Social Studies

On the map above, which number indicates a region that was NOT a center of early urban civilization? (A) 1 (Amazon River) (B) 2 (Nile River) (C) 3 (Sindhu or Indus River) (D) 4 (Yangtze River)

(A) 1 - Amazon River

In one hour, Amanda can type five pages of a report or she can make 10 sandwiches. The opportunity cost of typing one page of a report is (A) 2 sandwiches (B) 5 sandwiches (C) 10 sandwiches (D) 50 sandwiches

(A) 2 sandwiches

Increased access to higher education may lead to productivity gains because of which of the following? A.An increase in human capital B.An increase in college tuition C.A decrease in financial capital D.A decrease in education loans

A. An increase in human capital

In which of the following decisions did the United States Supreme Court rule that racial segregation of public schools was unconstitutional? A. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka B. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District C. Dred Scott v. Sandford D. Plessy v. Ferguson

A. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka -The 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that upheld laws mandating racial segregation. The Brown decision ruled that legal segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Which of the following areas of devolution is correctly matched with the state from which it may secede? A.Catalonia in Spain B.Scotland within Ireland C.Wallonia in Germany D.Basque region in Italy

A. Catalonia in Spain -The Catalan region in northeastern Spain is an area of significant cultural and linguistic difference from the rest of the Spanish population. The local political debate in and around Barcelona is whether Catalans should secede as an independent country.

The end of the Cold War most strongly accelerated which of the following economic features of globalization? A.Free-market reforms in countries with state-controlled economies B.The decreasing role of developing nations in global trade C.The adoption of visa programs to attract foreign labor D.The emergence of multinational corporations

A. Free-market reforms in countries with state-controlled economies -After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the collapse of communist governments in Eastern Europe shortly thereafter, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, many of these states instituted free-market policies.

Which of the following is outlined in the United States Constitution as ratified in 1788 ? A. How members of the House of Representatives are chosen B. The role of the Supreme Court in judicial review C. The composition of the presidential cabinet D. The role of the political parties in choosing presidential candidates

A. How members of the House of Representatives are chosen -Article I, Section 2, of the United States Constitution outlines how the populations of the states elect members of the House of Representatives every two years.

Which of the following is an expansionary fiscal policy action? A.Increasing government spending B.Increasing federal income tax rates C.Increasing the federal funds rate D.Increasing the required reserve ratio

A. Increasing government spending -An expansionary fiscal policy action involves an increase in government spending or a decrease in taxes.

The map above depicts which of the following? A.The Silk Road trade networks B.The route of Marco Polo's travels C.The route of Ibn Battuta's travels D.The trade network of the Roman Empire

A. The Silk Road trade networks -The Silk Roads were, in fact, a series of interconnected trade networks across Eurasia, facilitating commercial, technological, and cultural exchanges.

Jamestown was founded in 1607 for which of the following reasons? A.To search for gold B.To find a passage to Asia C.To discover new plant and animal species D.To trade with Native Americans

A. To search for gold

The Nineteenth Amendment extended voting rights to which of the following groups? A.Women B.African American men C.Eighteen year olds D.Non-property-owning White men

A. Women

An increase in the aggregate price level results in A. inflation B. disinflation C. deflation D. economic growth

A. inflation

The population statistics of Sweden, Japan, Canada, and other more-developed countries are characterized by A.low birth rates and low death rates B.high birth rates and high death rates C.high birth rates and low death rates D.low birth rates and high death rates

A. low birth rates and low death rates

Government spending on research and development, education, and infrastructure is most likely designed to A. promote economic growth B. control inflation C. reduce the budget deficit D. reduce the trade deficit

A. promote economic growth

A narrow corridor extends the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the Atlantic Ocean, and the Caprivi Strip extends a very slim section of Namibia to the Zambezi River. The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Namibia are examples of A.prorupt states B.compact states C.fragmented states D.perforated states

A. prorupt states -A prorupt state is defined as having a political border that is generally compact but that has one or more corridors or panhandles that extend outward from the main body of the country.

A mother and her 2-year-old daughter are in an examination room at the pediatrician's office. The child is happily playing with toys on the floor. When the doctor enters, the child quickly drops her toys and moves to her mother's side. The daughter is displaying behavior typical of A. secure attachment B. insecure attachment C. theory of mind D. separation anxiety

A. secure attachment -This example shows the child using the mother as a safe base, which indicates secure attachment

Vodou (voodoo) and Santería are examples of A.syncretic religions B.Islamic sects C.tantric practices D.Buddhist rituals

A. syncretic religions

An increase in the expected rate of inflation will result in which of the following? A. A lower nominal interest rate B. A higher nominal interest rate C. A higher real interest rate D. A lower actual inflation rate

B. A higher nominal interest rate -The nominal interest rate equals the sum of the real interest rate and the expected inflation rate, so if the expected inflation rate increases so does the nominal interest rate.

Which of the following examples best shows the spatial economic practice of agglomeration? A. The main population center in a fruit-growing region has a juice manufacturing facility. B. A rubber tire factory and windshield producer locate near an automobile assembly plant. C. A popular fast food chain locates their restaurants at roughly equidistant places throughout a metropolitan area. D. A region that specializes in dairy products trades with a region that specializes in grain production.

B. A rubber tire factory and windshield producer locate near an automobile assembly plant. -Agglomeration occurs when similar firms or businesses within the same industry locate in close proximity to each other. Agglomerating businesses tend to benefit from this clustering pattern by sharing a skilled workforce, utilizing local resources, and/or engaging in a manufacturing supply chain.

Which of the following increases labor productivity? A. An increase in the labor force participation rate B. An increase in the skills of workers C. An increase in employment D. An increase in immigration

B. An increase in the skills of workers

Tenement housing in the United States was a response to which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. The rapid growth of suburbs B. Industrialization and urbanization C. Legislation limiting immigration D. Declining urban populations

B. Industrialization and urbanization -With the increasing industrialization of the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many people flocked to urban areas for work. Because of the relatively high price of land and limited space in cities, apartment-style buildings became increasingly prevalent. Dumbbell apartments with little light or circulation of air were known to be unhealthy places to live and are the architectural style most associated with the word "tenement" today. Progressive reformers promoted healthier living conditions via the installation of courtyards in new buildings that were also referred to as tenements at the time.

Which of the following uses curriculum design to promote an adolescent's motivation to read? A. Aligning content and skills to state standards B. Offering students a choice of supplemental reading materials C. Offering cross-age and peer-tutoring programs D. Monitoring student growth through frequent formative assessments

B. Offering students a choice of supplemental reading materials -Empowering students to make decisions about topics and selections of materials fosters greater student ownership and responsibility for engagement, which positively affects motivation.

Which of the following projections, commonly found on classroom maps of the world and in the image above, accurately depicts the size of the continents but is not true to direction? A. Mercator B. Robinson C. Polar D. Conic

B. Robinson -The Robinson projection is designed to minimize distortion of the continents on world maps in terms of their relative size, especially near the polar regions.

Unemployment that occurs as a result of a mismatch between currently available workers and required job skills is A. frictional unemployment B. structural unemployment C. cyclical unemployment D. seasonal unemployment

B. Structural unemployment

Which of the following was the most important factor in the conduct of long-distance trade in the Indian Ocean region prior to circa 1500 C.E.? A.The ability to determine longitude B.The ability to use monsoon winds C.The spread of advanced maritime technology from Europe D.The spread of Islam

B. The ability to use monsoon winds -Trading patterns in the Indian Ocean were determined by the seasonal monsoon winds. Merchants used the winds to plan their voyages and reach their destinations.

Which of the following was a significant factor in the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the North during the twentieth century? A.Encouragement from southern politicians for migration B.The decline of southern agriculture C.The completion of railroads that ran from the South to the North D.Decreased segregation and racial violence in the South

B. The decline of southern agriculture -The Great Migration (1915-1970) of African Americans from the rural southern United States to cities in the North and West was partly a result of the lack of opportunities for African Americans in the rural South and opportunities for work in factories and manufacturing plants in more industrialized regions.

Assume that fish and chicken are substitutes. If chicken farms experience a significant increase in the price of chicken feeds, which of the following will most likely occur? A. The supply curve in the fish market will shift to the right. B. The demand curve in the fish market will shift to the right. C. The demand curve in the chicken market will shift to the left. D. The supply curve in the chicken market will shift to the right.

B. The demand curve in the fish market will shift to the right. -An increase in the cost of chicken feed shifts the supply curve in the chicken market to the left, causing an increase in the price of chicken. Since chicken and fish are substitutes, the demand for fish increases, and the demand curve will shift to the right.

Which of the following has been a primary cause of soil depletion in deforested rain forest environments? A. The overuse of harmful pesticides B. The introduction of cash-crop agriculture C. Contamination by industrial waste D. The use of chemical fertilizers

B. The introduction of a cash-crop agriculture -This question tests your knowledge of the effects of human activity on rain forest environments. The primary cause of soil depletion after deforestation has been cattle ranching and the raising of cash crops that are not suitable for the soil. The crops deplete the soil's fertility after a year or two. Therefore, (B) is correct.

Which of the following is a result of the system of checks and balances outlined in the United States Constitution? A.Each branch of government is equally insulated from public pressure. B.The political system often requires compromise for changes to be made. C.The federal government and the states share power in many policy areas. D.Policy concerns are often neglected because of barriers created in Congress.

B. The political system often requires compromise for changes to be made.

Which of the following was the most immediate consequence of the Great Depression in Europe? A.The decline of the power of labor unions B.The rise of right-wing nationalist governments C.The creation of global economic institutions such as the World Bank D.The independence of African and Asian colonies

B. The rise of right-wing nationalist governments -Right-wing nationalist political parties blamed the economic turmoil and suffering caused by the global Great Depression on ethnic and religious minorities, immigrants, labor unions, and capitalists, allowing those parties to tap into popular resentment and build support. Such parties came to power in the 1930s in Germany, Portugal, Romania, Spain, and elsewhere.

Which of the following was the goal of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs of the mid 1960s? A. To eliminate the federal debt by raising taxes on wealthy individuals B. To fight poverty and racial inequality C. To increase United States military involvement in Vietnam D. To achieve equality between men and women

B. To fight poverty and racial injustice

Which of the following economic activities was most common among early English settlers in Virginia? A.Fur trading B.Tobacco farming C.Shipbuilding D.Textile manufacturing

B. Tobacco farming -VA specialized in growing tobacco as a cash crop

The Olive Branch Petition, written at the Second Continental Congress in 1775, reflects a colonial desire to A. declare immediate independence from Great Britain B. seek peace with Great Britain despite recent mounting tension C. end the practice of mercantilism and promote industrialization D. expand agriculture beyond the Mississippi River

B. seek peace with Great Britain despite recent mounting tension -When the Second Continental Congress met in 1775, they made a final attempt to avoid a break with Great Britain by writing a letter to King George III, which became known as the Olive Branch Petition

Congress may override a presidential veto if A.a three-fourths majority of the House of Representatives votes to override B.two-thirds majorities in both chambers of Congress vote to override C.a three-fourths majority of the Senate votes to override D.simple majorities in both chambers of Congress vote to override

B. two-thirds majorities in both chambers of Congress vote to override -Granted by Article I of the Constitution

Number of Workers Total Output 0 0 1 6 2 11 3 15 4 18 Question: Assume that a perfectly competitive firm uses labor as the only variable input. The firm's per hour input-output schedule is given in the table above. If the firm's labor cost is $20 per worker per hour and the firm sells its output for $5 per unit, how many workers should the firm hire to maximize profit? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

C. 3 -The firm equates the value of the marginal product of labor with the wage rate. The profit-maximizing number of workers occurs when the value of the marginal product of the last worker hired is equal to the wage rate. ($5 x 4) = $20 holds with the third worker.

Which of the following changes indicates long-run economic growth? A. An increase in consumption spending B. An increase in the price level C. An increase in long-run aggregate supply D. An increase in wages in response to an inflationary gap

C. An increase in the long-run aggregate supply -An increase in the long-run aggregate supply represents an increase in capacity, which indicates economic growth.

