacking slavery → what he stereotypes is black people of having ancestors who were slaves and not afforded certain opportunities. → not black Biden said he was the first clean and articulate black candidate, nevermind other black congress people. → not black to him because he isn't the typical black stereotype. Both situations individuates Obama out of the black stereotype.
How can for example an institution accidentally perpetuate racism?
For example, they can hire people similar to the work environment or connected to those who work there. Also, popular culture can show who is more valued and who isn't.
What do group cues do in terms of stereotypes?
Group cues automatically activates the stereotype and influences conscious judgments even among those who are low in prejudice. They rise to affect controlled responses and in turn had real life implications.
What is an ingroup?
Groups an individual feels they belong to
What is an outgroup?
Groups an individual feels they don't belong to.
What does the Trish Devine study illustrate?
Illustrates that stereotyping happens automatically and support the notion that stereotypes exist
What leads to two different manifestations of discrimination?
Implicit and controlled prejudice
What is an example of intergroup contact sanctioned by social norms?
In the Remember the Titans, different races were paired together to learn and better understand each other.
What is subtyping with one person?
Individuating
What are the traits that make a group a group?
Interaction and one of these: shared fate, goals, or identity
What is a good way to predict discrmination?
Is to know their prejudices
Is prejudice declining?
Just because self reported ideas about black people are high doesn't mean that prejudice is declining.
What study answers whether our behaviors follow our attitudes?
LaPiere (1934)
What is confirmatory bias?
Looking for things that confirms your stereotypical bias
What is hostile sexism?
Negative feelings about women's ability to challenge men's power
Does information counter to a stereotype help change it?
No, because it can be subtyped
What does it mean to have moral credentials?
Not being racist by demonstrating to others or even to themselves that they have good friends from racial or ethnic group in question or they have behaved in ways that were quite fair to members of this group.
How can you differentiate old fashioned racism and modern racism?
Old fashioned racism is evident and very blatant so it can't be disputed or excused while modern racism if it is challenged, a person can rationalize it to themselves or others.
How can a group be formed?
One way a group can be formed is by sharing a traumatic experience of a bad flight and joining together → became a group by holding hands, talking (interaction) and having a shared fate. Other groups can be dance groups, friendships, etc.
What is the Petty, Cacioppo and Goldman study?
Participants told the university was considering comprehensive exams in order to graduate 3 manipulations Personal relevance (influences route) Next year vs 10 years from now Argument quality (central route effects) Strong vs weak arguments Source expertise (peripheral route effects) A high school class vs the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education, chaired by Princeton professor
What are self-fulfilling prophecies?
Perceiver's expectations → perceiver's behavior towards target→ target behavior toward perceive→ then back to perceiver's expectations
What are the steps to automatize in order to avoid automatic stereotyping?
Practicing "no" responses when target and stereotype are paired together, being generally motivated to be egalitarian or taking the perspective of the stereotyped target, ignoring group membership or focusing in individuating information, or effortful process.
What is automatization?
Practicing a whole lot to the point that it is automatic
What is sexism?
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender or as institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another
What is racism?
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? What is the relationship between prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes?
Prejudices are more concerned with feelings whereas discrimination is more concerned with behaviors. All them can act independently but can influence each other and reinforce each other.
What is the Trish Devine (1989) study?
Primed white people at Ohio State with Africa, ghetto, welfare (stereotypes of African Americans [IV]) → would they link hostility with that (due to the stereotypes) [DV]? Measure the impact of spreading activation
In the Dovido et al 1999 study, what is the implicit?
Priming measure, nonverbal behavior, not necessarily controlled or noticed. For example, more blinking, less eye contact
What is adverse racism?
Racism that concerns the ambivalence between fair minded attitudes and beliefs, on the one hand, and unconscious and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs, on the other hand.
What is implicit racism?
Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally.
How does random assignment help in the stereotype threat study?
Random assignment gives everyone the equal capacity of doing well so the only change would be the diagnostic.
What was part 2 of the Trish Devine study?
Read about Donald who behaves in an ambiguously hostile way; "argued" with his landlord and demanded his money back from the store check. Race wasn't mentioned. DV: ratings of Donald's hostility part of the African American stereotype but was not primed directly.
What did Jennifer Richardson do?
Relative status Giving whites high status increases automatic prejudice of Black people, giving Blacks high status decreases automatic prejudice of whites.
What is an example of someone using their discrimination?
Since discrimination consists of a behavior, a person can be hostile to a parking officer, yell at them, or glare at them
How can you improve self esteem?
Social comparison: ingroup favoritism; outgroup derogation (prejudical evaluations) and shifting to a better group or increasing your own group status
What did Brian Lowery do?
Social tuning to the attitudes of others Change your own attitudes based on the people that are around you. Decreased automatic prejudice when the experimenter is Black as opposed to white.
What is ambivalent sexism?
Strong positive and negative responses to the same thing.
Describe the Word, Zanna and Cooper (1974) study?
