Social Studies Chapter 9- Muslim Innovations and Adaptations

Hospitals:

-Anyone can be treated at hospitals -established world's first hospitals -many hospitals served as teaching centers for doctors -Quarantine

Technological advancements Muslims made to water resources:

-irrigation -underground wells -dams, aqueducts, canals/reservoirs -water wheel

Contributions Muslim scholars made in astronomy:

-navigational tools to locate the direction Mecca -The earth spins, and questioned if earth was in the middle of the universe -Find out exact prayer time -Find out length of Ramadan

Medication:

-pharmacists made hundreds of medicines -antiseptics -painkillers -ointments -opium and hemlock put people to sleep

Surgery:

-removed limbs -took out tremors -cleared cataracts from eyes -stitches made from animal guts -sedate during surgery

Purpose of compass and astrolabe (that were adapted and perfected by Muslims):

-travel -computing time based on the location of the sun/stars -explore foreign lands

Muslim accomplishments in geography and navigation:

-Astrolabe/Compass were adapted -Divide world into climate zones and examined different plants and animals in the different zones -maps, atlas, and trade routes

Mosque Design:

-At least one minaret (tower) with a balcony where the muezzin calls to prayer -Courtyard with a fountain for washing before prayer -Prayer room with mats and carpets on floor, imam gives service from a raised pulpit called the minbar -Niche on wall indicating prayer towards Mecca

Where did Muslim rulers built centers of learning?

-Baghdad -Cairo -Cordoba (Spain) -Timbuktu -Alexandria

What is Chess?

-Came from India -2 players each controlled an army of pieces (king is one) -Battle of wits -First to checkmate wins

Why was Baghdad important?

-Crossroads of trade routes connecting distant parts of the empire -One of the worlds largest cities -Had a lot of advancements in architecture (palaces, mosques, walls, bridges, gardens)

Why did chess become popular with medieval Muslims?

-Enjoy intellectual challenge -Caliphs invited chess champions to play at their palace

Designs Muslims used in their decorative arts:

-Geometric and floral design -Calligraphy -Textiles

What is unique about the music that developed in Cordoba, Spain?

-It blended Arabic and native Spanish cultures -Ziryab established the first music school in Europe -Instruments

How Muslims adopted and expanded bookmaking:

-Learned to make paper from the Chinese -Had many bookshops, became a big business -illumination using gold -bound them in leather

Where did stories originate and where did they spread?

-Places like India and Persia -Spread to Europe -Later take place in China, Egypt, and India

What aspect of Islamic belief does the quote "Have they not looked at the camel-how was it created? And the sky- how was it raised up?" encourage?

-Science and technology -Curiosity (in general)

What do mosques reflect?

-The great diversity of Muslim lands -Devotion to Islam/prayer

How did trade help spread and connect ideas from different cultures?

-Trade linked the civilizations together, and its routes passed on different ideas from civilization to civilization. -Examples: Muslims learned paper making from the Chinese and passed it to Europe; Languages were shared, including Latin

Ways textiles were important to medieval Muslims:

-Was valuable -Showed rank/status symbols -Used as tapestries/carpets in royal palace

Contributions Muslim scholars made in zoology:

-Written books describing the structure of animal bodies -Medicines made from animal parts -evolution -Established zoos

What factors combined to promote learning in Muslim lands?

-acceptance of the Arabic language -philosophers -centers of learning -education was important -used reason and logic

Why al-Khwarizmi's books were important to the field of mathematics:

-algebra (he was the "father of algebra" and wrote a book on it) -popularize Arabic numbers in Europe -spread concept of the number 0

What role did Ibn Sina's book, The Canon of Medicine, play in the medieval world?

-explored treatment of diseases -a classic in the history of medicine -medical schools used latin translation of the book to teach student doctors

What is Polo?

-game learned from Persians -ride on horses and use mallets to strike a ball into goal

Disease:

-infections were caused by bacteria -studied smallpox and measles (al-Razi)

What is a famous piece of Muslim literature?

A thousand and one nights (Arabian Nights)

Why did Polo become popular with medieval Muslims?

Horses were used, and they were wealthy animals

Why did the Islamic culture flourish despite the fact that it did not last?

Islamic culture had great features, such as scholars and artists, causing to flourish, but it was not a very good political unit, so it did not last

The quote "Have they not looked at the camel-how was it created? And the sky- how was it raised up?" Was from where?

The Qur'an

Why is the Indian concept of 0 (which Muslims helped spread) significant?

Without 0... -there are no placeholders -calculations and records will be off