Which of the following is true about monopoly and perfect competition? A.Monopoly produces larger output and charges a higher price than perfect competition does. B.Monopoly produces larger output and charges a lower price than perfect competition does. C.Monopoly produces smaller output and charges a higher price than perfect competition does. D.Monopoly produces smaller output and charges a lower price than perfect competition does.

C. Monopoly produces smaller output and charges a higher price than perfect competition does.

Which of the following potential hazards has seen coordinated international efforts to prevent further damage to the environment? A. Earthquakes B. Tropical storms C. Ozone depletion D. Seasonal flooding

C. Ozone depletion -Ozone depletion, caused by chlorofluorocarbons, is expected to taper off over time, largely because of international agreements beginning with the Montreal Protocol of 1987 that limited the use and production of ozone-depleting chemicals.

Which of the following is an example of government intervention in a mixed economy? A.Spending for infrastructure improvement and maintenance B.Allocating scarce resources to their best use C.Protecting workers from dangerous working conditions D.Setting production goals

C. Protecting workers from dangerous working conditions -In a mixed economy, the government has important roles of ensuring appropriate working conditions. Setting prices, allocating scarce resources, and setting production goals would happen in a command economy where the government owns the resources and not in a mixed economy.

Which of the following describes the fundamental economic problem? A.Resources are used by the private sector and the public sector. B.There is a lack of appropriate information for making decisions. C.Resources are limited and wants and needs are unlimited. D.Different economic systems distribute wealth differently.

C. Resources are limited and wants and needs are unlimited.

"You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney." What are the direct origins of the Miranda Rights quoted above? A.The Magna Carta B.The Declaration of Independence C.The Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the United States Constitution D.The Seventh and Eighth Amendments to the United States Constitution

C. The Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the United States Constitution

Which of the following scriptures is associated with Hinduism? A.The Gathas B.The Daodejing C.The Vedas D.The Analects

C. The Vedas

The Arab conquests of the seventh century introduced which of the following forms of government to Afro-Eurasia? A.The Mandate of Heaven B.The sultanate C.The caliphate D.The Raj

C. The caliphate -After Muhammad's death in 632, one of his closest followers, Abu Bakr, obtained political and religious leadership over the Muslim community as the caliph, which means "successor" or "deputy" in Arabic. The caliph ruled over a political entity called a caliphate.

Rhonda owns her own business setting up Web sites for individuals and businesses. Working from her home office, she uses her computer to design the sites. She earns $50 per hour for her efforts. Which of the following is an example of capital as a factor of production for Rhonda? A.The $50 per hour that Rhonda earns designing Web sites B.The time that Rhonda devotes to her business C.The computer Rhonda uses to design the Web sites D.The Web sites that Rhonda sets up for her clients

C. The computer Rhonda uses to design the Web sites

Which of the following constitutional precepts is contained in the Bill of Rights? A. The right of all citizens to vote regardless of gender B. The direct election of senators and representatives C. The protection of individual privacy from government intrusion D. The granting of citizenship to anyone born on United States soil

C. The protection of individual privacy from government intrusion -The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens against unreasonable search and seizure and other arbitrary government interference.

Which of the following was a main goal of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention? A. To obtain political recognition for newly freed slaves B. To determine how to relocate members of the Seneca Nation C. To declare that women should be granted more civil rights D. To discuss the political functions of the temperance movement

C. To declare that women should be granted more civil rights

The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water molecules escape the surface of the Earth and enter the atmosphere is called A. precipitation B. condensation C. evaporation D. surface runoff

C. evaporation

In the model presented in The Isolated State, von Thünen argued that agricultural land-use types would develop in rings around a town or village. The innermost ring of von Thünen's model, closest to the center, was characterized by A.forest used for timber products and firewood B.grain production C.market gardens and dairying D.extensive grazing of animals

C.market gardens and dairying

Which of the following most strongly motivated European imperialism in Africa and Asia in the nineteenth century? A. A desire to spread Christianity B. A desire to halt the spread of Islam C. A desire to contain Ottoman and Russian expansion D. A desire to obtain natural resources and export markets

D. A desire to obtain natural resources and export markets

Which of the following will decrease the quantity demanded of gasoline? A.A decrease in the price of cars operated by gasoline B.A decrease in per-unit sales taxes on gasoline C.An increase in consumers' income and gasoline is a normal good D.An increase in the price of gasoline

D. An increase in the price of gasoline -According to the law of demand, an increase in the price of a good causes a decrease in the quantity demanded of that good, and vice versa. Thus an increase in the price of gasoline will cause a decrease in the quantity demanded of gasoline.

Which of the following outlines the basic structure of the three-tiered federal court system from lowest to highest tier? A.State supreme court, circuit court, United States Supreme Court B.District court, state supreme court, United States Supreme Court C.Circuit court, district court, United States Supreme Court D.District court, circuit court, United States Supreme Court

D. District court, circuit court, United States Supreme Court -In the three-tiered federal court system, cases are initiated in district courts. If a district court decision is appealed, a circuit court will hear the case on appeal. The highest level of the federal court system is the United States Supreme Court, which is the highest court of appeal and hears a relatively small number of cases.

In terms of the amount of biomass produced, what are the most productive land ecosystems? A.Tundra and permafrost B.Tropical savannas C.Coniferous forests D.Equatorial rain forests

D. Equatorial rain forests -Rain forests near the equator produce the largest amounts of biomass, the total plant and animal matter, of any of the world's land ecosystems. The high temperatures and wet tropical climates in these areas generate the most plant life, which is able to support a larger volume of animal species and populations in comparison to other regions.

Which of the following can best account for the fact that opportunity costs in production are typically increasing? A.Imperfect consumer preferences B.Inadequate technology changes C.Depreciation of physical capital D.Imperfect substitutability of resources

D. Imperfect substitutability of resources -Increasing opportunity costs are caused by resources that are not perfectly substitutable for producing alternative products.

Which of the following checks is an implied power Congress has over the executive branch? A.Approving presidential appointments B.Declaring war C.Impeachment D.Oversight of executive agencies

D. Oversight of executive agencies -Of the choices given, only the function of oversight of executive agencies is considered to be an implied power of the United States Congress.

Which of the following is crucial to children becoming socialized? A. Participation in sports and extracurricular activities B. Proper medical treatment early in life C. Well-educated parents D. Regular social interaction with adults

D. Regular social interaction with adults

Which of the following is true about both the electoral college and the House of Representatives? A. They are directly elected by the citizens. B. They can be impeached by the Senate. C. They are described in the Bill of Rights to the Constitution. D. They provide greater power to more populous states

D. They provide greater power to more populous states

The political system that dominated western Europe in the period between 800 and 1300 C.E. is known as A.absolutism B.imperialism C.caesaropapism D.feudalism

D. feudalism -Feudalism was a political system based on the principle of reciprocal relations of dependency and mutual obligation between lords and vassals. It emerged in early medieval Europe following the collapse of the Roman Empire.

The Federalist papers were written in support of A. popular protests against the Stamp Act B. the signing of the Declaration of Independence C. the drafting of the Articles of Confederation D. the ratification of the Constitution

D. the ratification of the Constitution

Some observers argue that a limitation of the official unemployment rate is that it understates the true unemployment level because it fails to include which of the following? (A) New entrants to the labor market (B) People who are laid off and are looking for new jobs (C) Discouraged people who have given up looking for jobs (D) Full-time students looking for part-time jobs

(C) Discouraged people who have given up looking for jobs

In which of the following fields did Islamic civilization most influence Europeans at the time of the Crusades? (A) Music (B) Theology (C) Mathematics (D) Law

(C) Mathematics

Which TWO of the following were direct causes of the Great Depression in the United States? A. A rise in loan defaults because of high interest rates B. A decline in agricultural prices C. New forms of transportation D. An increase in the urban population

A and B are correct. -Many landowners in rural areas found themselves unable to pay skyrocketing interest rates on their mortgages due to decreasing agricultural prices. The ensuing widespread defaults by farmers led to bank failures.

The primary reason why certain areas experience more damage and loss of life from natural disasters is due to A.nondemocratic political systems B.underfunded public services C.a lack of energy and food resources D.warmer, more humid climates

B. underfunded public services

Which of the following is a reward to entrepreneurs for assuming risk? A. Wages B. Dividends C. Profits D. Stock appreciation

C. Profits

Which of the following expansions of presidential power has been limited by the courts? A.Executive orders on bureaucratic issues B.Executive agreements with other countries C.Signing statements attached to bills D.Impoundment of funds from Congress

D. Impoundment of funds from Congress

Prime Meridian and North/South Poles

Zero degrees of longitude is the line known as the Prime Meridian. The line runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through the borough of Greenwich in London, United Kingdom, where its point of origin, the Royal Naval Observatory is located. 90 degrees of latitude is either the North Pole or the South Pole. Each pole, representing Earth's rotational axis, stands at a 90-degree angle relative to the plane of the equator.

Which of the following people would benefit most if the value of the United States dollar increased relative to the Japanese yen? (A) A United States car dealer importing Japanese cars (B) A Japanese tourist vacationing in the United States (C) A worker in the United States beer industry (D) A Japanese baker buying United States wheat

(A) A US car dealer importing Japanese cars

An increase in the real interest rate in the United States relative to its trading partners will most likely result in which of the following? (A) An increase in United States imports (B) An increase in United States exports (C) A decrease in the demand for the United States dollar (D) A decrease in the United States trade deficit

(A) An increase in United States imports

According to Erik Erikson, the primary dilemma faced in adolescence is (A) industry vs. inferiority (B) identity vs. identity confusion (C) generativity vs. stagnation (D) integrity vs. despair

(B) identity vs. identity confusion

Interest groups regularly engage in which of the following activities? Select all that apply. A. Filing amicus curiae briefs B. Nominating candidates for office C. Donating to electoral campaigns D. Conducting scientific public opinion polls

A and C are correct. -Interest groups regularly file amicus curiae briefs (brief presented by someone who is not party to a lawsuit, but is interested in influencing its outcome) -They also donate to electoral campaigns. They do not nominate candidates for office nor typically conduct scientific polls themselves.

Which of the following countries has had a woman president or prime minister? Select all that apply. A. India B. Israel C. Mexico D. Great Britain

A, B, and D are correct. -India, Israel, and Great Britain have all had women in the top leadership position in government. They were, respectively, Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher.

Which of the following were important causes of the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905? Select all that apply. A. The intervention of the United States on the part of its ally, Japan B. The inadequacy of the Trans-Siberian Railroad as a military supply line for Russia C. The continuing expansion of British control over the Japanese economy D. The more advanced industrialization of Japan compared to that of Russia

B and D are correct. -The Trans-Siberian Railroad consisted of a single track that only allowed train travel in one direction. This, combined with the distance of the war front from Russian industries and most of the Russian army, made the railroad insufficient for resupplying Russian troops. -The rapid industrialization of Japan during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries contributed to the advantage in military technology over Russia during the war.

Which of the following best summarizes Thomas Hobbes' argument in favor of a strong central government? A. Legitimate monarchs are right to expect obedience and loyalty from their subjects. B. Anarchy can only be avoided by entering into a social contract enforced by a sovereign. C. The preservation of traditional morality requires a powerful government. D. The prosperity of a country requires a state that can effectively regulate the economy.

B. Anarchy can only be avoided by entering into a social contract enforced by a sovereign. -In Leviathan, Hobbes argued that human beings can only leave the state of nature by entering into a social contract and ceding their natural rights to a powerful sovereign.

Which of the following best describes a major effect of plantation agriculture in the Americas during the period 1500 to 1700? A. Asian indentured servants immigrated to the Caribbean. B. European convict laborers were sent to work in North America. C. Africans involuntarily migrated to South America. D. Indigenous peoples in North America were often enslaved.

C. Africans involuntarily migrated to South America. -The growth of sugar plantations in Brazil from 1500 to 1700 created a large demand for labor that was met by mass migration of enslaved Africans.

Which of the following philosophers argued that the protection of private property is a central function of governments? A. Plato B. Machiavelli C. John Locke D. Thomas Paine

C. John Locke -John Locke famously argued that rights to property are natural rights which governments should protect.

The enactment of the New Deal programs in the 1930s could best be characterized as reflecting a popular belief that A. free-market policies were sufficient to restore economic prosperity in the United States B. the Interstate Commerce Act was ineffective and should be repealed C. the federal government should provide assistance to people in times of economic distress D. Keynesian economic principles were immediately effective in times of economic depression

C. the federal government should provide assistance to people in times of economic distress -The New Deal provided federal assistance to those in need and was popular largely because of the very high rates of unemployment during the Depression.

