Social Psychology

what are 4 factors that effect increased job satisfaction and age

1. higher pay 2. higher positions 3. increased job security 4. greater job commitment

what are the 6 stages of Cass' Homosexuality Model of Development

1. identity confusion: individual experiences feelings of confusion and turmoil and which he or she begins questioning their previously assumed heterosexual identity; the individual begins considering the possibility of a gay identity 2. identity comparison: this is the first tentative commitment to a homosexual identity, characterized by strong feelings of alienation and a sense of not belonging to a society 3. identity tolerance: the individual tolerates, rather than accept, a gay identity; the person seeks out other gay people to counter the feelings of isolation and alienation 4. identity acceptance School in the individual accepts rather than tolerates a gay image of self, increases contact with gay people, and increasingly experiences gay subculture and normalized gay identity and lifestyle 5. identity Pride: commitment to gay Community grow strong, resulting in a sense of group identity; anger, pride, activism possible 6. identity synthesis: individual integrates his or her gay identity with all other aspects of self; homosexuality is seen as just one aspect of self

what is the gain loss theory of attraction

--a gain has more impact on liking than a set of events that are all positive --e.g. someone who might have been critical of you at first who is now very positive about you will have a greater impact on liking then if they had just all positive views from the get-go

what three factors elicit deindividuation

1. group size: bigger groups bring arousal and members and render them unidentifiable (lynch mob) 2. physical anonymity: the less likely you can be identified the Lesser peoples inhibitions (shock study) 3. arousing and distracting activities call an aggressive outbursts by large groups are often preceded by minor actions such as clapping or singing together that arouse and divert people's attention

what are four task classifications

1. intellective task: involves the ability of the group to make a decision or a judgement 2. Criterion task call in the group can see that there is a clearly correct answer to the problem that is being posed 3. judgmental task: there is no clearly correct answer to the problem that is being posed 4. maximizing task: involves performance that is measured by how rapidly the group works, or how much of a product they are able to make

what are factors that alter group norms

1. minority influence: the impact that I'm minority group has on the majority 2. in order to influence the majority group the minority group must adopt a particular behavioral style that includes these four things: a. first, they need to be legitimate members of the in-group b. second, they need to present a consistent and consensual message c. third, they need to be seen as having made sacrifices for their cause d. fourth, they need to be perceived as acting out of principle

what are four main factors that promote attraction

1. proximity 2. physical attractiveness 3. similarity 4. reciprocity phenomenon: liking for another usually predict the other person's liking in return; liking is often Mutual

commitment tends to be a major predictor of marital satisfaction. What factors are associated with commitment?

1. rewards one receives from the relationship 2. the amount of resources one invests 3. the availability of alternative partners

what are factors that increase the likelihood of child abuse

1. single parent households 2. living in poverty 3. low self-esteem, negative outlook, and low flexibility and parents 4. cognitive distortions by parents (baby is being mean when it cries) 5. parents that were abused

according to Lenore Walker 2002 what is the cycle of violence

1. the honeymoon phase: abuser is kind, caring, gentle, and affectionate toward the partner 2. tension building phase: growing unrest in the relationship; the abuser may become increasingly jealous, short-tempered, and paranoid toward the partner 3. acting out phase: physical or emotional violence takes place, lasting 4 minutes to several hours 4. reconciliation phase: apologies / excuses are made, possible denial of incident occurrence -- relationships are different at different times and they lose the honeymoon and Reconciliation phase all together

what are 4 consultee issues discussed by a consultant

1lack of understanding, lack of skill, lack of objectivity, lack of confidence and self-esteem

what are the statistics for men and women who have been victims

25% women and 11.5% men

what is attenuation

a byproduct of our finite attentional capacity, stimuli not attended to are processed too weakly to be brought into conscious awareness

what are group norms

a set of values and a certain code of behavior that helps to gain and maintain membership in a group

what is crowding

a subjective feeling of not having enough space per person

what is passive aggression

an indirect way of expressing anger while denying any purposeful wrongdoing

what is groupthink

defined by Janis as the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

what does the social exchange theory have to say about attraction

feelings about a relationship depend on an individual's perception of the rewards and costs of the relationship, but the person thinks he or she deserves, and if there's a chance of being involved with someone else that would result in a better relationship

what is dollard's frustration - aggression theory

frustration creates a motive to aggress (e.g. someone who cuts the line, a flat tire, Etc)

what is social inhibition

in some tasks, such as learning nonsense syllables and Performing complex multiplication problems, the presence of others hinders performance

how does evolutionary psychology explain altruism

it arises out of Devotion to Kin, that is to enhance the survival of mutual a selected jeans, and reciprocity, an organism helps another because it expects help in return

what are some gender differences in leadership styles

males tend to be more task-oriented, while females tend to be more relationally oriented and socially facilitative

what are idiosyncrasy credits

points earned by a member for initially a hearing to group Norms that later allow him or her to engage in behavior that is not normally accepted by members

what affect does the gender of a Creator affect ratings of a product

products created by men will tend to be rated higher by the group then products created by a female

what is reactive vs. proactive aggression

reactive is emotionally driven in reaction to a perceived threat, while proactive involves initiating aggressive behavior with some goal in mind and no perceived

what is minority influence

refers to situations in which a group is experiencing descend from one or more of its own members, and the number of the dissenters is significantly less than the majority

what is relational vs. physical aggression

relational tends to harm and threaten relationships and is more likely used by girls, while physical attempts to hurt and is more often used by boys

what are superordinate goals

shared goals that necessitate Cooperative effort between two or more groups

what is idiosyncrasy credit

--the more status a group member has the more he or she is allowed idiosyncratic behaviors, or behaviors that go against group expectations -- however one must conform to the majority of the group to attain status in the first place

what is the difference between transformational vs. transactional leadership

--transformational leaders Inspire followers to work on clear, long-term goals, while transactional leaders set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them -- good leaders use both

name three types of abuse

1. common couple violence: aggression is used occasionally, usually due to poor coping strategies and communication skills 2. patriarchal terrorism: a persistent pattern of abuse used by male to control a female 3. instrumental abuse Cullen involves a brutal act with little provocation

what do experiments show about group polarization

1. Stoner 1961 found a risky shift phenomenon that showed that in response to dilemmas group decisions usually riskier than individual decisions 2. Moscovici and Zavalloni 1969, however, found that people me become riskier or more cautious depending on their initial stance and wishing to be correct or going along with the group to be liked

what are four factors leading to groupthink

1. an amiable, cohesive group is assembled 2. relative isolation of the group from dissenting opinions 3. a directive leader who signals what decision he or she favors 4. when the group decision has dramatic consequences

what are some suggestions to prevent groupthink

1. be impartial 2. encourage critical evaluation 3. occasionally subdivide the group and then reunite to discuss differences 4. welcome critiques from outside experts and Associates 5. before implementing a decision, call a second chance meeting to discuss lingering doubts

what are the effects of Parental support on childhood Hospitalization

1. child's rate of Health Improvement and timeliness of discharge are impacted 2. helps to calm children when they have been Hospitalized 3. helps to psychologically manage the situation 4. lessons a child's fear of needing to be readmitted

what are the three classification approaches to group tasks

1. combined contributions: additive tasks in the expected performance is the sum of the group members' individual input 2. compensatory tasks call in the group and put is combined so that the performance of the individuals is averaged rather than added 3. comparing tasks based on the best and worst members: --Disjuctive tasks: when the group's performance is determined by the best group member --Conjunctive tasks: when the group's performance is determined bye the worst group member

what are four types of consultation

1. consultee centered case consultation: the consultant focuses directly on the issues of the consultee and any problems they might have in their struggles with a client 2. client centered case consultation: the focus is on the client and helping discover the most effective method of treatment 3. Program Center administrative consultation: consultant helps the consultee develop or modify an agency or clinical program 4. consultee centered administrative consultation: the focus is on difficulties a consultee may be experiencing that are limiting their effectiveness at administering a program

what are two defining tasks types

1. divisible task: categorized as work that can be divided up among individuals 2. unitary task: work that cannot be divided among individuals

what are the effects of childhood hospitalization on children

1. fear of an unfamiliar setting 2. fear of experiencing pain 3. loss of control 4. separation anxiety