Study 1: White participants conducted interviews: Manipulations: Job candidates are black or white and they were trained to act the same way and give the same responses; dress the same. 1 white person for 1 candidate instead of them getting both black and white candidates because if they did both then, they'd catch on and act differently. Results: White participants sat further away, they made more speech errors, and held shorter interviews with black candidates despite them all acting the same. The white participants were treated the opposite and better. Study 2: The white interviewer was the confederate/dummy Manipulations: All the participants were white and they interviewed in the style that the white and black candidates were treated in study 1. Results: White interviewees who were treated like how black people were treated didn't perform well.
What is ingroup bias?
Tendency to like the ingroup more than the outgroup. That doesn't mean that we necessarily hate/dislike the outgroup though.
What is an example of modern racism?
The Australian Prime Minister restricted people with HIV coming into Australia and tightening restricts to protect their citizens (there is a large population is from Africa).
What is the difference between prejudice and stereotypes?
The difference between prejudices and stereotypes are the fact that prejudices are feelings/how you feel i.e. seeing the parking officer can make the hairs on the back of your neck stand up and feel anxious whereas stereotypes are thoughts about a specific group of people, in this case parking officers; stream of thoughts about them.
What is the difference between modern racism and old fashioned racism?
The difference is that modern racism is more subtle prejudice in nature and is done where it is socially acceptable and safe; clouded in ambiguity. Old fashioned racism is more blatant and explicit.
What is a microaggression?
The everyday typically subtle but hurtful forms of discrimination that are experienced quite frequently by members of targeted groups.
What does it mean to subtype?
The exceptions are walled off to create their own subtype from the stereotypes that we have for that specific group. In doing so, it helps resist changes to stereotype groups and maintains beliefs; serves individual purposes
How was the levels of prejudice determined?
They were just asked their evaluations on African Americans.
Why/how does OHE occur?
Think about it, one of the requirements to be in a group is to have interaction. If you don't really interact with that person/group the they're not in your group i.e. Australians; Opportunities for learning (how they're informed) Memory and retrieval processes
How is social categorization helpful?
This is helpful because past experience can guide future interactions.
How do stereotypes operate?
Through spreading activation
What does spreading activation do?
Through the automatic spreading activation it impacts the judgement of an individual.
What is a real life example of realistic conflict theory?
Trump and his issue with Mexicans
What is the LaPiere Study?
Visited 251 hotels and restaurants with a chinese couple. Only 1 refused Wrote letters inquiring whether or not they would allow a chinese couple in and 92% refused
Why do we automatically categorize things?
We automatically organize things into categories because it makes things easy and efficient for retrieval and processing by using preexisting things/schemas to better understand what's going on.
What happens when we first meet someone?
We first categorize people by the categories that we initially can pinpoint: age, gender, race in the first few seconds. Then we compare ourselves to them, are you in my group? How do you differ/are similar from my group?
What is an example of someone using their prejudice?
What is a person's evaluations on a parking officer; whether they like them or not; how they feel about them; affects
What is an example of a stereotype using a professor?
What people think about when thinking about a professor i.e. they're boring, old, professional/formal → theres a social consensus of a specific group or overlaps in what is considered.
When does contact hypothesis work best?
When there is mutual interdependence of groups, equal status (= hierarchy), personalized interactions between individuals (not as ambassadors but as individuals like Jim and Fred meeting), intergroup contact sanctioned by social norms.
What was part 1 of the Trish Devine study?
White participants Group A: primed with words related to African American stereotypes like Africa, ghetto, welfare, basketball etc by having them unscramble sentences like those or subliminal flashing them briefly Group B: primed with neutral words like home or home in the same way.
How can you avoid automatic stereotyping?
With automatized stereotype control.
How can social categorization a problem?
You can't know the essential attributes right away from someone because you can only know through getting to know them overtime and close observations/paying attention. The consequence of this is that we make assumptions that can be incorrect.
What type of schema is stereotyping?
a person schema; stereotypes operates the same way as schemas.
What is discrimination?
behavior in a way that differences from a person's group membership (?);behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.
What is old-fashioned racism?
blatant, explicit, and unmistakable racism
What is the contact hypothesis?
direct contact between groups reduces prejudice and settings can be working on a common goal like a sports team i.e. Remember the Titans
What is stereotyping?
in the language you think in; in your mind a a category of people and traits and beliefs you hold towards that groups; ideas surrounding that particular group; a belief/association that links a whole group of people with certain traits/characteristics (type of schema); in language form.
What are examples of nonverbal and verbal discrimination?
nonverbal is avoiding a person, going towards someone, ignoring etc. verbal is what you say
What are the three components of sexism?
objectification, hostile sexism, and benevolent sexism
What are the three faces of individual racism?
old fashioned, modern, and implicit
What is self esteem made up of?
personal identity + social identity
What are the main factors of group perception?
prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
What are the origins of prejudice?
social categorization and social identity; social identity theory and realistic conflict theory
What is outgroup homogeneity effect (OHE)?
tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroup than members of ingroups; OHE is basically "they're all the same"
What is a prejudice?
the feelings we have towards someone of a group membership; positive or negative feelings or attitude (generally liking/dislike) toward people based on their membership in certain groups; affect/evaluation (fear, jealousy, pity, frustration, anger, etc)
What is an example of someone using their stereotype?
thinking that a parking officer has the job to support their family; cognitions
What is social categorization?
we categorize people just like we categorize other objects.