Which of the following best describes the Eastern Woodland peoples, such as the Iroquois and Algonquin, before European colonization? A. Hunter-gatherers who had no knowledge of settled agriculture B. Pastoralists who herded large numbers of domesticated animals C. Maritime people who primarily relied on fishing D. Agriculturalists who supplemented their diet with hunting and gathering

D. Agriculturalists who supplemented their diet with hunting and gathering -Native American groups living in North America east of the Mississippi generally lived in small settlements dispersed throughout the region. Tribes, such as the Algonquin and Iroquois, hunted game while also growing crops such as squash and legumes.

Which of the following contributed to the spread of Islam into East Africa before 1450 C.E.? A. East African scholars studying in Saudi Arabia B. Military invasions by Islamic caliphates C. Missionaries sent into sub-Saharan Africa from Egypt D. Cultural diffusion along Indian Ocean trade routes

D. Cultural diffusion along Indian Ocean trade routes -Islam was introduced to East Africa primarily by contacts facilitated by commerce between African and Middle Eastern trading cities.

Which of the following was an effect of the Mongol conquests under Genghis Khan and his successors during the thirteenth century? A. The Pope's renunciation of crusades against Muslims B. The rapid growth of literacy throughout Eurasia C. The suppression of Hinduism on the Indian subcontinent D. The revival of trade along the Silk Road

D. The revival of trade along the Silk Road -During the thirteenth century, the Mongol Empire provided protection over much of the Silk Road. This allowed for increased trade and cultural exchange.

Which of the following has reduced the power of political parties? (A) An increase in the number of direct primary elections (B) A surge in soft-money campaign contributions (C) Stricter voter registration requirements (D) A decline in the number of political action committees

(A) An increase in the number of direct primary elections

With which of the following statements would both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke most probably have agreed? (A) Government authority is created as the result of a social contract. (B) Government must enforce religious law to prevent moral decay. (C) Government must enforce the majority's will regardless of the wishes of the minority. (D) Government must bend to the will of the educated minority.

(A) Government authority is created as the result of a social contract

The map above best illustrates which of the following aspects about the unification of Germany between 1866 and 1871 ? (A) It was achieved through a combination of diplomatic and military means. (B) It was led by the government of German-speaking Austria. (C) The states that became part of unified Germany in 1871 had previously been allies of Austria. (D) Prussians could vote for Parliament in the unified German state, but Germans from other states could not.

(A) It was achieved through a combination of diplomatic and military means

Reindeer herding as an economic activity of the Sami in Norway is an example of which of the following types of diffusion? (A) Stimulus (B) Hierarchical (C) Relocation (D) Contagious

(A) Stimulus

The federal government can influence the policies of state governments through use of (A) grants-in-aid (B) the line-item veto (C) executive privilege (D) separation of powers

(A) grants-in-aid

President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation declared free only those slaves who (A) were living in the areas still in rebellion (B) were serving in the Union armies (C) were living in the border states (D) had escaped to Northern states

(A) were living in the areas still in rebellion

"I counted seven ministers all preaching at once . . . . Some of the people were singing, others praying, some crying for mercy in the most piteous accents." The quotation above describes group participation in an event that was most characteristic of which of the following? (A) A meeting of the Pennsylvania Quakers during the time of the Revolution (B) A frontier camp meeting of the Second Great Awakening during the early nineteenth century (C) A presentation to a Chautauqua Assembly during the late nineteenth century (D) A convention of the Women's Christian Temperance Union during the late nineteenth century

(B) A frontier camp meeting of the Second Great Awakening during the early nineteenth century

The use of inexpensive labor in Asian countries by footwear companies based in the United States and Europe is an example of which of the following? (A) Primary economic activity (B) Global division of labor (C) Intervening opportunity (D) Global-local continuum

(B) Global division of labor

The construction of a transportation network that included roads, canals, and steamboats that took shape in the United States in the early decades of the nineteenth century had which of the following effects in the years before the Civil War? (A) It decreased the need for immigrant labor. (B) It stimulated the development of a market revolution. (C) It weakened the plantation system in the southern states. (D) It transformed the United States into an international military power.

(B) It stimulated the development of a market revolution

According to Article III, Section 1, of the United States Constitution, judges "shall hold their offices during good behavior..." A consequence of this clause is that: (A) Congress cannot remove federal judges from office (B) federal judges have political independence to fulfill their duties (C) the president has no influence over the composition of the Supreme Court (D) federal judges lack opportunity for advancement or promotion

(B) federal judges have political independence to fulfill their duties

Operant conditioning would be most useful for (A) determining whether a toddler is securely attached (B) increasing on-task behavior in the classroom (C) measuring a dependent variable (D) preventing anterograde amnesia

(B) increasing on-task behavior in the classroom

The legal basis for the escalation of United States involvement in the Vietnam War was the (A) declaration of war by Congress (B) passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution by Congress (C) United Nations resolution condemning the North Vietnamese invasion of South Vietnam (D) mutual defense provisions of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

(B) passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution by Congress

If the tax rate for a single person with $25,000 in taxable income is 24 percent, and the tax rate for a single person with $20,000 in taxable income is 20 percent, the tax rate over this income range is (A) regressive (B) progressive (C) proportional (D) revenue-neutral

(B) progressive

Which of the following groups was converted to Christianity in the tenth century C.E. by missionaries from the Byzantine Empire? (A) Franks (B) Visigoths (C) Russians (D) Anglo-Saxons

(C) Russians

Poverty as defined by the United States government is best understood as (A) the index value of government services such as Medicaid and public housing (B) the concept of relative deprivation and is based on changes in the distribution of income (C) an absolute level set in the 1960s and since adjusted to reflect inflation at the consumer level (D) a concept based on lifestyle and measured on a sliding scale based on the needs of an individual

(C) an absolute level set in the 1960s and since adjusted to reflect inflation at the consumer level

During President Dwight Eisenhower's administration in the 1950s, the federal government promoted significant changes in transportation in the United States by (A) establishing generous subsidies for urban mass transit (B) sponsoring research to develop less polluting automobiles (C) funding the construction of the interstate highway system (D) funding the establishment of a national railroad passenger system

(C) funding the construction of the interstate highway system

The term "Cold War" refers to the (A) race between the United States and the Soviet Union to claim ownership of Antarctica (B) contest between the United States and the European Union for economic domination in the West (C) struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union to gain political hegemony in world affairs (D) competition between the Soviet Union and China for the resources of the Pacific Rim

(C) struggle between the US and the Soviet Union to gain political hegemony in world affairs

Which of the following statements reflects the Confucian worldview that figured prominently in classical Chinese culture? (A) Having faith in God will be rewarded in the afterlife. (B) Life's ultimate goal is to escape the suffering inherent in the endless cycle of death and reincarnation. (C) A life of quiet contemplation and isolation from worldly temptations will result in self-perfection. (D) Observing rules of proper behavior toward others will ensure social and political harmony.

(D) Observing rude of proper behavior toward others will ensure social and political harmony

Which of the following is an example of a concurrent power? (A) The printing and coining of money (B) The power to declare war (C) The process of naturalization (D) The levying of taxes

(D) The levying of taxes

People who believe their political views are important, that government will respect these views, and that their views can influence political affairs are said to have a strong sense of (A) political partisanship (B) political alienation (C) political allegiance (D) political efficacy

(D) political efficacy

"The right of our manifest destiny [is] to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative self-government entrusted to us. It is a right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." John O'Sullivan, New York Morning News, 1845 The ideas in the quotation were used to justify which TWO of the following foreign policy actions by the United States in the 1800s? A.The annexation of Texas B.The invasion of Mexico C.The banning of the international slave trade D.The Embargo Act

A and B are correct

Which TWO of the following financial institutions were created at the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 ? A.The International Monetary Fund B.The Asian Development Bank C.The World Bank D.The African Development Bank

A and C are correct -The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were created at the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, which was held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The conference created rules and institutions that shaped international commerce and trade in the postwar era.

Which of the following strategies did the Union attempt as it sought to defeat the South during the American Civil War? Select all that apply. A. Blockading all major Southern ports to disrupt commerce, especially in cotton, the proceeds of which could be used to fund the purchase of military supplies B. Capturing and controlling the Mississippi River in an effort to cut the South in half and damage Southern efforts to keep troops resupplied C. Campaigning to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond and destroy the secessionist government of the South D. Plotting to assassinate Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Vice President Alexander H. Stephens, leading to chaos in the Confederate government

A, B, and C are correct. -One of Abraham Lincoln's first steps in pursuit of war against the Confederacy was to blockade ports to deny the government of Jefferson Davis the ability to raise money for the military through the sale of cotton. A second important strategy, part of what was known as the Anaconda plan, was a march through the Mississippi River valley to sever the Confederacy in two. Finally, throughout the war, both the Confederacy and the Union tried to capture their opponent's capitals, which were a mere 90 miles apart, an endeavor at which both sides nearly succeeded more than once.

Which of the following caused Spanish, British, and French forces to fight wars in North America prior to the American Revolution? Select all that apply. A. Disputes about controlling territory in the colonies B. Religious and cultural differences among colonists of different nationalities C. Competition for mineral resources, particularly gold and silver D. International tensions caused by competing alliances among the three nations

A, B, and D -Disputes about territory were a common source of minor skirmishes as well as wars, such as the French and Indian War of 1754-1763. Underlying such disputes were often religious and cultural differences and international tensions in Europe.

Which of the following was most significant in allowing river valley civilizations to flourish? A. Agricultural production from relatively enriched soils B. Religious traditions that provided regional stability C. Protection from warring groups provided by hills and mountains D. Use of waterways for long-distance trade with other civilizations

A. Agricultural production from relatively enriched soils -Rivers provided a relatively consistent water supply and facilitated the development of irrigation, and silt from flooding replenished the soil.

Which of the following is a similarity between Christianity in western Europe and Islam in the Middle East before 1000 C.E.? A. Both were strongly influenced by Judaism. B. Both spread primarily by missionaries along trade routes. C. Both encouraged the spread of literacy. D. Both were led by one individual with supreme religious authority.

A. Both were strongly influenced by Judaism -Christianity was founded by members of the Jewish community in the Roman province of Judea, while Muslims recognized the founder of Islam as the last prophet in a line going back to the Jewish patriarch, Abraham.

"The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny." James Madison, The Federalist paper No. 47 Which of the following constitutional principles best reflects the concerns expressed in this quotation? A.Checks and balances B.Natural rights C.Due process D.Federalism

A. Checks and balances

Which of the following are most common in states that use proportional representation electoral systems? A. Coalition governments B. Single-party governments C. Hybrid regimes D. Authoritarian regimes

A. Coalition governments -In a proportional representation voting system, each party gets the percentage of seats equal to the percentage of votes it receives in the election. This makes it more likely for smaller parties to win seats partly because people will be more likely to vote for smaller parties, which would not have much of a chance of winning in a majoritarian voting system, such as single-member district plurality. Proportional representation may or may not be found in the other three systems.

The engraving of a Jesuit missionary in seventeenth-century China best represents which of the following historical processes? A.Cultural exchange B.Religious conversion C.Military conquest D.European colonization

A. Cultural exchange -The image shows Johann Adam Schall von Bell, a German Jesuit missionary, mathematician, and astronomer. Von Bell served as an advisor to Ming and Qing emperors during the seventeenth century. Von Bell wears Chinese dress while holding and being surrounded by scientific instruments (such as maps and globes) that reflected contemporary European geographical knowledge.

Which of the following most strongly inspired the French Revolution? A.Enlightenment philosophies B.Marxist economic theories C.Humanist interest in classical learning D.Absolutist political theories

A. Enlightenment philosophies -Eighteenth-century French philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot advocated equality and individual freedom and emphasized reason over ancient traditions. These ideas spread throughout France and helped foster disillusionment with the French monarchy.