what are two techniques to overcome theme interference

1. unlinking: the consultant provides insight into the theme interference by untangling the therapist's past and their current interactions with the client 2. theme interference reduction: the consultant assists the consultee in brainstorming additional outcomes for the client, broadening to consultee's perspective

when is minority influence effective and influential

1. when it is consistent, persistent, and self-confident 2. when a member has built up idiosyncrasy credit 3. a minority influence must have at least one Defector from the majority group

in which areas doed physical attractiveness influence treatment of an individual

and both the classroom and the workplace

what did Dion and Berscheid 1974 reveal about attractiveness in Nursery schools

attractive children were more liked by their peers

what is attention

concentration or focus of an individual's senses in order to take in a selected aspect of the sensory work in an efficient and accurate manner

what is the definition of social facilitation

dominant responses are strengthened by the presence of others

what is domestic violence

emotionally, sexually, or physically violent Acts, threatened or actual, that occur within the context of an intimate relationship

what is deindividuation

estate of lessons self-awareness, reduced concern over social evaluation, and weekend restraints against prohibited forms of behavior

how does social Norm theory explain altruism

helping is mandated by the social groups Norms or behavioral expectations

how does the social exchange theory explain altruism

helping, like other social behaviors, is motivated by a desire to minimize costs and maximize Rewards

what is instrumental vs. hostile aggression

instrumental is aggressive behavior that is a means to some end, while hostile aggression takes place without any added incentive and is violence for the sake of violence

what is the difference between task-oriented and relationship-oriented leaders

task-oriented leaders are more directive and steer the group toward its goals, while relationship-oriented leaders are more concerned with interpersonal interaction and the feelings of their coworkers

what was the purpose of the robbers cave experiment

to see how Prejudice develops, how it progresses, and what it takes to eliminate discriminatory Behavior as a result of prejudiced beliefs

what is kinesics

the interpretation of nonverbal messages expressed through movement or expressions of the face or parts of the body

how does the social responsibility Norm explain altruism

we help needy people so long as they are deserving

how does the reciprocity norm explain altruism

we help those who have helped us

what does bandura's social learning theory say about aggression

we learned social behavior like aggression by observing and imitating, and by being rewarded and punished

what is the divorce rate and the impact of divorce on children

-- 50% of first marriages in the United States end in divorce -- 25% of children who go through divorce experience long-term consequences-- usually those who witnessed open conflict between parents -- younger children tend to have more immediate problems, but older children tend to have more persistent problems such as deviance and relationship impairment

what was the historical research behind his theory

-- Heider 1944, the first scholar to realize that when we noticed inconsistencies in our thoughts, or cognitive in Balance, we may change our attitudes to become consistent with our thoughts and restoring the balance -- Osgood and Tenenbaums congruence model 1955 which was inspired by Heider, focus on attitude change after exposure to persuasive communication

what is the relationship between socioeconomic status and mental illness

-- High SES is related to non psychotic disorders and low SES is related to the presence of psychotic disorders

describe the obedient studies performed by Milgram

-- Milgram assign subjects to be teachers to Confederate learners -- the teachers were to give increasing the vaults of shocks to mistakes made in a word pair task -- despite high levels of distress, 65% of subjects fully complied with the authority figure

what are the effects on children

-- Witnesses and direct victims both experience higher levels of aggression and delinquent Behavior -- higher rates of anxiety, depression, and taking on a victim role in other relationships

who was Birdwhistell

-- a ballet dancer turned anthropologist that studied messages communicated through movement, stance, and posture -- argued that all movements of the body are purposeful and can be read in a manner similar to spoken language -- claimed that only 30 to 35% of communication between people is words

what is belief in a just world

-- a form of defensive attribution in which people assume that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people -- I believe that hard work and clean living always pay off and laziness and sinful lifestyles are punished

what is the Universalist / etic approach

-- a quest for commonalities across many are all cultures -- psychologists study behavior from a position outside the system -- examine two or more cultures and compare them using criteria that are considered absolute or Universal

what do you age and immigrant status have to do with inpatient admission

-- adults are twice as likely as children under the age of 18 to be referred to in patient care -- immigrants in the US, especially males, have higher rates for psychiatric hospitalization

what does Bem's self-perception Theory say about how we make inferences about Behavior

-- an alternative to festinger cognitive dissonance theory which suggests that when there's an inconsistency between attitudes and behavior that we change either one to reduce the unpleasant arousal -- self perception theory states that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, they looking at our Behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs-- sometimes our behaviors determine our attitudes

what did schachter's study show about waiting with people from in-group vs. out-group s'

-- anxious people prefer to correspond and wait with other anxious people; validating the old adage that misery loves miserable company

how did Zajonc's theory explain this phenomenon

-- arousal enhances whatever response tendency is dominant -- heightened arousal and hanse's performance on easy, well-earned, or routine tasks for which the most likely or dominant response is the correct one -- however, for more complex tasks where the most likely or dominant response is the wrong response, heightened arousal and Deuces incorrect responding -- this idea solved the Dilemma between social facilitation and social inhibition

what is the externality hypothesis by schacter regarding obesity

-- obese individuals are more responsive to external stimuli than they are to internal stimuli -- the best way then to lose weight is to manipulate external cues and limit their temptation to eat

what are the processes in the outward adjustment phase

-- attempt to continue living as they were prior to the rape but still under a great deal of psychological distress -- may try to find an explanation for why it occurred, may move to another residence or refuse to return to places that remind them of the rape -- dramatization: person becomes consumed with the experience and speaks about it often; may experience flashbacks, sexual issues, anger, and depression

what has been shown by studies of the predictive value of Health belief model

-- barriers were the most reliable predictors of Health behaviors, followed by a susceptibility, benefits, and severity -- the median delay in getting treatment for all psychological disorders in America is approximately a decade

what is the catharsis hypothesis on reducing aggression and does it hold water

-- based on Freud's hydraulic model it sees accumulated aggressive energy to be like dammed up water and if it is not allowed to drain an explosion will occur -- contrary to this hypothesis expressing aggression begets more aggression

what are cognitive theories about gender identity development

-- based on Piaget's cognitive developmental theories, kohlberg States there's three stages of identity development: gender labeling, gender stability, and gender constancy -- Bem argues that children internalize mental representations of complex gender stereotypes (gender schema)

what is attentional bias

-- because not all information can be attended to, our mind chooses which stimuli is most important -- e.g. people with severe anxiety will attend to threatening stimuli most

what are the effects of minority influence on a group

-- beneficial in preventing groupthink -- encourages group members to use the central route to persuasion -- has a delayed effect on the group if the minority group members persist in their viewpoints

between 1948 and 1985, US policies policies led hospitals through a period of deinstitutionalization and shifting treatment of mental orders disorders to community-based outpatient programs. What was the result of this?

-- better recovery environment in communities that does not involve removing a person from his or her family's, jobs, and other social support -- greatly reduced the cost of care for each individual -- often underfunded, unprepared, or unwilling to help individuals -- causes revolving door patients who are consistently readmitted to mental health units

what are the effects of believing in a just world

-- blaming the victim -- one does not have to acknowledge that there's a certain Randomness in life in which innocent individuals face unpredictable, unprovoked tragic circumstances

who established the first comprehensive theory of attention

-- broadbent's filter theory of attention: the filter selects the incoming messages that will be further processed based on the physical properties of the message

what has current education on HIV and AIDS used to educate, and how is it working

-- celibacy, monogamy, and use of condoms -- the fear of death and disease does not seem to keep people from abstaining from sex are using condoms --perhaps the association of a ravaging disease and condoms makes using them negative --people would rather live in denial and do what they want

what is theme interference

-- clinical consultations occur when a therapist (the consultee) loses objectivity with a client, as the consultee's repressed or unconscious subjectivity is triggered through the consultee / client interaction -- the therapists perspective is then limited, and a consultant is hired to analyze the case

how can we assess the levels of adjustment and acculturation

-- competence in the English language and negotiation of the tasks of learning to live in this country -- number of years living in the US -- age at the time of immigration -- exposure to Western culture in the country of origin -- contacts with native-born Americans

what has research shown about differences between cultures in terms of personal identity, concept of the body, and Norms of expressiveness and personal space