Which of the following best describes a system in which powers are distributed between the national and subnational governments? A. Federalism B. Separation of powers C. Checks and balances D. Limited government

A. Federalism -Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between central and regional governments.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the neural action of reuptake? A.It takes place in the axon terminals by the sending neuron. B.It takes place in the dendrites of the receiving neuron. C.It takes place in the nodes of Ranvier of the sending neuron. D.It takes place at the axon hillock to initiate the action potential.

A. It takes place in the axon terminals by the sending neuron.

Which of the following supported the unequal treatment of African Americans in the United States throughout the late nineteenth century and the twentieth century? A. Jim Crow laws B. Radical Reconstruction C. Black Codes D. Republicanism

A. Jim Crow laws -Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted to mandate racial segregation in public facilities. Jim Crow laws were common throughout the southern United States, specifically those states of the former Confederacy, from 1876 to the 1950s.

Which of the following is the most common psychological disorder in the United States? A. Major depressive disorder B. Schizophrenia C. Paranoid personality disorder D. Dissociative identity disorder

A. Major depressive disorder

Which of the following most accurately describes Maya civilization? A.Maya kingdoms were never unified into a single empire. B.Maya rulers had no ceremonial duties. C.Maya rulers were usually female. D.Maya military forces were not interested in acquiring captives.

A. Maya kingdoms were never unified into a single empire. -Maya forces were more interested in acquiring captives and obtaining political dominance than conquering territory. Hence, while many rival Maya kingdoms existed, a unified Maya empire never emerged.

Which of the following regions was the first to develop settled agriculture? A. Middle East B. North America C. West Africa D. Western Europe

A. Middle East -Settled agriculture and animal domestication first developed in the Tigris-Euphrates river valley circa 8,000 B.C.E. (then Mesopotamia) -The Fertile Crescent was the land surrounding the Tigris-Euphrates and the Nile River valleys

Why did the European revolutions of 1848 fail in the years immediately following the uprisings? A. Military repression and the splitting of labor and the middle class by elites restored authoritarian regimes. B. Disagreement among the revolutionaries about the goals of socialism and nationalism split the revolutionaries into warring factions. C. European leaders acted quickly to preserve their power and pacify their people by implementing reforms such as universal suffrage. D. The movement toward national unification of city-states into nations was largely complete by 1849.

A. Military repression and the splitting of labor and the middle class by elites restored authoritarian regimes. -The violent rebellions of 1848 were crushed by the existing governments in Europe, which initiated reforms that enfranchised middle-class males.

Which of the following characteristics was most common among United States presidents during Reconstruction? A.Military service during the Civil War B.Democratic Party membership C.Support for the secession of Southern states D.Abolitionist views before the Civil War

A. Military service during the Civil War -Andrew Johnson, Rutherford B. Hayes, and Ulysses S. Grant

Which of the following reform groups used journalism to draw public attention to social problems such as child labor and poor working conditions during the Progressive Era? A.Muckrakers B.Populists C.Trust-busters D.Prohibitionists

A. Muckrakers -Investigative journalists during the Progressive Era (1890s-1920s) who worked to expose corrupt businesses and politicians, poverty, unsafe working conditions, and other social issues were known colloquially as muckrakers.

In late 1989, President George H.W. Bush launched an invasion of which country in order to depose its president? A.Panama B.The Dominican Republic C.Cuba D.Nicaragua

A. Panama -In December 1989 President Bush organized Operation Just Cause, in which United States troops invaded Panama. The troops deposed General Manual Noriega, who was then put on trial and convicted in the United States for drug trafficking and related charges.

Which of the following is a widely shared belief in political culture in the United States? A. Participating in elections is an important civic duty. B. Direct action, such as civil disobedience, is more important than voting. C. Economic equality is as important as political equality. D. Majority preferences should be given more weight than minority rights.

A. Participating in elections is an important civic duty

Which of the following most likely accounts for acid precipitation occurring far from its point of origin, as indicated by the map? A. Prevailing wind B. Groundwater runoff C. Temperature fluctuation D. Depletion of the ozone layer

A. Prevailing wind -Acid precipitation contains pollutants released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels. As these contaminants become airborne, prevailing winds can carry them hundreds of miles, thus depositing them great distances from where they originated.

Which of the following United States regions is most prone to tsunamis and earthquakes? A.Puget Sound B.Gulf Coast C.Chesapeake Bay D.Long Island Sound

A. Puget Sound -Puget Sound lies near tectonic plate boundaries and volcanoes where earthquakes and tsunamis are more frequent.

Singapore has become one of the outstanding centers of manufacturing, finance, and trade along the Pacific Rim. This is due in part to which of the following geographic advantages? A. Relative location B. Absolute location C. Topography D. Mineral resources

A. Relative location -Singapore's rapid economic growth is primarily due to its location near the rapidly growing economies of Southeast Asia and its position on the Malacca Strait, a major trade route connecting East Asia with South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. In geographic terms, both of these features are aspects of Singapore's relative location.

Which of the following was the most immediate cause of the Russian Revolution of 1917 ? A.Russian involvement in the First World War B.The abolition of serfdom in Russia C.The intensification of Russian nationalism D.Russian state support for industrialization

A. Russian involvement in the First World War -Russia suffered a series of major defeats and territorial losses to German armies between November 1914 and October 1916 that led to millions of casualties, mass desertions, and rampant inflation and food shortages. The Russian government under Czar Nicholas II was unable to address these problems adequately, which led to the February Revolution, the abdication of Nicholas II, and the establishment of a provisional government. When this government proved unable to deal with these problems, it was overthrown by the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917.

Immigrants who settled in large cities in the United States between 1890 and 1914 primarily came from which of the following regions? A. Southern and eastern Europe B. Central and South America C. Northern and western Europe D. South and East Asia

A. Southern and eastern Europe -Unlike the previous waves of German, Irish, or Chinese immigration to cities in the United States during the nineteenth century, the groups arriving from the period 1890 to 1914 were primarily from nations such as Italy, Poland, and Russia.

Max Weber argued that individuals band together based on such factors as race, ethnicity, religion, occupation, and gender to form A. status groups B. meritocracies C. clans D. egalitarian societies

A. Status groups -The German sociologist Max Weber believed that people come together to achieve aims based on cultural identities or interests. The existence of these status groups normally leads to the creation of a hierarchical order in the form of social stratification.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense contributed most to which of the following developments? A. The American colonists declaring independence from Great Britain B. The adoption of the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution C. The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade D. The ratification of the Paris Peace Treaty at the end of the American Revolution

A. The American colonists declaring independence from Great Britain -Thomas Paine's 1776 pamphlet Common Sense raised the need for the American colonies to become independent from Great Britain. Paine's explanation of the immediate need for independence in clear and accessible language became widely read among colonists.

"Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us... protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States.... imposing taxes on us without our consent... transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences." These grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence are a direct response to which of the following British actions? A. The Intolerable Acts B. The Stamp Act C. The Proclamation of 1763 D. The Boston Massacre

A. The Intolerable Acts -The excerpt from the Declaration of Independence outlines the punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 that came to be known by colonists as the Intolerable Acts. These laws were meant to punish colonists for the Boston Tea Party.

The United States political system differs from parliamentary democracies in which of the following ways? A.The United States has fixed terms of office for the president and legislature, while most parliamentary democracies have variable terms. B.The United States holds direct elections for all national legislators, while legislators in most parliamentary democracies are appointed. C.The United States does not use primary elections, while primary elections are common in most parliamentary democracies. D.The United States legislature is bicameral, while all parliaments are unicameral.

A. The United States has fixed terms of office for the president and legislature, while most

Which of the following developments best accounts for the first appearance of villages in southwestern North America circa 300 B.C.E.? A.The ability to adapt and grow crops such as maize B.The use of pottery in ritual ceremonies C.The emergence of trade routes connecting southwestern communities D.The use of domesticated animals for agriculture and trade

A. The ability to adapt and grow crops such as maize -Maize, beans, and squash were introduced to the southwestern United States from Mesoamerica after 1000 B.C.E. By 300 B.C.E. the Hohokam culture in what is today Arizona had developed irrigation based agriculture that led to permanent villages.

Which of the following was a long-term consequence of the bubonic plague that struck Afro-Eurasia in the fourteenth century? A.The decline of serfdom in Europe B.The invigoration of the Silk Road trade networks C.The establishment of European trade with West Africa D.The Islamization of Southeast Asia

A. The decline of serfdom in Europe -On account of the spread of the bubonic plague, Europe's population declined by as much as fifty percent in some regions, which made it difficult for lords to force peasants to stay on the land and allowed peasants to flee to towns.

A population's rate of natural increase is determined by which of the following? A. The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate B. The sum of the native population and the total number of immigrants in the population over a decade C. The difference between the total number of births and the annual rate of infant mortality D. The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants over a set period of time

A. The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate -The rate of natural increase is determined by subtracting the crude death rate (the number of deaths per year per thousand people) from the crude birth rate (the number of births per year per thousand people). None of the other options contains the correct formula for determining the rate of natural increase, which must take into account both the number of births and the number of deaths.

If a country imposes a tariff on imports, which of the following will occur? A. The loss in consumer surplus will exceed the gain in producer surplus. B. The loss in producer surplus will exceed the gain in consumer surplus. C. The gain in consumer surplus will exceed the loss in producer surplus. D. The gain in producer surplus will exceed the loss in consumer surplus.

A. The loss in consumer surplus will exceed the gain in producer surplus.

Which of the following was a result of the rebellion against the Virginia colonial government in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon? A. The planters in Virginia sought to use the labor of enslaved Africans instead of White indentured servants. B. Colonists began a movement for independence that would culminate in the American Revolution. C. The colonial government distributed 40 acres of farmland to every White resident. D. The British government raised taxes on imported goods to pay for the troops stationed in Virginia.

A. The planters in Virginia sought to use the labor of enslaved Africans instead of White indentured servants. -Bacon's Rebellion, consisting of farmers, indentured servants, and enslaved Africans, was sparked by what the rebels considered the lack of retaliation against Native American attacks on colonists, and the denial of colonial expansion further west. After the uprising was quelled by the government, planters began relying more heavily on enslaved Africans to defray tensions among White settlers and thereby increase the colony's stability.

The post-Second World War United States foreign policy that called for supporting European countries against communist invasions or communist revolutions was the A. Truman Doctrine B. Marshall Plan C. Roosevelt Corollary D. Monroe Doctrine

A. Truman Doctrine -Set forth by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, the Truman Doctrine stated that the United States would provide economic and military support to Greece and Turkey to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere of influence. This policy marked one of the earliest attempts at containing communist expansion throughout Europe and the world.

The massive depletion of the Aral Sea, which has shrunk significantly from the fourth largest lake in the world, is most likely due to which of the following? A. Use of the water from the feeder rivers for irrigation B. Occurrence of persistent drought in Kazakhstan C. Effects of global warming D. Increased dependence on groundwater mining

A. Use of the water from the feeder rivers for irrigation -The Aral Sea contains freshwater that flows in from its tributary rivers. The river water has been diverted in great quantity by farmers hoping to grow cotton in the regions surrounding the Aral Sea. As a result, the sea has shrunk, exposing the seabed at an increasing rate.

In the late nineteenth century, economic development in the southern United States was largely characterized by A. a continued reliance on agriculture and related enterprises B. the rise of service-sector fields such as tourism and retail sales C. a focus on finance and international trade D. rapid industrialization, with former slaves as the primary workforce

A. a continued reliance on agriculture and related enterprises -Despite the efforts of some (Henry Grady) to create a New South based on industrialization and urbanization following Reconstruction, the southern United States remained heavily agricultural and rural well into the twentieth century. The majority of southern state economies were based on the production of cash crops such as cotton and tobacco, and many former slaves and poor White people were caught up in the cycle of debt created by sharecropping and tenant farming.

An election in which voters are not required to be members of a political party to vote for party candidates is known as A. an open primary B. a closed primary C. a blanket primary D. a top-two primary

A. an open primary -In an open primary, voters can choose on election day in which political party primary they want to participate. Closed primaries require voters to declare themselves in advance of election day (often 30 days) while in blanket primaries voters may choose a candidate for each office without regard to party. A top-two primary is a system whereby all candidates appear on the primary ballot, all registered voters can participate, and the top two advance to the general election.

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty focusing on the issue of A. climate change B. world poverty C. nuclear proliferation D. drug trafficking

A. climate change -Countries that have signed the Kyoto Protocol agreed to lower their greenhouse gas emissions

The Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961 and the invasion of Panama in 1989 are examples of attempts by the United States to A. eliminate unfriendly governments in the Western Hemisphere B. cultivate peaceful relations with Latin American nations C. combat the production and distribution of illegal narcotics D. force countries to enter the North American Free Trade Agreement

A. eliminate unfriendly governments in the Western Hemisphere -The 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba and the 1989 invasion of Panama are two examples of United States military action in Latin America intended to topple totalitarian regimes. The United States sought to end the revolutionary leftist government of Fidel Castro in Cuba, and depose General Manuel Noriega, who had declared a state of war between the United States and Panama.

The main goal of the Civilian Conservation Corps was to provide A. public work relief to young men during the Great Depression B. economic recovery assistance for farmers affected by the Dust Bowl C. financial assistance to United States citizens above the age of 65 D. opportunities for civilians on the home front to help the European war effort

A. public work relief to young men during the Great Depression -The Civilian Conservation Corps was created during the Great Depression in 1933 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. The program was designed to provide relief to unemployed young men and their families by offering jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources on state and federal government lands.

Economics is defined as a social science that deals with the study of how A. society chooses to use its scarce resources to satisfy competing needs B. entrepreneurs create and manage a business organization C. free markets limit government intervention in the economy D. teamwork and collective actions lead to an efficient use of resources

A. society chooses to use its scarce resources to satisfy competing needs

The elections of Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Jimmy Carter as president in the 1960s and 1970s provide evidence for A. the growing electoral power of Sun Belt states B. the domination of American politics by the Democratic Party C. the preference of voters for lower taxes and smaller government D. the unwillingness of voters to elect former members of Congress to the presidency

A. the growing electoral power of Sun Belt states -The political influence of the Sun Belt has increased significantly since the 1960s as immigration and migration have boosted the population of Sun Belt states both absolutely and relative to the Northeast and Midwest. A number of factors have contributed to the rise of the Sun Belt, including the invention of air conditioning, the demand for labor (often non-union), and a growing preference of retirees and baby boomers to live in a warmer climate.

Which of the following actions by the Federal Reserve Bank will decrease the federal funds rate? A.Purchasing bonds on the open market B.Decreasing the money supply C.Increasing the required reserve ratio D.Increasing the discount rate

A.Purchasing bonds on the open market -The Federal Funds rate is the rate at which banks borrow reserves from other banks. When the Federal Reserve Bank purchases bonds on the open market, the supply of reserves increases and the federal funds rate will decrease.

During the British colonization of North America, Quakers differed from other settler groups in their advocacy of which of the following? A.Religious and ethnic tolerance B.A theocratic form of government C.An economy based on agriculture D.Political allegiance to the British Crown

A.Religious and ethnic tolerance -Quakers settled in Pennsylvania and what is now New Jersey during the mid-1600s, promoting ideas such as equal rights for women, religious tolerance, and the abolition of slavery.

Which of the following is a unique function of political parties? A.Running candidates for elected office B.Raising money to fund election campaigns C.Organizing voter-registration and get-out-the-vote campaigns D.Drawing public attention to pressing policy issues

A.Running candidates for elected office

Firms in imperfectly competitive markets engage in advertising to A.differentiate their products and increase demand B.achieve allocative efficiency and decrease prices C.decrease costs of production and increase profits D.decrease the firms' concentration in the market and increase market output

A.differentiate their products and increase demand

What causes weather patterns to move from west to east across the United States? A. Trade winds B. Jet stream C. Mountain ranges D. Gulf Stream

B. Jet stream -The jet stream is a high-velocity wind in the lower levels of the atmosphere that attains speeds of more than 250 miles per hour as it moves in a westerly direction, carrying weather patterns with it.

Assume Country X can produce either 100 computers or 20 cars. The opportunity cost of producing a car in Country X is A. 1/5 of a computer B. 5 computers C. 1/5 of a car D. 5 cars

B. 5 computers

Which of the following best describes the political organization of Maya civilization circa 300-700 C.E.? A. A large empire with a centralized bureaucracy B. A collection of independent city-states C. An early instance of democracy, with voting for property-holding men D. A feudal state dominated by local warlords

B. A collection of independent city-states -During the fourth through eighth centuries C.E., Maya civilization was composed of a series of independent city-states, under which the most powerful cities ruled over smaller, dependent cities.

In the decade after the end of the Cold War, United States foreign policy was most strongly characterized by which of the following? A. A general retreat from world affairs and a renewed concern for the Western Hemisphere B. A focus on expanding economic prosperity through globalization and free trade C. An effort to prevent the reemergence of fascism by postponing the reunification of Germany D. The modernization of the country's nuclear weapons stockpiles to deter foreign terrorist organizations

B. A focus on expanding economic prosperity through globalization and free trade -After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States was able to shift some of the energy and focus that had been devoted to the Cold War standoff to more productive economic goals. United States leaders believed that globalization offered the clearest path to both national and international prosperity, and pursued policies to break down trade barriers and open new markets to American businesses.

Which of the following statements regarding the circumstances of Canada, Australia, and South Africa within the British Empire during the nineteenth century is most true? A. All three regions endured protracted and bitter wars between settlers and native peoples. B. All three regions contained a large proportion of European settlers and had considerable autonomy. C. All three regions were wrested from other European states by Great Britain in colonial wars. D. All three regions served as centers of manufacturing and industrial production for British markets.

B. All three regions contained a large proportion of European settlers and had considerable autonomy. -These regions were largely settled by people of European descent. Although they were territories under the British Empire, Canada, Australia, and South Africa all operated under relative sovereignty with representative governments and locally elected parliaments in the nineteenth century. This was partially due to their long distance from Great Britain and their inhabitants' preference for representative government.

Which of the following are the four types of anthropology? A.Linguistic, archaeological, social, and civilized B.Biological, archaeological, linguistic, and cultural C.Linguistic, sociological, biological, and psychological D.Psychological, paleontological, linguistic, and cultural

B. Biological, archaeological, linguistic, and cultural

Which of the following is the best example of a nation-state? A. Russia B. Japan C. Spain D. The United States

B. Japan -A nation-state is a country of citizens who share a common culture and ethnic origin and who together compose a state. The nation-state does not exist fully in reality because most national populations are diverse, to a degree. In western Europe Iceland is closest to this ideal type. Japan, because it has set limits on immigration, is the closest to the type in Asia.

The initial spread of Buddhism in China and the spread of Christianity in the Mediterranean before 600 C.E. shared which of the following similarities? A.Both religions were popular because they emphasized gender equality. B.Both religions were heavily influenced by local religions and philosophies. C.Both religions gained popularity despite opposition from imperial authorities. D.Neither religion was significantly influenced by commerce.

B. Both religions were heavily influenced by local religions and philosophies. -Although Buddhism originated in India, Daoist and Confucian influences created a distinct version of Buddhism in China known as Chan. -Similarly, while Christianity began as a small Jewish sect, it was heavily influenced by Greco-Roman ideas and philosophies as it spread throughout the Mediterranean.

Which of the following did Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia have in common as monarchs? A. Both rulers attempted to isolate their countries and resist outside influence. B. Both rulers distrusted the people of the noble class and forced them to live in close proximity to their royal courts. C. Both rulers held a great interest in maritime technology and visited Dutch and English shipyards to learn their secrets. D. Both rulers were enlightened despots who attempted to rule through the loyalty of their subjects.

B. Both rulers distrusted the people of the noble class and forced them to live in close proximity to their royal courts. -At the height of his power, Louis XIV moved the location of his royal court to Versailles, France, a location relatively remote from the city of Paris. Here, the king was able to keep close watch on the nobility and aristocracy by rewarding those who attended his court and waited on him constantly. -Peter the Great introduced sweeping reforms in Russia with the intent of modernizing and westernizing the country. The czar prohibited his courtiers from wearing long beards (a tradition in Russia for centuries) and forced them to wear western-style clothing. His Table of Ranks, a method by which nobles worked their way up from the landlord class to the military class, was set in place to encourage aristocrats to serve him as administrators or military professionals.

Which of the following financial instruments is most likely to offer the lowest risk and highest return for a short-term investment? A.Cash B.Certificate of deposit C.Real estate D.Stocks

B. Certificate of deposit -The certificate of deposit has a higher return than cash and is less risky than stocks and real estate.

The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution are political events that took place in which of the following countries? A.Russia B.China C.Cuba D.Vietnam

B. China -The Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) and the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) were initiated by the Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong.

Which of the following best describes the movement of a concept, innovation, or discovery from its area of origin to new areas? A. Culture hearth B. Cultural diffusion C. Culture complex D. Cultural realm

B. Cultural diffusion

If the government imposes new regulations on businesses to increase product safety, real output and price level will change in which of the following ways? Real Output Price Level A.Decrease Decrease B.Decrease Increase C.Increase Increase D.Increase Decrease

B. Decrease and Increase -While the regulations may have positive impacts on safety, they are not free. The regulations impose higher costs on businesses and will cause aggregate supply to shift to the left. This shift will cause higher price levels and lower outputs.

Which of the following was an effect of the collapse of centralized communist governments on Eastern Europe in 1989? A. Rapid development of technology industries B. Ethnic conflict as a result of deep historical tensions C. Successive waves of invasion by armies of the USSR D. Establishment of neofascist military dictatorships

B. Ethnic conflict as a result of deep historical tensions -In 1989, Eastern Europe transitioned out of Soviet domination. This process led to a violent civil war in Yugoslavia, which had been constructed as a multiethnic state after the First World War. Conflicts also broke out as people that were not ethnically Russian attempted to establish independent states, such as in Chechnya.

Which of the following distinguishes the colonization of New France in the eighteenth century from that of New England? A. French colonists were more likely to create permanent settlements and to engage in warfare with Native American tribes. B. French colonists were more likely to pursue trade in furs with Native Americans and to intermarry with them. C. French colonists held the territories they inhabited more securely over time and built more long-lasting settlements. D. French colonists provided greater flows of raw materials and profit to the royal French government than did New England to the British royal government.

B. French colonists were more likely to pursue trade in furs with Native Americans and to intermarry with them. -The French fur trade was a larger component of economic activity in New France than in New England, and the French, especially fur traders, were more likely to intermarry with Native Americans than colonists in New England.

Which of the following was an important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A. Decreased power of the Catholic Church in Spain and Portugal B. Increased literacy in predominately Protestant states C. Improved relations between the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches D. Decreased military threat from the Ottoman Empire in Central Europe

B. Increased literacy in predominately Protestant states -The centrality of reading the Bible to Protestant theology, the translation of the Bible into the vernacular language, and the use of the printing press for mass production of books all contributed to an increase in literacy rates in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Which of the following was the primary source of agricultural labor in the British colonies in North America during the early years of colonization until the 1660s? A. Slaves imported from Africa B. Indentured servants from Great Britain C. Irish immigrants fleeing the potato famine D. Indians who were enslaved by the colonists

B. Indentured servants from Great Britain -During the seventeenth century, the vast majority (as much as 80% in Virginia) of immigrants to the colonies came as indentured servants, and they continued to be an important source of labor in New England and the Middle Atlantic states long after.

Which of the following is true of the United States Constitution? A.It requires that citizens vote in federal and state elections. B.It enumerates the powers of federal and state governments. C.It limits the number of major political parties to two. D.It specifies the exact number of federal courts in the country.

B. It enumerates the powers of federal and state governments.

The Supreme Court's power of judicial review was established under A.Hylton v. United States B.Marbury v. Madison C.Article I of the United States Constitution D.The Ninth Amendment of the United States Constitution

B. Marbury v. Madison -The decision in Marbury v. Madison to void acts of Congress that are in conflict with the Constitution played a large role in establishing the Court as a separate and equal branch of government.

"Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with." Question: The thought of which of the following Renaissance thinkers is expressed by the passage above? A. Francesco Petrarch B. Niccolò Machiavelli C. Dante Alighieri D. Leonardo da Vinci

B. Niccolò Machiavelli -The quoted passage is from Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince, a Renaissance instruction manual for elites, which concerns the choices that political figures are required to make to preserve peace and stability. In his writing, Machiavelli notes the difference between public and private morality, or the difference between a political figure's reputation and his or her willingness to act immorally to achieve certain goals.