-- concept of personal identity: Eastern cultures favorite group identity, whereas Western cultures favored individual autonomy -- concept of the body: for westerners, the mind and body are separate, whereas easterners see mind and body as a whole -- Norms of expressiveness and personal space calling to someone from a relatively formal northern European culture, a person from a Mediterranean culture Mesa a warm and Charming but also inefficient and time-wasting; to the person from the Mediterranean culture, the northern European may seem efficient, cold, and overly concerned with time

what is obesity

-- considered a medical condition, not in the DSM-5, in which excess fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse impact on health --BMI = 25-29.9 Overweight --BMI = 30+ Obese

what is the best prevention for teenage pregnancy

-- curriculum-based programs when they have a narrow focused, clear curriculum and relevant basic information about STDs and pregnancy -- information about peer pressure and how to say no to unwanted sexual intercourse

what are some effects of crowding

-- dense urban areas experience higher rates of crime and emotional distress --Berkowitz 1972 heat and overcrowding can amplify chronic frustration and fuel riots like those that occurred in the late 1960s in some crowded cities during major heat waves -- intensifies positive (laughing at comediens) and negative reactions ( make more errors on difficult tasks) -- enhances General arrival in terms of pulse and blood pressure

what is the jigsaw technique

-- developed by Elliot Aronson in 1971 -- children of different races and ethnicities were brought together into Cooperative groups -- each individual had to master a segment of the lesson and share it with the others such that the different segments fit together to promote group learning

what does other research on Obesity tell us about causation

-- differences in physical activity now are the key Focus for determining who will maintain / regain body weight -- lower SES tends to struggle more with obesity likely due to the abundance of high-calorie cheap Foods

what is social identity

-- the information about who a person feels them self to be, in comparison to others, who are either similar or dissimilar to them -- includes many aspects of the self including nationality, ethnicity, gender, education, and religion

what is social loafing and why does it happen

-- does the tendency in which people exert less effort when they're part of a group and when they're individually accountable for the output -- being part of a group reduces evaluation apprehension oh, that is, awareness that one's performance is being monitored -- the bigger the group, The more social loafing (e.g. bigger groups that are at a restaurant are associated with a smaller tip due to "free riding")

what is the set point Theory

-- each person has a genetically predetermined set point weight that is controlled by metabolic hormones and fat cell enzymes -- scientific support for set point theory is waning because once people are at their healthy weight their metabolism returns to normal overtime

what is the difference between emic and etic approaches to studying culture and Humanity

-- emic focuses on the intrinsic cultural distinctions that are meaningful to members of a given Society and interprets behavior, cognitions, and affect within the cultural context of the group being studied; associated with the qualitative study of ethnography ( the descriptive documentation of a living cultural group) -- Etic is more related to Universal characteristics or traits, common to all people and cultures; associated with ethnology (the comparative study of contemporary cultures with aims to derive general principles shared by all of human society) and quantitative analysis

what did Ellen Berscheid posit about emotions in relationships

-- emotion - in - relationship model posits that a partner is most likely to experience a high degree of emotion, both positive and negative, in an intimate relationship when her partner's Behavior disrupts an organized sequence of behaviors -- it may be harder to elicit strong positive emotions in a long-term relationship because the partners have established patterns of organized Behavior

describe Deci's experiment on the overjustification hypothesis

-- first day college students worked individually on an interesting puzzle for an hour -- the next day the experimental group individuals were paid $1 for each piece of the puzzle they completed while the controls were not paid -- third day neither group was paid but the unrewarded group spent more free time puzzling than they rewarded Group which showed that the interest had waned in the experimental group in which extrinsic rewards were once given

what are some neo-freudian theories on gender identity

-- girls did not experience penis envy because of biology superiority of penis, but rather societal power and control given to men -- womb and they can develop boys and result in increased industriousness

describe asch's experiments on conformity

-- groups had to answer a simple task but when Confederate started giving the wrong answers, different ones of the group also started answering incorrectly

what is Edward Halls 1976 theory of high context vs. low context cultures

-- high-context AKA collectivist cultures including many of those found in Middle East, Asia, and Africa tend to rely on nonverbal communication and contextual factors to provide the meaning of a message and often require consensus to make and communicate decisions -- low context AKA individualist cultures such as North American and many of the European cultures rely Less on consensus and place more value on using the literal meaning of words to convey a message

what are the statistics on child abuse--ethnic, most deadly, gender diffs, abused children becoming abusing adults, most common sex abusers

-- highest rates in African American children, followed by American Indian, then Pacific Islanders -- 50% of child abuse related fatalities in 2005 or white children -- maltreatment is usually perpetrated by women and physical and sexual abuse is perpetrated more by men -- one third of abused children become abusive parents

what kind of approach is preferred by Asian-American

-- highly structured, directive, and authoritarian approach

what are the cultures effects on help seeking behaviors

-- how patients problems are defined -- how the problem will be expressed -- who should be consulted -- preferred treatment strategies -- shame, humiliation, rejection, and scapegoating

what were Freud's views on death

-- humans are born with equal instincts toward life (Eros) and death (Thanatos) -- Society performs an essential function in regulating these instincts and helping people sublimate them, that is, turn the energy into acceptable are useful Behavior

how does the feature integration Theory explain the phenomenon of illusory conjunctions

-- illusory conjunctions are when we are attempting to process too many simultaneous visual tasks and may make a mistake as recalling a truck was blue when it was actually the car next to it that was blue -- this indicates that the visual system processes the important features of an object separately, as opposed to a whole integrated object

what is festinger cure social comparison Theory

-- in times of uncertainty, we looked at those in our environment to evaluate our feelings, abilities, opinions, and behavior -- this extends to Upward and downward comparison to others in terms of physical attractiveness, financial success, intelligence, Etc

he is also known for his Robbers Cave studies in 1961. what did that study show?

-- in-group and out-group behavior -- discrimination -- it led to the development of Sheriff's realistic conflict theory was proposed that conflict over limited resources is the major cause of discrimination and stereotypes

where is kinesics used

-- in-law and Military to discern truth from lies though it is not very consistent -- management coaches to help people with clear communication and better relationships between corporate workers

what did Sherif's social judgement Theory say about assessing messages intended to change attitudes

-- individuals refer to three internal anchors that influence the way in which individuals respond to any given message 1. latitude of acceptance: comprising those statements are messages with which the person agrees 2. latitude of rejection: comprising those statements or messages the person cannot agree with or actively opposes 3. the latitude of non-commitment: comprising those statements are messages with which the person neither agree nor disagree

what has research shown about the complementarity hypothesis AKA Opposites Attract versus the similarity hypothesis

-- the similarity hypothesis seems to have more support in that we tend to be attracted to people who have similar interests, age, education, race, religion, height, intelligence, and SES

what is the indigenous Splash emic approach to cross-cultural research

-- involves intensive study of psychological phenomena with in separate cultures -- psychologists study behavior from within the system, examining only one culture at a time -- the goal is to discover rather than impose a structure on the research and use criteria relative to internal cultural characteristics

explain how social cognitive theory is an application of social learning theory

-- it accepts the fact that modeling affects Behavior, but it views the environment, behavior, and cognition as reciprocal and interrelated -- social cognitive theory explains how two children may see the same behaviors in their environment and yet act different based on their interpretations of what they observed

what are some important considerations when working with indigenous cultures

-- it can be very useful for a therapist to gain an understanding of the symbolic meanings of certain beliefs in Supernatural entities are rituals if they have a strong influence on the client's mindset -- treatment adherence can also be improved as a therapist can obtain cooperation of indigenous traditional practitioners who are likely to be knowledgeable about local beliefs and practices

what method is there about African-American families

-- it is a myth that black families are matriarchal; instead, they are considered more egalitarian -- Moynihan 1965 characterized black families is matriarchal but Boyd - Franklin 1999 corrected that myth

what is the effect of urban poverty

-- it is an environment that can foster powerlessness and rage -- youth can be exposed to drugs, gangs, and criminal activities

what is the peripheral route to persuasion

-- it is used when elaboration likelihood is low -- when people do not have the ability or motivation to pay attention to the message -- persuaded on the basis of factors unrelated to the nature or quality of the content of a persuasive message, such as who is providing the message or the length of the arguments

what are some typical effects of sex abuse on children and typical behavior of the offender