Voter turnout is typically highest in which of the following elections? A. Off-year congressional elections B. Presidential general elections C. Presidential primary elections D. Local elections

B. Presidential general elections

Negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1960s and 1970s most often dealt with which of the following issues? A.Repatriating refugees from communist countries who fled to the United States B.Reducing the production of nuclear arms in both countries C.Ending military conflicts between the two countries D.Adding the Soviet Union to the United Nations

B. Reducing the production of nuclear arms in both countries -During the 1960s and 1970s, there was widespread fear of the rapid production, proliferation, and stockpiling of nuclear arms. Many attempts were made to reduce nuclear weapons on both sides of the Cold War divide, including the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1968 and the SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Talk) agreements.

Which of the following terms describes the process by which bureaucrats interpret the meaning of laws and decide how they should be implemented? A. Lawmaking B. Rulemaking C. Adjudication D. Lobbying

B. Rulemaking -Bureaucrats in federal agencies interpret and implement laws through the rulemaking process.

Former slaves who could not afford to buy land during Reconstruction often turned to which of the following? A. Factory work B. Sharecropping C. Railroad building D. Clerical work

B. Sharecropping -Sharecropping (tenant farming) was the primary way former slaves supported themselves after the Civil War in the South. The Northern wartime promise of the redistribution of Southern lands to former slaves, made by, among others, General William T. Sherman during his march on Atlanta, was rescinded quickly. During Reconstruction and after, most former slaves resumed work as sharecroppers on plantations that continued to be owned by White people.

Which of the following best characterizes the political structures of the Greek city-states of Sparta and Athens in the classical period (circa 510 B.C.E. to 323 B.C.E.) ? A. Sparta granted citizenship to women, banished slavery, and developed an early form of democracy; Athens granted women citizenship but kept the majority of its population as slaves and lacked institutions for citizen participation in government. B. Sparta was a military encampment that required citizens to serve as soldiers most of their lives; Athens was a limited democracy in which citizens participated in government, including the military, but performed other work too. C. Both Sparta and Athens were peaceful democracies that had wide participation in the polis (city-state) by all men who were property owners. D. Both Sparta and Athens were military dictatorships that lacked political structures through which citizens could participate in running the state or making decisions about waging war.

B. Sparta was a military encampment that required citizens to serve as soldiers most of their lives; Athens was a limited democracy in which citizens participated in government, including the military, but performed other work too. -In order to pacify the Helots (slaves) who performed most agricultural work, Sparta converted its citizenry into a standing army, for which service began in boyhood. Athens, by contrast, was a more open society with active participation of citizens — albeit only a small percentage of all inhabitants — in an assembly and a richer civic life.

Which of the following most directly allowed early factories in the United States to appear outside the mill towns of New England? A. Interchangeable parts B. Steam power C. Limited liability D. Slave labor

B. Steam power -The innovation of the steam engine and the use of coal as a source of energy allowed for the expansion of manufacturing beyond the mill towns of New England and reduced the dependency on water-powered machinery.

Which of the following was an argument made by the Anti-Federalists against the ratification of the Constitution? A. The Constitution did not provide a clear separation of powers. B. The Constitution failed to protect individual rights. C. The Constitution failed to give enough power to the national government. D. The Constitution did not allow the states to be a part of the amendment process.

B. The Constitution failed to protect individual rights. -The Anti-Federalists believed that the original Constitution should not be ratified because its text did not include specific individual political rights.

Which of the following illustrates the short-run impacts of an increase in government purchases on the price level and real output? A.The aggregate demand curve shifts to the right, decreasing the price level and real output. B.The aggregate demand curve shifts to the right, increasing the price level and real output. C.The aggregate supply curve shifts to the right, increasing the price level and real output. D.The aggregate supply curve shifts to the left, increasing the price level and decreasing real output.

B. The aggregate demand curve shifts to the right, increasing the price level and real output. -Government purchases are a component of aggregate demand. An increase in government purchases increases aggregate demand (AD), shifting the AD curve to the right, increasing both the price level and real output in the short run.

Which of the following initiatives was a Progressive Era response to the threat of environmental degradation? A. The establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency B. The creation of the national park system C. The development of air quality legislation D. The banning of synthetic pesticides

B. The creation of the national park system -The national park system, initiated with the founding of Yellowstone in 1872, was greatly expanded under President Theodore Roosevelt, for whom conservation was an important political goal.

Which of the following was the most important contributing factor to the outbreak of the Iranian Revolution in 1979? A. The desire to create a Westernized, secular state on the model of Turkey B. The desire to restore Islamic fundamentalist theology as a political force C. The desire to liberate Iran from the political and economic control of the Soviet Union D. The desire to nationalize oil fields to economically support a military regime

B. The desire to restore Islamic fundamentalist theology as a political force -Demonstrations against the United States-supported Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi began in 1977 and the revolution took place in 1979. Under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Iran became an Islamic republic with a government intent on eliminating secularism.

Which of the following major economic transformations took place in the United States during the Gilded Age? A. The country shifted from manufacturing economy to an information economy. B. The economic gap between social classes widened. C. The government took an active role in regulating business. D. Racial and ethnic inequality became less pronounced.

B. The economic gap between social classes widened -The Gilded Age (from about 1870 to 1900) was marked by rapid industrialization and a concentration of wealth, often at the expense of the working class and farmers.

Which of the following issues caused both the Whig and Democratic Parties to split internally in the 1850s along sectional lines? A. The legalization of labor unions B. The extension of slavery to newly acquired territories C. The cost of acquiring the Louisiana Territory D. The incorporation of Canadian provinces into the federal system of the United States

B. The extension of slavery to newly acquired territories -The Whig Party and the Democratic Party, were split over the issue of whether to extend slavery into the newly acquired territories of the United States. The split was between slave and free states, roughly between the North and the South.

Which of the following was a direct result of the Neolithic Revolution? A. The establishment of long-distance trade networks B. The growth of agricultural communities C. The use of cave paintings D. The development of metal tools and weapons

B. The growth of agricultural communities -The Neolithic Revolution (began around 10,000 BCE in the Fertile Crescent) was characterized by the development of settled agriculture and animal domestication.

Which of the following is true of the market basket of goods and services used to calculate the consumer price index? A. The market basket changes every year as prices of goods and services change. B. The market basket remains fixed to measure the change in the prices of the same goods. C. The market basket changes every year as real gross domestic product changes. D. The market basket gets smaller over time as population grows.

B. The market basket remains fixed to measure the change in the prices of the same goods. -The consumer price index holds the market basket constant so that only changes in price are measured.

The global industrial division of labor has impacted East Asia in which of the following ways? A.Poverty has increased within the urban populations of East Asia. B.The middle-class population of East Asia has grown substantially. C.The status of East Asian women has declined substantially. D.Population growth in most East Asian countries has boomed.

B. The middle-class population of East Asia has grown substantially. -The change brought by the global industrial division of labor has converted East Asian countries from agricultural economies to manufacturing and service-based urban economies, which has resulted in increased wages and improved social status for much of the region's population.

The conquests of Alexander of Macedon most directly resulted in which of the following? A. The spread of Roman power across the Mediterranean B. The spread of Greek culture to the Middle East, Central Asia, and India C. The spread of Buddhism to Greece D. The spread of Chinese science and technology to Europe

B. The spread of Greek culture to the Middle East, Central Asia, and India -The conquests of Alexander the Great of Macedon (r. 336-323 B.C.E.) led to the establishment of Macedonian dynasties and Greek colonies across the Middle East, Central Asia, and what is now northern India. These dynasties brought with them Greek cultural traditions.

Which of the following is the best example of an application of the full faith and credit clause? A. The state of California charges tourists a fee to use state parks. B. The state of Connecticut recognizes marriage licenses from all other states. C. The state of Virginia does not charge churches for property or sales tax. D. The state of Texas must get congressional approval to do business with Mexico.

B. The state of Connecticut recognizes marriage licenses from all other states. -In Article IV, Section I of the United States Constitution, the full faith and credit clause establishes that states have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state."

Which of the following effects of the Industrial Revolution most likely influenced Karl Marx's development of the Communist Manifesto? A. Decreasing economic opportunities for agricultural workers B. The widening socioeconomic gap between factory owners and factory workers C. The increasing role of women in the workforce D. Growing levels of pollution in urban areas

B. The widening socioeconomic gap between factory owners and factory workers -The development of the Communist Manifesto was largely influenced by Marx's observations of the poor working conditions of factory workers and the growing wealth and influence of factory owners.

Agricultural products such as coffee, tea, and sugar that are grown for consumers outside of the farmer's local area are considered A.nonfood crops B.cash crops C.subsistence crops D.textile crops

B. cash crops

The patent for a popular blood-thinning drug expires this year, and a number of pharmaceutical companies have decided to produce generic versions of the drug. As a result, the price of the drug will A. increase due to a decrease in the supply B. decrease due to an increase in the supply C. decrease due to a decrease in the demand D. increase due to an increase in the demand

B. decrease due to an increase in the supply

After a college football team lost a key game against an arch rival, a crowd of fans ran onto the field, screaming and throwing things. The people in the crowd were otherwise law-abiding citizens. Their behavior can be explained by the principle of A. social loafing B. deindividuation C. group polarization D. scapegoating

B. deindividuation -Deindividuation occurs when people tend to lose some of their self-awareness and self-restraint when in groups.

The rapid economic growth of Japan in the 1970s and 1980s and, slightly later, of the group of countries that were known as the Asian Tigers (South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan) was largely a result of A. centrally planned economies on the model of the People's Republic of China and North Korea B. government-backed industrialization, high tariffs on imported goods, and export of manufactured goods C. the provision of raw materials to the United States and Europe and the resulting importation of finished goods from them D. cultivation of direct foreign investment by the United States and encouragement of consumer spending over saving

B. government-backed industrialization, high tariffs on imported goods, and export of manufactured goods -After the Second World War, and partly because it was restrained from military spending, the Japanese government invested heavily in the development of industry. Until a dramatic recession in the 1990s, the Japanese also deployed an export-led trade policy that generated huge trade surpluses and stoked its economy. The Asian Tigers, observing this success, strove to imitate the Japanese economic model with similar results (rapid growth followed by sustained recession).

Media coverage of elections that primarily focuses on which candidates are ahead and behind in the polls is referred to as A. yellow journalism B. horse race journalism C. muckraking D. watchdog journalism

B. horse race journalism -During election campaigns, news media coverage tends to focus on how candidates are polling in a phenomenon referred to as horse race journalism.

Political polarization is best described as a process in which A. party coalitions in the electorate shift such that groups supporting each party change B. individuals' political preferences increasingly resemble those of the political parties they are affiliated with C. citizens increasingly identify as independent and do not affiliate with a major political party D. Democratic and Republican legislators are able to achieve compromise and pass legislation together

B. individuals' political preferences increasingly resemble those of the political parties they are affiliated with

The framers of the Constitution argued that judicial independence would be best protected by A. the nomination power of the president B. life tenure with good behavior C. the confirmation power of the Senate D. traditions and norms in the legal profession

B. life tenure with good behavior -The framers believed that justices serving with life tenure would be insulated from undue political pressures.

Roman society in the Republican period is most closely associated with A. an embrace of monotheistic religious practices B. struggles between patricians and plebs for social and political rights C. a lack of armed conflict between rival political factions D. the rejection of Greek cultural traditions

B. struggles between patricians and plebs for social and political rights -From the mid fourth century until the first century B.C.E. bitter conflicts arose between the upper-class patrician and lower-class plebeian classes over political power and economic and social equality. Gradually, the plebeians gained full legal and political equality. However, despite greater economic and social mobility in Roman society, plebeians often depended on the patricians for patronage. Wide economic, social, and political disparities between the two groups persisted throughout the Republican period.

Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were all advocates for the claim that A. women should be encouraged to consume alcohol in public B. women should be granted the same voting rights as men C. women should be allowed to enlist in the armed services D. women should receive equal pay for the same work done by men

B. women should be granted the same voting rights as men -Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were all advocates of women's suffrage in the nineteenth century. Each woman was actively engaged in multiple social reform movements, including abolitionism and temperance, but they were most associated with establishing equal rights for women, including the right to vote.

The farther it is from the source of its invention, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted, and the weaker its impact is likely to be. This geographic effect is known as A.a cultural barrier B.distance decay C.a physical barrier D.time-space convergence

B.distance decay -The spatial process of distance decay is patterned along the principle of Tobler's Law, which states that everything is related to everything else but closer things are more related than distant things.

Which TWO of the following were results of the 1783 Treaty of Paris between the United States and Great Britain? A. The United States agreed to outlaw the Atlantic slave trade. B. Great Britain agreed to pay the United States reparations. C. Great Britain relinquished all claims to the United States. D. The United States gained access to lands east of the Mississippi River.

C and D are correct. -The Treaty of Paris, signed in September 1783 by representatives of Great Britain and the United States, ended the American Revolution. The two countries agreed that the former thirteen colonies would no longer belong to Great Britain and the United States could now access the Mississippi River.

Which of the following most likely led to the shift in human societies from hunting and gathering to agriculture beginning circa 8,000 B.C.E. ? A. Development of metallurgy B. Larger-capacity braincases C. Climate change D. Spread of language

C. Climate change -The end of the last ice age occurred around 10,000 B.C.E., and the increasing warmth spurred a shift from hunting and gathering to systematic agriculture over time.

"Democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths." James Madison, The Federalist #10 Which of the following best characterizes Madison's preferred form of government? A.Parliamentary democracy B.Theocracy C.Constitutional republic D.Constitutional monarchy

C. Constitutional Republic

A member of Congress observes that 70 percent of her constituents support a law that requires stricter regulation of carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. Despite some concerns over how the law will be implemented, she votes in favor of it. The congresswoman's actions reflect which of the following models of representation? A.Activist B.Trustee C.Delegate D.Advocate

C. Delegate -When representatives vote in accordance with the preference of the majority of their constituents they are following a delegate model of representation.

Which of the following is an example of pork-barrel politics? A. Accepting federal funds for political campaigns B. Passing state legislation that helps only one political party C. Directing federal funds to a representative's district through legislation D. Approving state subsidies to farmers for agricultural use

C. Directing federal funds to a representative's district through legislation

Which of the following had the responsibility to oversee the implementation of school desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling? A.The president B.Congress C.Federal district courts D.The police

C. Federal district courts -Federal district courts were charged with overseeing the implementation of school desegregation following the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.

Significant campaign finance reform is difficult to achieve because the Supreme Court views campaign donations as being protected by the A.Tenth Amendment B.Fourteenth Amendment C.First Amendment D.Eighth Amendment

C. First Amendment -Donations are considered to be free speech

Which of the following accusations did colonists make against King George III and the British Parliament in the Declaration of Independence? A. Violating the law of eminent domain by seizing private property for use by the government B. Embezzling tax money for the personal use of the Crown C. Frustrating the working of representative government and the law in the colonies D. Waging an illegal war against the French in Canada and mistreating Native Americans

C. Frustrating the working of representative government and the law in the colonies -Among the injustices named in the Declaration of Independence, the colonists accused King George III and the British Parliament of dissolving houses of representatives in the colonies and of failing to apply existing British law to the colonies.

Clothing manufacturers discover that the availability of a mineral necessary to produce red dyes is going to be very limited due to flooding in the area where it is normally mined. Which of the following will most likely occur? A. Consumers will demand more red clothing because it is scarce. B. Producers will increase the supply of red clothing due to higher prices. C. Higher production costs will cause a decrease in the supply of red clothing produced. D. The amount of red clothing demanded will not change because it depends on preferences.

C. Higher production costs will cause a decrease in the supply of red clothing produced. -The supply of a good is affected by the cost of production. The supply of red dyes decreases and the price of red dyes increases. The increase in the price of red dyes increases the cost of producing red clothing, causing the supply of red clothing to decrease.

Which of the following led to Islam becoming the dominant religion in Indonesia from circa 1600 C.E. to the present? A. Indonesia's importance as a key province of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates B. The conquest of Indonesia by Shiite Muslims from Sri Lanka in the sixteenth century C. Indonesians' trade with Arab and Persian merchants across the Indian Ocean D. Indonesia's importance as a colony in India's trade empire in the fourteenth century

C. Indonesians' trade with Arab and Persian merchants across the Indian Ocean -Muslim traders encountered Indonesia via the Indian Ocean maritime system as early as the eleventh century C.E., but significant evidence of the presence of Muslims does not appear until the thirteenth century. -As trade expanded and more Muslim merchants came to Indonesia, local rulers began to adopt Islam, so that by the end of the sixteenth century, Islam was the religion of the majority.

According to pluralist theories of democracy, which of the following is a benefit provided by the activities of interest groups? A.Judicial interpretation B.Raising revenue C.Interest aggregation D.Government accountability

C. Interest aggregation -A benefit provided by the activities of interest groups is interest aggregation, or the combining of political demands into policy programs.

In both the House of Representatives and the Senate, which of the following is a key advantage of the majority party? A.It receives more funding for campaigns. B.It appoints all Cabinet secretaries. C.It selects the chairpersons of all committees. D.It appoints Supreme Court justices.

C. It selects the chairpersons of all committees.

"Three millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of Nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us." —Patrick Henry, March 1775 The quote above demonstrates which of the following beliefs held by colonists? A. The colonies were militarily superior to the British. B. All American colonists supported the American Revolution. C. Justice was on the side of the colonists' rebellion. D. French support would be crucial to the colonists' victory.

C. Justice was on the side of the colonists' rebellion. -In his famous "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death" speech, Patrick Henry was attempting to rouse popular support in favor of the American Revolution, in part by arguing that the Revolution's cause was just.

Which of the following developments most strongly contributed to the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Great Britain? A.The overthrow of King James II during the Glorious Revolution B.The end of the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France C.Land reforms and increases in agricultural production D.Growing popular support for the abolition of slavery in the British Empire

C. Land reforms and increases in agricultural production -Prior to the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, smaller agricultural holdings were consolidated into larger farms, and communal lands were eliminated through enclosure. In addition, innovations and improvements in agricultural technology and transportation helped increase food production and decreased the share of population dedicated to agriculture. The reduction in workers needed for agriculture allowed more people to migrate to cities, thereby substantially increasing the pool of urban workers needed for industrialization.

Which of the following can serve as a limit on a president's foreign-policy-making power? A.Congress can veto a president's declaration of war. B.The Senate can refuse to ratify an executive agreement with another country. C.Low public-approval ratings can undermine a president's foreign policy agenda. D.Limited media coverage of foreign affairs can diminish the president's ability to take action abroad.

C. Low public-approval ratings can undermine a president's foreign policy agenda.

Which of the following powers does the Constitution grant to the president? A. Declaring war B. Levying taxes C. Making appointments D. Submitting a budget to Congress

C. Making appointments

Which of the following best characterizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Griswold v. Connecticut? A. Prayer in schools is a violation of the First Amendment. B. The Court may exercise judicial review to invalidate legislation. C. Married couples have certain privacy rights that legislatures may not violate. D. Evidence obtained in unconstitutional search and seizures is inadmissible in court.

C. Married couples have certain privacy rights that legislatures may not violate. -In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Court ruled that married couples have privacy rights that legislatures may not violate. This case was a foundational case for the right to privacy. (Had to do with contraceptive use)

Which of the following statements best describes the environmental consequences of the Columbian Exchange? A. A wave of epidemic diseases from the Americas sharply diminished European and Asian populations. B. Domesticated animals from the Americas became key to Europe's meat supply. C. Native American populations were decimated by diseases spread through contact with Europeans. D. Tobacco was transplanted to large central African plantations.

C. Native American populations were decimated by diseases spread through contact with Europeans. -The exchange of animals, plants, humans, culture, pathogens, and ideas between American and Afro-Eurasian civilizations is often referred to as the Columbian Exchange. The transfer of pathogens specifically affected Native American populations, as diseases such as smallpox reduced their numbers by what historians argue to have been 80 to 95%.

"You may well ask: 'Why direct action? Why sit ins, marches and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?' You are quite right in calling for negotiation. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored." Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" (1963) Question: Of the following, which is a strategy reflected in the passage above that the Civil Rights movement used to obtain racial equality? A. Repudiation of the passage of civil rights legislation in the 1950s B. Violent confrontation to destroy patterns of segregation in the South C. Peaceful civil disobedience to obtain social change D. Alliance with foreign critics of the United States' record of racial discrimination

C. Peaceful civil disobedience to obtain social change -"Letter from a Birmingham Jail" expressed to a group of White ministers who had issued a statement opposing King's strategy of nonviolent provocation his philosophy of achieving civil rights gains through peaceful but confrontational measures.

Between circa 1820 and 1840, the growing economy of the United States relied primarily on which of the following for transportation of goods between regions? A. The extensive system of roads that had been installed by the British before the American Revolution B. A new system of roads and railroads built by the federal government of the United States C. Privately built roads and railroads as well as water transport, including canals D. The postal service that had been established under the Articles of Confederation

C. Privately built roads and railroads as well as water transport, including canals -With the exception of the National Road, begun in 1811, most roads in the United States were privately built, as were all railroads. Canals, particularly the Erie Canal, became increasingly important during the period, although water transport had been the primary method for moving goods since the beginning of British settlement.

Which of the following was an immediate cause of the sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803? A. The French feared that the United States would ally with the Spanish to invade the territory. B. The British threatened to invade France if they did not reduce the size of their empire. C. The French could no longer afford the territory after the loss of its sugar colonies in the Caribbean. D. The Spanish preferred the United States as an immediate neighbor in North America to the French.

C. The French could no longer afford the territory after the loss of its sugar colonies in the Caribbean -After the Haitian Revolution began in 1791, France unsuccessfully attempted to re-enslave the Caribbean colony. With the loss of its sugarcane plantations, the unofficial resale of Louisiana by the Spanish, and an impending war with Britain, the French saw little use for the land and sold the entire territory to the United States for 15 million dollars.

Which of the following is a difference between the Senate and the House of Representatives? A. The Senate has many more committees than the House does. B. The Senate uses a system of seniority, but the House does not. C. The Senate is governed by fewer formal rules than the House is. D. The Senate is more receptive to legislative proposals from the president than the House is.

C. The Senate is governed by fewer formal rules than the House is.

Which of the following was a significant factor in the development of agriculture in both Mesopotamia and the Harappan Civilization during the Neolithic Revolution? A.The widespread use of sericulture B.The emergence of the three-field system of crop rotation C.The creation of extensive irrigation networks D.The reliance on rice cultivation

C. The creation of extensive irrigation networks

Which of the following resulted from the Bantu migrations in sub-Saharan Africa from circa 500 B.C.E. to 1000 C.E.? A. The northward spread of Indo-European languages and culture B. The northward spread of gold mining to Nubia and North Africa C. The southward spread of agricultural cultivation and the domestication of animals D. The southward spread of nomadic settlement patterns and hunting and gathering

C. The southward spread of agricultural cultivation and the domestication of animals -The Bantu migrations (from the Congo to present day Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania) spread new techniques of farming, and probably iron smelting, and contributed to the development of denser settlements in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as to a distinctive regional culture. -The Bantu people migrated from the Congo (near modern-day Nigeria) southward and eastward, because of drought, famine, and population increase

Which of the following is a function of standing committees? A. They resolve discrepancies between bills that have been passed by both houses of Congress. B. They are formed on a temporary basis to investigate a pressing issue. C. They allow members of Congress to gain expertise in specific policy areas. D. They provide an opportunity for the minority party to gain leadership positions.

C. They allow members of Congress to gain expertise in specific policy areas. -Standing committees are permanent committees that focus on a specific policy area, thus allowing members to gain expertise.

The mean December-February temperature in Moscow is significantly lower than that in Copenhagen, even though both cities are located the same distance from the equator, because Moscow's temperature reflects its location in A.an arctic climate region B.a highland climate region C.a continental climate region D.a marine climate region

C. a continental climate region -Moscow lies inland within the Eurasian continental landmass and far from oceans and seas, which would mediate winter temperatures at a similar longitude as they do in the marine climate of Copenhagen.