-- it is very psychologically harmful is the offender has a close relationship with a child and sometimes the victim will suppress the memory until adulthood -- the offender will minimize the damage of their actions, blame the child, rationalize and justify, and excuse their own abusive Behavior

explain how behavioral rehearsal evolved from bandura's social learning theory

-- it shows how learning is enhanced when a student observes the behavior and is able to practice either covertly in imagination or overtly with actual enactment -- this technique is commonly associated with cognitive behavioral therapy

how does emotional expressiveness vary from culture to culture

-- it tends to be low in high context cultures and higher in low context cultures but there are many exceptions

what were the positive effects of Cooperative learning

-- it was one of the most effective means for promoting positive race relations in the classroom -- improves instruction in general -- jigsaw students performed better on objective tests, grew to like each other better, and developed a greater liking for school and a greater self-esteem than children and traditional classrooms -- sharp decrease projects all students in Prejudice and stereotyping behaviors in the classroom

what psychoanalytic theory say about gender identity

-- it's primarily centered on Freud's psychosexual stages -- boys resolve castration anxiety and Oedipal complex by identifying with father and abandoning love of the mother -- girls do not identify with the mother but rather turn love object toward father because of the belief that they have already been castrated

what are the effects on the victim of domestic violence

-- likely to want to believe the abusers promises and is willing to forgive --may also believe that she was partially at fault

how does Cooperative learning differentially affect low vs. high achieving students

-- low achieving students derive the maximum benefit -- high-achieving students resist the technique complaining that the methods are not sufficiently challenging

what are some gender differences in inpatient admission and Mental Health Care seeking

-- males are more likely than females to be referred for inpatient admission for mental health care -- women are more likely to report symptoms accurately and seek medical treatment than men

what are some effects of marginalization

-- marginalized person or group may be denied economic, religious, political power, education -- May contribute to low self-esteem, but in some people that produces pride instead -- a marginalized group that is low in one area May devalue that area and place more value on an area in which they Excel

what does the matching principle and reciprocity principle state

-- matching principle states that people are more likely to stay together when they perceive their Partners level of attractiveness to be similar to their own and also applies to SES -- reciprocity principle says that we are more likely to be attracted to someone who is attracted to us; the same is true for when people dislike us; however if people have really objectionable qualities we will still just like them even if they like us

what are three major differences between cultures

-- mindsets -- customs -- lifestyles

what are some effects of teen pregnancy

-- more likely to live in poverty and smoke and drink -- less likely to obtain a high school diploma and acquire prenatal care

what are some common correlates with Youth violence

-- most violent acts under 18 are committed by males -- it is driven by a sense of powerlessness -- men who liked to watch violent TV at age eight or more likely to commit serious criminal acts later in life -- most crimes tend to occur between members of the same race

how is multiculturalism different from assimilation

-- multiculturalism is the view that individual and group differences are to be understood and appreciated, while assimilation views that individual differences are diffused into the characteristics of the dominant culture

what is Ellen Berscheid's two-factor theory of love

-- mutual attraction and reciprocal reinforcement are the two elements in love

what processes are occurring at the acute phase

-- occurs days and weeks after the rape and causes reactions that can be characterized in three ways 1. expressed: overtly expresses his or her beliefs and emotions about the rape; may appear hysterical to others and may experience panic attacks 2. controlled: person reacts as though she or he has control of all the feelings and thoughts about the rape; this individual may act fine or may appear to be in shock 3. shocked disbelief: involves being disoriented and Confused; May report having difficulty with memory and performance of everyday tasks

who was Muzafer Sherif

-- one of the founders of social psychology devoted to understanding social norms, Prejudice, and group conflict

What proportion of employees in the United States were members of ethnic groups other than non Hispanic whites in 2010, and how will this change by the middle of the 21st Century

-- one-third were members of ethnic groups other than non-hispanic whites -- by middle 21st century these diverse groups will equal the population of non-hispanic whites in the United States

what is cuento therapy

-- originated in Puerto Rico -- involves the use of folktales to present positive role models for children and adolescents dealing with psychological issues such as anxiety, low self-esteem, and acting out

what did Roseanne the Hans 1973 experiment prove about confirmation bias

-- patience and pseudopatients diagnosis schizophrenia could not be told apart by clinicians -- true patience for actually better at identifying who were the pseudopatients -- this study highlighted the importance of the limitations of our own cognitive facilities and highlighted the dangers of depersonalization and labeling when formulating psychiatric diagnosis

what are the effects of exposure to Violent pornography

-- predisposition to aggression -- greater acceptance of sexual violence toward women -- it is a factor associated with physically aggressive behavior toward women -- men create more violent sexual fantasies than those who watch mutual consent pornography

what are factors that Foster group cohesion

-- presence of an outside threat -- distinction between in-group and out-group -- a social and physical environment that is conducive to frequently meeting and interacting with each other -- homogeneity an interest, beliefs, skills, and abilities -- Democratic leader who values good group feeling and group members and put in decision-making

what kind of factors are jurors influenced by that are not intended by the facts of the case

-- pretrial statements -- defendant characteristics -- eyewitness testimony even when it is discredited

what is the MUM effect

-- refers to the tendency to remain silent about undesirable messages

how effective is face-to-face brainstorming

-- researchers have found that people working individually usually generate more good ideas than they would working in a group -- this may be explained by social inhibition Theory that states that there is a worsening of performance when a group is engaged in a complex task

describe what common and tversky experiment 1973 showed

-- subjects for a told what the base rates were of lawyers versus engineers in their group -- however, when given additional information such as a description that really sounded like it was an engineer, they would assign it a greater probability than the base rate when asked what the probability that that person chosen at random would be an engineer -- the research showed that participants underutilized the prior probabilities they were given, relying on the dispositional attribution information in the description which is the base rate fallacy

what did his research on autokinetic Effect Show

-- subjects were in a dark room and there was a single. Of light that appeared to move based on the lack of any other visual frame of reference -- when asked how far the light had moved, the groups would create social norms on estimating the movement of light that would extend to the individual even when they weren't with the group showing conformity

what are tensions in field Theory and what do we do in response to them

-- tensions are they biological or psychological needs that arise -- tensions cause positive and negative valances -- positive valances are attraction to a new region because of a need--》 reduces tension -- negative balances are repulsion away from a region because of a need--》 increases tension -- the direction a region pushes is the vector acting upon the person

what are some Salish Indian cultural beliefs

-- the Spirit song represents the power of the Guardian Spirit, a concept shared by many Native Americans -- to hear one Spirit song was a sign of spirit sickness through possession by the guardian spirit and if the individual did not partake in a spirit dance ceremony they were in danger of succumbing to the sickness -- today Spirit sickness as seen by the Salish Indian ritualists to be the result of impose acculturation and exposure to negative aspects of Western Society -- the spirit dance initiation has been reworked into a collective therapeutic process involving physical, didactic, and psychological methods to induce an altered state of consciousness and leading to the initiates rebirth as a true Indian person

how did advertising methods show differences between central and peripheral routes

-- the advertisers that take a central route may have Professionals in the field describe the usefulness of the product and compare it to others -- advertisers using a peripheral route may not describe the usefulness of their product but instead make people laugh or have a positive emotional response while viewing the promotion of the product

what is the controversy about gender identity disorder

-- the designation of dissatisfaction with one's biological sex in favor of a sex matching an opposite gender is controversial -- the treatment is rarely psychological -- the gender identity feels normal; it is the anatomy that feels abnormal to the individual

what is diversity

-- the heterogeneity of a particular demographic characteristic within a defined group -- institutionally, diversity is typically accepted as inevitable or encouraged -- in the workforce, affirmative action is a series of laws that were intended to institutionalize diversity

what is social identity Theory

-- the idea that a person's self-concept, that is who One Believes oneself to be, is not only comprised of self-identity but also social identity -- a person has many different selves would correspond to widening Circles of group membership

what is the complementarity hypothesis

-- the theory that Opposites attract -- individuals on a relationship offer with the other is missing -- it is considered an extension of the social exchange theory but research has not supported the complementarity hypothesis

what are factors that decrease the likelihood of undesirable message transmission

-- the transmitter of the message cannot empathize with the recipient and experiences guilty feelings -- the intensity of the bad news -- the transmitter believes the recipient does not want to hear the news

what are characteristics of men who behave and sexually aggressive ways

-- they desire dominance -- they exhibit hostility toward women -- sexually promiscuous

what are the trait theorists argument against the consistency paradox

-- they say that situation does play an important role in Behavior but that this was already accounted for in their theories -- the effects of Personality may be stronger and certain situations -- Snyder 1981 claims a self-selected situation is actually an expression of Personality, while Atkinson 1993 proposes that behavior emerges from the interaction between a person and the situation

what is the purpose of a script

-- they serve as a way to reason about prototypical events -- they serve as valuable basis for predicting missing information and for correcting errors and information -- they shape the way in which we process and remember information

what types of patterns do we see in marital satisfaction with both regular marriages and arranged marriages

-- they tend to follow a u shape, decreasing with childbirth and increasing when children leave home and couples retire -- arranged marriages should the same pattern, although satisfaction starts out lower

describe the central route to persuasion

-- this is used when elaboration likelihood is high -- people are able to process the information presented and are highly motivated to do so -- more durable and more likely to influence behavior

what did the robbers cave experiment conducted by Sherif 1961 tell us

-- this was an experiment in which 10 year old boys were brought on the camping trip and divided into two groups -- groups began having conflict -- when superordinate goals are created to relieve the tension between the two groups it worked -- the lesson from this experiment is that bringing members of different groups together does not automatically lessen hostility, but joining them in an effort to achieve a superordinate goal can transform group dynamics

describe schachter and singers experiment in Social comparison Theory

-- two groups were given shots of epinephrine with only one group being told of the side effects (control group) -- a Confederate was introduced to both groups acting either agitated they're happy -- the experimental group tended to act more like the Confederate whether they were angry or happy while the control group remained agitated and nervous because of the true side effects -- this effect is known as schachter's two-factor Theory and the Misattribution theory paradigm

what are some concerns for therapists in treating LGBT

-- we don't really have a lot of Education in this matter -- we must be aware of attitudes and beliefs towards LGBT people to avoid damage to the clients therapeutic experience -- be prepared for the clients internalized homophobia -- we need to take care consultation when aware of negative countertransference -- seek out division 44 of the APA for resources, education, and ethical guidelines -- empirically supported treatments (ESTs) are fine to implement but must include an lgbtq affirmative mindset; culturally sensitive person centered therapy-- sexual orientation Matrix for supervision (SOMS) can be helpful for supervisors and supervisees in assessing heterosexual bias and acceptance of LGBT orientations and behavior

what is the base rate fallacy

-- when people fail to take base raids into account when making probability judgments -- occurs when people ignore the prior probability of a hypothesis when presented with additional evidence

what did berscheid and colleagues 1977 find an experiment with male undergraduates

-- when they thought they were talking with attractive women they rated the woman has more poised, humorous, and socially adept -- when independent observers listened to the tapes of the woman's part in the conversations they were more impressed with the woman whose male partner thought she was physically attractive, suggesting that the mail spoke to her in ways that brought out her best qualities -- the independent observers assumed her to be more attractive, confident, animated, and warmer than the woman his partner thought her to be less beautiful

what is the cocktail party effect

-- when you're at a cocktail you can pretty much tuned out everything around you except the conversation that you are having, but if you hear your name spoken outside of your immediate conversation you will attend to that

when can brainstorming be effective

-- with highly motivated and diverse groups -- groups are primed with categories of possible ideas

what are the gender differences in the subjective experience of crowding

-- women cope better and studies on crowding that are set in a laboratory while men do better in studies on crowding that are set in naturalistic environments -- high-density situations frequently produce negative moods and Men whereas women experience negative moods more frequently in low-density situations

what are some gender differences with regard to affiliation

-- women tend to get more priority to close, Intimate Relationships than men do; they describe themselves and more relational terms, welcome more help, experience more relationship linked to emotions, and are more attuned to others relationships; they tend to seek affiliation when stressed -- men are more focused on tasks and connect more with larger groups; they tend to go into fight or flight mode when stressed

what are some possible explanations for youth violence

-- young men were hunters and protectors in the most aggressive youth would ensure the survival of their genes -- violence is learned through exposure to Bloodshed on TV and video games and then consequently bottled in reality -- the rise of testosterone in male youth -- is sensitization from watching violence

what is the abortion rate as of 2012

--13.2 out of every 1,000 women ages 15 to 44

affects of age

--14.3 out of 100,00 over 65, Which is higher than the national average of 10.9 -- non-hispanic white men 85 or older, 17.8 / 100,000

what are the statistics for teen pregnancy in 1991, 2005, and what happened between 1991 and 2005

--1991: 38.6 out of 1,000 pregnant --2005: 21.4 out of 1,000 pregnant --45% decrease --condoms don't increase or decrease sexual activity

what are the stats for men and women who are homosexual

--5-6% men --2-3% women

what is the current life expectancy in the most common cause of death among adults and infants

--77.8 years -- adultd from most common to least: heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic respiratory diseases, and accidents -- infants: congenital malformations, disorders related to short gestation, low birth weight, and SIDS

what are some ethnic diffs in suicide

--Af-Am. adolescent maled lower rates than White adolescent males --highest rates among Whites, Am. Indians, Alaska Natives --lowest in Blacks, Asians, Pac. Islanders, and Hispanics

what is Need for achievement

--Atkinson proposed that individual differences in achievement motivation Behavior are attributed to differences in the need for achievement, a generalized desire to attain goals that require some competence; probably innate, partly influenced by experience -- a high need for achievement produces expectations of success rather than fear of failure, and leads to selection of moderately difficult tasks; low need produces expectations of failure and leads to selection of either very easy or very difficult tasks

what is the halo effect

--a cognitive bias in which an individual is perceived as possessing positive characteristics and traits based on one observed positive trait; for example, attractiveness -- the inverse of the halo effect (negative bias) also holds true and which for example, an individual deemed unattractive may also be perceived as unintelligent

what are three specific personality types that have some bearing on a verdict and what two personality Concepts account for more of the variance

--authoritarianism, belief in a just world, and locus of control -- the concept of a legal personality or specific legal attitudes account for more of the variance

what is reactance theory

--developed by Jack Brehm 1981 --a model of social behavior used to explain rebellious behavior --a motivational state arises from anxiety, resistance, and am urge to restore lost freedom --behavior-specific: not involving freedoms other than thise threatened --results in an increase of perceived attractiveness of the behavioral freedom lost --most likely when a person is coerced or pressured to accept a particular point of view

what are traditional families

--families that have not acculturated as a group -- they speak only their native language and live in ethnic enclaves

what was Albert bandura best known for

--his work on social learning theory --Bobo doll experiment and aggression thrpugh observational learning (learning without reinforcement!)

by 1980, before doesn't experiments had compared help given by bystanders who perceive themselves to be either alone with others. What did the some of those studies tell us?

--in 90% of the comparisons, loan bystanders were more likely to help -- the best way to increase helping behavior in a community is to decrease the anonymity of individuals in the group

what are the stats on job satisfaction

--increases steadily from age 20-60 --no gender diffs

what are demand characteristics

--it refers to an experimental occurrence wherein subjects in the study discern the hypothesis being tested and change their actions accordingly -- they may alter their behavior to be appropriate, out of a desire to confirm an experimental hypothesis, or to reduce the credibility of a study

which age group reports the fewest number of abortions

--leds than 15 --over 40

what are Scripts

--mental representations of expected sequences of events; for example, going to the movies would include driving there, buying tickets and refreshments, seeing the movie, and going home -- different from a schema because a schema is the broader view of a script and does not involve a specific event-- a script is an event schema

what is attitude innoculation

--originally described by William McGuire 1961 --the process of exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes and beliefs so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available

how does the prevalence of drug abuse differ in rural versus Urban settings

--overall it's about the same, the popularity of specific drugs vary between settings -'-can both settings substance abuse is likely to be comorbid with other psychological disorders oh, that is they have a dual diagnosis

what is loss aversion

--people have a tendency to base decisions more heavily on the fear of loss than the prospect of gain -- people would rather take an option at $1000000 with a probability of 1 to 1 over taking an option at 2.5 million with a probability of 1 to 2

what processes are involved in the resolution phase

--person acknowledges the rape and its effects but is no longer consumed by the experience or feel like it still defines them -- decrease in psychological distress and the desire to move on in life

people tend to organize their social environment through categorization of in-group and out-group. what have they found about in-groups and out-groups.