In contrast to developed countries, developing countries are generally characterized by A. a higher proportion of high school graduates in their population B. lower population growth rates C. a higher proportion of their population working in agriculture D. lower emigration rates

C. a higher proportion of their population working in agriculture -Developing countries, which have real per capita income that is low relative to that in developed countries, tend to have a higher proportion of their workforce employed in agriculture. Populations in developing countries are less educated, on average, than those in developed countries, so (A) is not a correct answer. Population growth rates of developing countries tend to be higher than those of developed countries, so (B) is not a correct answer. More people tend to emigrate from developing countries than from developed countries, so (D) is not a correct answer.

According to Karl Marx, the modern social structure is a product of A. anomie B. bureaucracy C. capitalism D. rationality

C. capitalism -Marx believed that class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie was the main feature of modern social structure and that capitalism was the source of the struggle.

Selective incorporation is the process by which A. the president selects judicial nominees for federal court B. the bureaucracy decides how a policy should be implemented C. certain Bill of Rights protections have been applied at the state level D. amendments have been incorporated into the Constitution

C. certain Bill of Rights protections have been applied at the state level

The commercial banking system creates money when A.required reserves equal excess reserves B.excess reserves decrease with additional deposits C.excess reserves are loaned out D.borrowers pay back loans

C. excess reserves are loaned out -The money supply is primarily made up of the currency in circulation and demand deposits. Banks create money by lending out excess reserves that will create new demand deposits.

According to psychologists, the most important developmental task during adolescence is A. motor-skill formation B. suppressing emotions C. identity formation D. maintaining secure attachments

C. identity formation

When the economy is in a recession, the Federal Reserve might implement an expansionary monetary policy in an effort to increase aggregate demand, which will cause A. interest rates to decline B. government spending to increase C. real gross domestic product and the price level to increase D. real gross domestic product to increase and the price level to decrease

C. real gross domestic product and the price level to increase -An increase in aggregate demand will increase both real GDP and the price level.

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court relied on which of the following constitutional provisions to find that public school segregation is unconstitutional? A. The commerce clause B. The supremacy clause C. The equal protection clause D. The necessary and proper clause

C. the equal protection clause -In Brown, a unanimous Court held that state laws establishing schools segregated by race were in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Confucianism developed as a system of thought in China primarily in response to A. social and economic dislocation brought about by rapid urbanization and industrialization B. the introduction of European ideas and Christian missionary activity that challenged Chinese traditions C. the instability and political crises brought about by frequent regional conflict during the Warring States period D. the cultural shock caused by military reversals in the wake of nomadic invasions by the Xiongnu

C. the instability and political crises brought about by frequent regional conflict during the Warring States period -Although Confucius died just before the Warring States period (475-221 B.C.E.), his followers Mencius and Xunzi spread his philosophy as a way to understand how a ruler could govern wisely and benevolently. The period was known not only for its conflict, but also for the fertility of its cultural advances. Thus, Confucianism helped establish the governmental institutions and cultural assumptions about leadership that were to guide China for the next two millennia.

A mental map would most likely be used to determine A. the optimal number of alternative energy sources in a given municipality B. the current number of public libraries in a region C. the most interesting route to school from home D. the site with the best transportation infrastructure for a new industrial park

C. the most interesting route to school from home -A mental map consists of memory constructs intervening between geographic settings and human action. Mental maps incorporate not only physical location, but also social and economic understanding of the geography in question. Since a mental map reflects a person's perception, residents of a neighborhood, for example, would have a different mental map of the dense network of streets than those who pass through the neighborhood but live elsewhere.

Which of the following best describes a situation where economic efficiency is achieved? A.The economy can produce more goods and services when resources are redistributed. B.A country distributes income and wealth equally among its citizens. C.An economy can only produce more goods and services when more resources are available. D.A country's unemployment rate is higher than its natural rate of unemployment.

C.An economy can only produce more goods and services when more resources are available. -Economic efficiency means that an economy cannot do better with its current resources and technology.

The distribution of personal income in a pure market economy is based on A.income tax rates B.life expectancy of the population C.the productivity and ownership of resources D.the size of the government budget and spending

C.the productivity and ownership of resources

Which of the following best characterizes the effect of the electoral college on United States presidential elections? A.It encourages candidates to maximize their votes in states where most of their supporters live. B.It requires the winner to gain a plurality of the popular vote in a majority of states. C.It ensures that the winner will also win a majority of the national popular vote. D.It encourages candidates to focus their campaigns on a handful of competitive states.

D. It encourages candidates to focus their campaigns on a handful of competitive states.

Which of the following describes an effect of the First World War on civil liberties in the United States before 1920? A. Women were granted the right to vote and the opportunity to serve in military combat roles. B. Prohibition was abolished as returning troops demanded the right to buy alcohol. C. Immigration laws were changed to allow admission of large numbers of refugees from war-torn Europe. D. Laws on espionage and sedition were expanded to target anti-American language and behavior.

D. Laws on espionage and sedition were expanded to target anti-American language and behavior -The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 both affected civil liberties in the United States during the First World War. The Sedition Act of 1918 criminalized language viewed as disloyal or overly critical of the United States government. As a result, many citizens were arrested for their behavior, including members of communist and socialist groups.

The relationship between prejudice and discrimination is best characterized by which of the following? A. Stereotype and generalization B. Faith and values C. Morality and law D. Attitude and action

D. Attitude and action -This question asks you to recognize two important concepts concerning social justice and the relationship between them. Prejudice is a bias or hostility toward members of a certain group; discrimination is the carrying out of that belief through deeds. Thus, prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is an action.

Which of the following are in the M1 measure of the money supply? A.Currency held in banks and demand deposit balances B.Currency held in banks and excess reserves C.Currency in circulation, demand deposit balances, and credit card balances D.Currency in circulation and demand deposit balances

D. Currency in circulation and demand deposit balances

The map displays the pattern of Chinese ethnic populations in regions outside of China. Which of the following best describes this pattern resulting from outward migrations beginning in the 1800s? A.Low physiological density B.Balkanization C.Hierarchical diffusion D.Diaspora

D. Diaspora -The dispersed migration pattern of ethnic Chinese to separate parts of the world is best described as a diaspora.

Which of the following is an example of frictional unemployment? A.After retirement, Archeta decides to volunteer at a local food bank instead of looking for paid jobs. B.Guillermo is laid off when sales at his firm decline. C.Pingli loses her job after a robot is developed that can do her work. D. Donte has completed his master's degree and is looking into several job offers.

D. Donte has completed his master's degree and is looking into several job offers. -Frictional unemployment occurs when an individual is unemployed because of changing jobs or looking for the occupation that best suits his or her experience.

What type of map projection shows lines of longitude as straight, parallel lines but shows the shortest land distance between two points on such a map as a great circle route? A.Polar azimuthal B.Robinson C.Goode homolosine D.Mercator

D. Mercator -The Mercator projection shows lines of longitude as straight, parallel lines on the map surface that do not intersect at the poles, as they do on a globe. When calculating for Earth's curvature, the shortest distance between two locations on a Mercator projection will follow a great-circle line across the map, which by comparison would follow a straight line across the surface of a globe.

Which of the following significantly contributed to the decline of both the Western Roman Empire and the Han dynasty? A. Climate change B. The spread of epidemic disease C. The collapse of major trade networks D. Nomadic invasions and internal unrest

D. Nomadic invasions and internal unrest -Continual wars along the northern border with the Xiongnu, a group of nomadic peoples inhabiting the northwest frontier of ancient China, from the third century B.C.E. forward, eventually weakened the Han dynasty and contributed to its collapse in the third century C.E. In the case of the Roman Empire, invasions by various Germanic peoples (Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals) and the Huns from the fourth century C.E. onward led to the collapse of the western half of the empire in the late fifth century C.E. In both cases, internal divisions and/or revolts exacerbated the external threat.

Which of the following forms of agriculture would traditionally be practiced in a tropical climate? A. Pastoral farming B. Aquaponic agriculture C. Mixed livestock and crop farming D. Slash-and-burn agriculture

D. Slash-and-burn agriculture -The slash-and-burn farming technique is prevalent in tropical climates and is practiced in patches of forest that are cleared for agriculture by cutting and burning the undergrowth. The plots are used for a relatively short time before being abandoned in favor of freshly cleared areas.

Which of the following statements best describes the Monroe Doctrine? A. The United States declared that it would eschew alliances with European powers in an attempt to avoid foreign conflicts. B. The United States declared that lands occupied by Native Americans should be evacuated for resettlement by Whites. C. The United States vowed to protect Latin American countries from the spread of communism. D. The United States would intervene to prevent European powers from establishing more colonies in the Western Hemisphere.

D. The United States would intervene to prevent European powers from establishing more colonies in the Western Hemisphere. -The Monroe Doctrine, articulated by President James Monroe in 1823, declared that European powers were obligated to accept that the Western Hemisphere was a United States sphere of interest. The doctrine threatened military action if European powers attempted to establish additional colonies in the Americas.

Which of the following political developments most immediately allowed for the emergence of Turkic empires and states across the Middle East and Central Asia shortly after circa 1000 C.E.? A. The arrival of Latin Christian Crusading armies in the Middle East B. The resurgence of the Byzantine Empire's power following conquests in the Balkans C. The collapse of the Tang Empire in China and its subsequent loss of territories in Central Asia D. The decline of the Abbasid caliphate's power because of frequent revolts and political instability

D. The decline of the Abbasid caliphate's power because of frequent revolts and political instability -The Abbasid caliphs faced numerous revolts from disaffected social and religious groups and powerful families. As a result, they experienced tremendous political instability from civil wars and factional infighting in the caliphal court. These struggles exhausted the caliphate's resources, weakened its prestige, and limited its ability to maintain control over territories in its far-flung empire. -When Turkic peoples such as the Ghaznavids and the Seljuqs began conquering large amounts of territory, the caliphs were unable to stop them and instead had to recognize their conquests.

The construction of the Suez Canal in the nineteenth century was most directly a result of which of the following? A.The discovery of petroleum in the Arabian peninsula B.Napoleon's invasion of Egypt during the French Revolution C.The emergence of new Arab states following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire D.The rise of European imperialism in Africa and Asia

D. The rise of European imperialism in Africa and Asia -In 1869 the primarily French-owned Suez Canal Company completed construction of the Suez Canal, which came under British protection officially in 1888. The Suez Canal greatly reduced navigation time and cost and was an important factor in expanding European interests and colonization in Africa.

If a state's population increases, its representation in Congress is most likely to change in which of the following ways? A. The size of Congress will be increased to account for the population increase. B. The state will gain representation in both the House and the Senate. C. The state will gain representation in the Senate only. D. The state will gain representation in the House only.

D. The state will gain representation in the House only

In the United States, the federal bureaucracy functions as part of the A.legislative branch B.judicial branch C.military D.executive branch

D. executive branch -Federal bureaucratic organizations such as the Department of State, the Federal Trade Commission, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are organized under the executive branch to perform essential functions and ensure that services are regularly delivered.

Two neighboring towns of Skyville and Grandview hire basic manufacturing workers in a perfectly competitive labor market. If the demand for basic manufacturing labor in the town of Grandview increased, the wages in Grandview would A. fall, and the demand for labor in Skyville would decrease B. fall, and the supply of labor in Skyville would increase C. rise, and the demand for labor in Skyville would increase D. rise, and the supply of labor in Skyville would decrease

D. rise, and the supply of labor in Skyville would decrease

During Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, those who protested against the leadership of the colony were chiefly A. grandees (elite planters) who wanted to shift the tax burden to poorer farmers B. slaveholders who sought harsh penalties for fugitive slaves C. Native Americans who revolted against being displaced from their lands D. small farmers who wanted to settle on Native American lands

D. small farmers who wanted to settle on Native American lands -Small farmers, as the population of the colony grew, sought cheaper land westward, away from the Atlantic Coast, that Native Americans still occupied. The leaders of the colony, chiefly elite planters, were less interested in cheaper land than in preventing war with the Native Americans, and so the two groups fought. The rebellion by the poorer colonists was crushed, but the leadership of the colony in the end decided that it was safer to unify all British settlers against the Native Americans than to split the settlers in an attempt to purchase peace with Indians, which was likely to fail anyway.