--prejudice and discrimination are outgrowths of this type of categorization -- it takes very little to prompt classification into an us-versus-them polarization -- this type of polarization can occur to the point that it is not actually necessary to meet in group members in order to prefer them to known out-group members

what are some statistics on obesity

--reaching epidemic proportions worldwide --US: steady increase for past 20 years --since 2005 the number 2 preventable disease after tobacci use --most common nutritional problem in the elderly

gender diffs in suicide

--suicide sttempts 3 times as common in women! --completed suicide 4 times as common in men --highest rate is in elderly males

what is the self-fulfilling prophecy

--tendency for people to act in ways that elicit confirmation of their beliefs -- extends to the Rosenthal effect, and bias and discrimination

how does correspondence bias differ from fundamental attribution error

--the fundamental attribution error suggests failure of others is due to disposition whereas one's own failure is situational --correspondence bias is the tendency to draw dispositional inferences from Behavior; e.g. assuming a waitress is a rude, miserable person because she does not serve the food with a smile

what is the consistency

--the idea that variability in behavior from situation to situation is far greater than had been recognized by many early theorists --Mischel found that situational factors were far greater predictors of behavior than personality scores

what is an illusory correlation

--the perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists --e.g. for example, if a person believes that premonitions correlate with events, then that person will notice and remember the joint occurrence of the premonition and the events later occurrence, but they will seldom remember the times when the unusual events did not coincide

what does the social exchange theory stay about interpersonal attraction

--there are costs and benefits and a relationship, and a person will consider this in their interactions with partners -- when the costs outweigh the rewards, attraction diminishes

what is internalized homophobia and its effects

--there is internalized against the cells due to society's negative messages toward LGBT people -- linked with substance abuse, depression, anxiety, self-hatred, and shame; presents an obstacle to positive LGBT identity formation

what are fields in the field Theory, and what is a result of the interactions of these fields

--they refer to the physical and psychological lifespaces a person occupies -- behavior is the result from the interaction of all parts or regions in a field

what did Snyder and swans 1978 study show about confirmation bias

--when students expected to be interviewing and extrovert their questions reflected the belief that they were talking to an extrovert -- likewise when they thought they were talking to an introvert their questions confirmed that expectation

in which case is the Primacy effect stronger than the recency effect

--when there has been a longer time lapse --e.g. so if the election is the same day of the speeches, you will want to be last and take advantage of the stronger recency effect, but if the election is in 3 weeks you will want to speak first because the Primacy effect improves the encoding of initial information into long-term memory

what factors go into one's style of conveying information

personality, goals, gender, and culture

what are some pro-social behaviors that are also learned by children

1. altruism 2. assertiveness 3. conscientiousness 4. responsibility -- prosocial TV shows can have a more influential role than antisocial television shows

what are the three separate conflict situations in conflict theory

1. approach - avoidance conflicts: marked by anxiety, shame, or guilt that obstructs or inhibits an evident or prominent inclination; the treatment involves being clear about the approach-avoidance structure and helping the patient counter the constraining anxiety derived from it 2. approach approach conflict: the client must choose between two desirable alternatives; treatment is similar to the way cognitive dissonance is treated and that the client devalues the renounced alternative to reduce the internal discomfort felt 3. avoidance-avoidance conflict: the client must choose between two unpleasant Alternatives that both lead to negative results

what are 3 factors that affect Attitude Change

1. Communicator: trustworthiness, credibility, and attractiveness are key factors 2. message content: Ciara has been found to induce Attitude Change; but too much fear and it goes the other way 3. audience: listeners who are in a good mood are more receptive to persuasion, and listeners who share the same idea of acceptable beliefs and attitudes as the communicator are more likely to be affected by persuasive communication

what are the five stages of cultural identity development

1. Conformity: this is marked by positive attitudes and preferences for the values of the dominant culture over their own 2. dissonance: this stage is marked by confusion and conflict over the contradictory values of the dominant culture and one's personal minority culture 3. resistance and immersion: at this stage, the culturally different client completely endorse has minority held views and rejects the dominant values of society and culture 4. introspection: the individual begins to discover that this level of intensity of feelings is psychologically draining and does not permit one to devote energy to understanding his own group 5. integrative awareness: the person achieves an inner sense of cultural security and can now own and appreciate unique aspects of his culture as well as those of US culture

what to Frameworks are used to gauge levels of acculturation

1. Numerative framework: gauges whether a person is first, second, or third generation 2. descriptive framework: describes which culture the family identifies with

what are the five tenets of festinger's cognitive dissonance theory

1. attitudes and behaviors can be in agreement or disagreement with one another (i.e. consonant or dissonant) 2. conflicting attitudes and behaviors leave an individual with an unpleasant state of arousal 3. due to this unpleasant State, people are motivated to change an attitude or behavior, thus reducing the discomfort they feel 4. the greater the amount of dissonance, the stronger the motivation to reduce it 5. dissonance can be lessened by rationalizing away the inconsistency or by changing an attitude or a behavior

4 dangers of not obtaining job satisfaction

1. career crisis 2. financial probs 3. social probs 4. psychological probs

what is Prejudice comprised of

1. cognitions directed at a person or group when given the possibility 2. behaviors directed at a person or group when given the possibility 3. emotions directed at a person or group when given the possibility

what are two factors involved in self-serving bias

1. cognitive awareness: we are unaware of Alternatives outside of ourselves 2. protect self esteem and self concept: we protect our self-image

what are five examples of models that correlate with the attribution theory

1. covariation model Colin describes the ways in which one attributes or assesses the causes of a behavior through several observations of the event 2. fundamental attribution error 3. Actor Observer Bias: analyzes the relationship and perceptions between the actor and the Observer within a given context or situation, accounting for our ability to self justify our behaviors 4. heuristic Theory: a decision-making strategy that judges based only on obvious characteristics of a problem 5. learned helplessness Theory: describes a person or animal who typically experiences an event or situation in which the ability to overcome a negative outcome was taken out of his or her control

where do we see the application of self verification Theory

1. depressed patients would rather receive a negative personality assessment than a positive one, whereas non-depressed individuals would prefer the favorable personality assessment 2. situations where a person who believes himself to be an extrovert will put himself in situations where they can be seen as extroverted

what are the three dimensions of attribution

1. dispositional (internal attributes) vs. situational (external) 2. stable (unchanging) versus unstable (temprary) 3. specific (limited circumstances) vs. Global attributes ( occurring in many situations)

what are two ways of attending two scenes

1. distributed attention: all parts of a scene are processed in parallel; automatic, quick, and easy 2. focused attention: each part of the scene is processed seriously and individually; takes longer and requires effort

What factors contribute to the development and sustainability of prejudice

1. economic and political competition 2. displaced aggression AKA scapegoat Theory 3. maintenance of status or self-image 4. dispositional prejudice ( authoritarian personalities) 5. Conformity to social norms ( unquestioned practices of major institutions and Social Circles)

what is a ERG Theory by alderfer

1. existence 2. relatedness 3. growth -- while existence needs generally take precedence over growth needs people can pursue two or three needs at a time -- one difference from Maslow's theory is that a person can regress to a lower level on the hierarchy -- this phenomenon is the frustration-aggression principle in that an individual will not continue to strive for higher order needs when the higher need is not being satisfied but will regress to focus on a lower need

what physical characteristics influence attractiveness

1. face symmetry 2. waist to hip ratio .9:1 men, .7:1 women 3. face structure around the "golden ratio" (1:1.618 phi) 4. traits that signal good health and fertility (hourglass women, V torso men)

what are biological theories of gender identity

1. gender is affected by genetics and prenatal hormonal exposure 2. congenital adrenal hyperplasia results in masculinized ambiguous genitalia 3. complete Androgen insensitivity syndrome results and female genitalia, noticed and adolescents with a lack of menstruation 4. despite evidence that these play a role in gender identity, there's evidence that socialization also plays a role -- important to note that biological theorists say that these are only partially accountable for gender differences

what are some factors that influence the likelihood of obesity

1. genetics 2. cultural standards 3. socioeconomic level 4. Mental Health

what are some extensions of the reciprocity principle

1. gift-giving 2. favors 3. reciprocal liking: people are more likely to like others if they believe that those persons like them; this is especially true when the person is insecure and somebody likes them

Milgram found four factors that contribute to the likelihood of obedience even when the authorities demands go against personal conscience

1. greater physical proximity to the learner yielded less obedience-- when the teacher could not see or hear the learner obedience was highest 2. physical proximity of the experimenter to the teacher led to Greater rates of obedience-- and that the authority figure must be perceived as legitimate-- if the experimenter gave the commands by telephone only 21% of teachers fully obeyed 3. obedience is less likely when others have defied the authority-- if two Confederates defied the experimenter then 90% of the subjects refused to obey the authority as well

what is factors are involved in conformity

1. group size: they found that groups of three to five people elicit much more Conformity than just one person alone or a pair of people; increasing the number of people Beyond 5 yields diminishing returns 2. unanimity: if someone punctures a group's unanimity it deflates that Social Power; subjects will nearly always voice their own convictions if just one other person has also done so

what are 3 key aspects to improving job satisfaction

1. increase intrinsic aspects of work (job satisfaction) 2. increase the number of opportunities for Independence, responsibility, and advancement and promotion 3. working conditions and professional interpersonal relationships are kept positive

what are three forms of racism

1. institutional racism: the maintenance or enforcement of structural mechanisms in organizations that discriminate against non dominant group so I call in this form of racism is not necessarily deliberate or consciously enacted 2. individual racism: a personal attitude or philosophy that attempts to exploit or devalue a racial group; this can be expressed implicitly through unconscious reactions, or explicitly through behaviors and overt attitudes 3. internalized racism: and oppressed group accept and internalizes negative stereotypes against themselves; even when not accepted, stereotype threat suggests that biases influence behavior due to apprehension of prejudice ( they are afraid to confirm stereotypes about their group)

what are the four categories of acculturation

1. integration: people who maintain their minority culture identity but also incorporate many aspects of the dominant culture 2. assimilation: describes people who reject their own culture and accept the values of the dominant culture (Mama Wally) 3. separation: describes people who withdraw from the dominant culture and accept the minority culture as their own 4. marginalization: used for people who identify with neither the majority nor the minority culture; they feel alienated from both cultures (Vietnamese dirt child)

what is the likely sequence of Asian American clients and their help seeking behaviors, that is who do they start with

1. intra-familial coping 2. consultation with elders 3. seeking outside help like acupuncturists and herbalists 4. stick a physician or religious figure but present with somatic complaints 5. Last Resort is to consult Western hospitals

what are some ways to reduce prejudice

1. introduce a common enemy though this may actually only work if they beat them 2. introduced superordinate goals 3. increase contact with members of other races 4. increase equal status contact with other races

give two examples of evidence for specific traits and specific case attitudes in jury selection

1. jury member sex is generally unreliable as a predictor but is a factor in sexual assault cases 2. race is a factor in so much as it relates to the similarity of the race of the accused and the jury member and seriousness of the crime

other researchers describe two types of Conformity what are they

1. normative Conformity: based on a person's desire to fulfill others expectations and gain acceptance 2. informational Conformity: when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people

what are the three types of social influence

1. normative calling change their social pressure from the majority of people in the social group; this may cause public conformity to avoid ostracism even though the person might not have privately changed their original beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors 2. informational: when a person is exposed to new information that conflicts with his or her personal beliefs, behaviors, or attitude; this can also happen with exposure to information or by observational learning and often leads to private Conformity or conversion 3. interpersonal influence: describes a person's change in attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors due to another person or group demanding the change semi call in demands can be made through threats or rewards and often tends to produce public conformity

what are two types of prejudice

1. overt: for example an employer does not hire a qualified individual based on race, gender, or religion 2. covert: when we patronize a member of a minority group or become over praising or over criticizing

what were some research studies that showed the Rosenthal effect

1. photograph experiment: experimenters expecting high ratings got them 2. bright and dull rat experiment 3. teacher's expectations of students performance on an intelligence test 4. laters expectation of workers experiment 5. judges belief in the guilt of defendants experiment 6. raising the expectations of caretakers reducing depression in nursing home residents experiment

what is Maslow's hierarchy of needs

1. physiological 2. safety 3. love / belonging 4. esteem 5. self-actualization -- Maslow believed that a person would only seek the higher order needs when they lower-order needs were met first

what are two serial stages of processing visual information

1. pre attentive stage: Elemental features such as orientation, Contours, color, movement, are perceived before they object is recognized 2. focused attention stage: Elemental features are integrated, the object is recognized, and then associated with information and memory; attention is required

what are the three levels of prevention

1. primary: prevention is directed toward the general population; for example creating and distributing educational posters 2. secondary prevention: Ames to detect disease before it has reached an advanced stage and they target specific groups of people who are at risk (e.g. screenings) 3. tertiary prevention: directed toward individuals who are already are diagnosed with the disease; the goal is to lessen or diminish negative effects or prevent relapse (e.g. healthy behaviors)

what types of adults are behaviors modeled after

1. respected 2. powerful 3. attractive

what are Kubler-Ross five stages of grief

1. stage 1: attempts to limit awareness, involving shock, denial, and isolation 2. stage 2: increased awareness and emotional release; display physiological symptoms of distress 3. stage 3: bargaining, the mourner attempts to postpone the inevitable and may apply magical thinking or make promises to do something in exchange for Supernatural help 4. stage 4: depression begins when denial of the Lost can no longer be maintained and attempts at bargaining have failed 5. stage five: acceptance and resolution; individual can talk about the loss and remember the deceased without experiencing severe emotional upheaval

what are the five measures of achievement motivation

1. tenancy: likelihood that a particular Behavior will be utilized 2. value: worth a person puts on the goal to be achieved 3. motive: reasons for achieving the goal 4. incentive: perceived reward to be obtained by achieving the goal 5. expectancy: self perception of what one is capable of

what was Rosenstock's Health belief model

1. there are four constructs predictive of Health behaviors a. perceived susceptibility: an individuals assessment of their risk of getting the condition 2. perceived severity: and individuals assessment of the seriousness of the condition and its potential consequences 3. perceived barriers: an individual's assessment of the influences that facilitate or discourage adoption of the promoted Behavior 4. perceived benefits: an individual's assessment of the positive consequences of adopting the behavior

what are some differences between eurocentric and Afrocentric values

1. time orientation: the eurocentric worldview is future-oriented and time determined, whereas the Afrocentric worldview is here-and-now oriented and event determined 2. guiding principles of action: while the eurocentric worldview focuses on fulfillment of individual needs and responsibilities, the Afrocentric worldview highlights achievements of collective or cultural goals 3. Behavior orientation: the eurocentric worldview upholds self-actualization, doing, and projection of feelings, but the afrocentric worldview values Collective actualization, being, and expression of feelings

suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in which 3 age groups

10-14 children 15-19 adolescents 20-24 young adults

how many inpatient admissions to mental health facilities were there in 1997

2 million

what age group reports the highest number of abortions

20-24

in 2010 what percentage of the workforce was women

47%

what is group cohesion

the total field of forces acting on members to remain in the group

what is rape trauma syndrome

a common reaction to the trauma of being raped consisting of three phases: acute, outward adjustment, and resolution

what is obedience

a form of compliance in which a person experiences a change in Behavior or belief as a result of pressure from an authority

what is the best treatment and working with African Americans

a multi systems approach involving social, political, and economic factors, Etc

what is the health belief model

a psychological model that seeks to explain how and why people use Health Services

what is feature integration Theory

a theory of visual attention that describes how people recognize objects and perceive scenes

what is ethical consumerism

a trend in modern high-tech Societies which is characterized by healthier consumer practices that have the scope of benefiting rather than hurting, the individual, the environment, and

what is marginalization

an individual or subgroup is perceived as inferior or inadequate, and the larger group will not assimilate them into the community

what is social influence

any change in an individual's behaviors, attitudes, or cognitions that is due to pressure from other people

what is the Rosenthal effect AKA Pygmalion effect AKA teacher expectancy effect

beliefs, biases, and expectations can influence a phenomenon under investigation

how does age influence personal space

children have closer personal space rules than adults

what do social learning theories say about gender identity

children learn and emulate gender roles than modeling and differential reinforcement just like any other Behavior

what were the results of the Bobo Doll Experiment

children who witnessed aggressive treatment of a bobo doll became more aggressive themselves

Kubler-Ross also has five stages of dying which is seriously almost identical to grief

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

what is the current treatment

exercise, diet, counseling, drug therapy, and surgery

how do you avoid or minimize demand characteristics

experimenters typically standardized their instructions or use a computer to administer the research to avoid tone of voice or stairs that might give away the hypothesis

what are transitional families

families in which the level of acculturation is marked by parent - child conflicts and better adjustment by the children than their parents

what are bicultural families

families who already follow the traditions of two different cultures

what kinds of positive traits are attributed to physically attractive people

happiness, warmth, intelligence, and success

what is the overjustification hypothesis

if an individual believes his or her behavior is motivated by extrinsic rewards, rather than intrinsic motivation, his or her interests in a task will decrease

describe how the motives are self verification might compete with the motive for Self Enhancement or the desire to receive positive feedback

if someone believes themselves to be obnoxious, he would have a motive for self verification by hearing comments by others that he is obnoxious; however his motive for self-enhancement may also desire to receive positive feedback that he is not obnoxious

how does gender affect personal space

in the west, women tend to have closer personal space needs than men, especially when two women are in communication; men in the West End to keep relatively large distances between themselves and other men

what is attribution theory

it analyzes the cause one assigns to the behavior of others and oneself

what is the observational learning theory developed by Bandura 1977

it posits that humans learn to interact with their environment and respond to it by modeling the behavior of those around us, including the rewards and punishments that accompany certain behaviors

what is the longevity of mental illness in rural versus Urban settings

longer in urban settings for affective disorders, no difference for anxiety disorders

how does the access of Mental Health Care differ in rural versus Urban settings

lower for Rural settings and lower for ethnic minorities within urban settings

what is Malamuth's Confluence theory of sexual aggression

men who sexually coerced women had a history of combining interpersonal sex with hostile masculinity

what is symbolic racism

modern-day racism that stems from unresolved issues with African Americans

what are correlates of prejudice toward homosexuals

older age, male, religious fundamentalism

what are some personality qualities of effective leaders

outgoing, energetic, conscientious, agreeable, emotionally stable, self-confident, and intelligent

how does social status influence personal space

people allow others of similar status to come closer than people of unequal status

what is the reciprocity principle

people are more likely to help others if they have previously been helped by them in the past

what is the Equity Theory of attractiveness

people are most happy with relationships in which their costs, rewards, and contributions of each party are equal

what does David mcclelland's acquired needs theory 1961 say about how people are motivated for work and achievement

people are motivated by three different needs for work and achievement: 1. achievement motivation (n- Ach): these people have a positive self view, see themselves as competition positive things, do well with managers who give them feedback on their achievement, and may use the self-serving bias when they fail; that is, they make internal attributions for successes and external attributions for failures 2. Authority / power motivation (n-Pow): these people have a strong need to lead and have their ideas Prevail over others; they desire status and respect from those that they work with 3. affiliation motivation (n-Affil): these people have a high need for acceptance and friendly interpersonal relationships which serves as motivation to attain occupational goals

what type of illusory correlation did Aaronson in 2004 find an informational surveys about AIDS

people consistently overestimate the extent to which lesbians are likely to contract AIDS when they have the lowest rate of HIV infection compared to anyone else-- stereotypes can lead us to see relationships where none exist

how does culture influence personal space

people from northern European cultures tend to require relatively large amounts of personal space and do not engage in as much physical contact or allow others to stand as close to them as do Mediterranean, Latin, or middle eastern cultures

how does familiarity influence personal space

people like to keep their friends close between 2 and 3 feet, while they protect their personal space with strangers at at least 4 feet

what is the social exchange theory

postulates that when individuals contemplate entering a new relationship, they weigh the benefits of a relationship (e.g. emotional support, Financial stability) against the costs of a relationship (e.g. emotional liability, conflicting interests)

what three factors influence interpersonal attraction

proximity, similarity, and beauty

what is authoritarian personality

refers to the need to be dominated or to dominate as a result of: fear of being isolated, external locus, and believed that happiness comes from submission

what is the most common diagnosis leading to inpatient admission

schizophrenia

who was Atkinson

study of human motivation and behavior, in particular, achievement motivation

what is lewin's field Theory

suggest that to understand individuals Behavior, one must comprehend the totality of his or her environment (both biological and psychological) within the present context

what is festinger's cognitive dissonance theory

suggest that when inconsistency exists between our attitudes or between our attitudes and our Behavior, we experience an unpleasant state of arousal called cognitive dissonance

conflict theory is based on the work of Kurt Lewin 1935 and Dollard and Miller 1950. what does conflict theory say about conflicts addressed in the course of therapy

that they all boil down to approach avoidance conflict but there are three separate conflict situations

what is acculturation

the degree to which a member of a culturally diverse group accepts and adheres to the values, customs, and behaviors of his or her own group and the dominant group

what is the contact hypothesis

the more cultures have an opportunity to interact, the less racism is likely to occur

what is elaboration likelihood

the probability that an individual will either elaborate, that is, think about, analyze, draw out implications, the information contained in communication or attend instead to peripheral cues surrounding the messages delivery such as the attractiveness of the message so, speed or intensity and the presentation, setting and circumstances in which messages are presented

what is consumerism

the state of an advanced industrial society in which a lot of goods are bought and sold and when too much attention is given to buying and owning things

what is the physical attractiveness stereotype

the tendency for people to believe that that which is beautiful is also good

what is group polarization

the tendency of people in groups to hold extreme views and a group produced enhancement of members pre-existing Tendencies or strengthening of the average inclination of group members

what is the self-serving bias

the tendency to attribute good things to oneself and blaming others when things go badly

what is in-group bias and out-group denigration

the tendency to give preferential treatment to people whom one perceives to be members of his or her own group and act unfavorably toward people who affiliate with other groups

what is confirmation bias

the tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

what is affiliation

the tendency to seek out the company of others

how do attitudes and biases play into jury selection

they can account for some variance up to 21% but it is more improved when the measure is specific to the type of trial or crime

what is the bystander effect as determined by Darley and latane research on Genovese's murder

they discovered the bystander effect: a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

what was the result of introducing a common enemy to the two groups of boys

they overcame their Prejudice all differences are only as long as they were defeating the enemy

what have researchers found about people who live in cultures with high levels of fatalism, that is the acceptance of events as inevitable

they're less likely to believe in a just world

slovin and Madden analyze survey data from 2400 students in 71 American high schools. What did they find

those of different races who play and work together are more likely to report having friends of another race and to express positive racial attitudes

what are Americanized families

those that are closer to the assimilation stage of acculturation

what is gender identity

understanding one's own sense of gender, independent of sex

what are some Salient issues in Psychotherapy with minorities

understanding why they immigrated, whether they immigrated as a family or alone, weather a whole community or just a large portion of family came over, Refugee status, can I go back to their home country even if they wanted to

under the age of 25 which group reported the greatest percentage of abortions

unmarried non-hispanic black women

what is the self verification Theory

we are likely to maintain our self-concept by seeking out information that confirms what we already believe about ourselves

what is one negative that can happen from group cohesion

when relationships become more important than the group's performance

what's an example of a situation in which people are more likely to conform to what other people are doing because the group's Behavior supplies them with invaluable information about what is expected of them

when they men's and women's signs have been removed from bathrooms and you have to see who comes out of which bathroom and what expression is on their face