Sociology 101

Feminist

Proponents: Freda Adler, Mesa Chesney-Lind; Emphasis: role of gender, women as victims and perpetrators

Routine activities

Proponents: Marcus Felson; Emphasis: impact of the social environment

Conflict

Proponents: Richard Quinney; Emphasis: dominance by authorized agents, discretionary justice

A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated is called a(n)

ideal type

Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that

social isolation had a damaging effect on the monkeys

______________ are organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society

social movements

The creation of unreliable generalizations that distort the reality of persons, groups, and cultures is indicative of

stereotyping

Max Weber uses the term class to refer to people who share a similar level of

wealth and income

Paul Samuelson

"If we made an income pyramid out of building blocks, with each layer portraying $500 of income, the peak would be far higher than Mount Everest, but most people would be within a few feet of the ground"

Howard Becker popularized this approach

"deviant behavior is behavior that people so label."

The biologist _________________________ blames environmental degradation primarily on technological innovations such as plastics and pesticide

Barry Commoner

Which sociological perspective is most likely to be concerned with television distorting gender roles and stereotyping, often rooted in the media's willingness to promote more traditional views?

Feminist

On the first day of basic training in the army, a recruit has his civilian clothes replaced by army "greens", has his hair shaved off, loses his privacy, and finds that he must use a communal bathroom. All these humiliating activities are part of

a degradation ceremony

Weber used the term class to refer to

a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income.

Which term refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions?

culture lag

G. William Domhoff's model is an example of a(n)

elite theory of power

The incest taboo is an example of

exogamy

Patrilineal descent refers to a

kinship system that favors the relatives of the father

Which of the following statements about the elderly is correct?

(A) being old is a master status; (b) once people are labeled as "old," the designation has a major impact on how others perceive them, and even on how they view themselves; (c) negative stereotypes of the elderly contribute to their position as a minority group subject to discrimination.

The AARP has endorsed

(a) PENSION REFORMS; VOTER REGISTRATION CAMPAIGNS; (c) NURSING HOME REFORMS

Which of the following factors is associated with the high divorce rate in the U.S.?

(a) the liberalization of divorce laws; (b) the fact that contemporary families have fewer children than earlier families did; (c) earning ability of husbands and wives.

One recent development in family life in the U.S. has been the extension of parenthood as adult children continue to live at home or return home after college. The reason for this is

(a) the rising divorce rate; (b) high rents; (c) financial difficulties

According to your text, which of the following statements is true?

(d) all of the above: (a) functionalists portray the elderly as being socially isolated, with reduced social roles; (b) interactionists see older people as being involved in new networks of people and in changing social roles; (c) conflict theorists regard older people as being victimized by social structure, with their social roles relatively unchanged but devalued.

Upper Class

1%: professional, educated, high income, politically acctive

Four stages of exiting a role

1) doubt, 2) search for alternatives, 3) action, 4) creation of new identity

Three different theories of crowd behavior:

1. Contagion theory: people transformed under crowd influence 2. Convergence theory: Crowd is unrepresentative of the population at large 3. Emergent-Norm theory: people's attempt to find meaning in an uncertain social setting; individuals in crowds do not want the same thing

five basic characteristics of bureaucracy, all of which are evident in the vast majority of schools, whether at the elementary, secondary, or even college level

1. Division of labor. Specialized experts teach particular age levels and specific subjects. Public elementary and secondary schools now employ instructors whose sole responsibility is to work with children with learning disabilities or physical impairments. 2. Hierarchy of authority. Each employee of a school system is responsible to a higher authority. Teachers must report to principals and assistant principals and may also be supervised by department heads. Principals are answerable to a superintendent of schools, and the superintendent is hired and fired by a board of education. 3. Written rules and regulations. Teachers and administrators must conform to numerous rules and regulations in the performance of their duties. This bureaucratic trait can become dysfunctional; the time invested in completing required forms could instead be spent in preparing lessons or conferring with students. 4. Impersonality. As class sizes have swelled at schools and universities, it has become more difficult for teachers to give personal attention to each student. In fact, bureaucratic norms may actually encourage teachers to treat all students in the same way, despite the fact that students have distinctive personalities and learning needs. 5. Employment based on technical qualifications. At least in theory, the hiring of instructors is based on professional competence and expertise. Promotions are normally dictated by written personnel policies; people who excel may be granted lifelong job security through tenure.

Successful social movements go through a life cycle consisting of four basic stages

1. Preliminary stage (incidents of social unrest) 2. Excitement stage (ideas grow in popularity) 3. Formalized organization stage (goals of movement clarified) 4. Institutionalization (society accepts some or all of the movement's goals).

Collective behavior is

1. Spontaneous 2. Transitory 3. Emotional 4. Unpredictable

The fastest-growing age group in the U.S. is people over age

100

Approximately how many people in the United States live below the poverty line established by the federal government?

15%

Upper-Middle Class

15%: Small, wealthy, tradition-conscious, "leisure class"

Harry Harlow

1971; primate studies; use of artificial mothers.

Lower Class

20%-25%: poor, no economic worth in the labor market, socially isolated, poor health

Lower-Middle Class

30%-35%: Modest income, high school graduate, lower ranking professionals and white-collar workers

Working Class

40%-45%: Not well-off economically, little formal education, blue-collar workers, not much interest in political and community activities

about _____ percent of the world's population adheres to some religion

84

Which of the following is considered an extended family?

A MARRIED COUPLE, THEIR CHILDREN, AND THE HUSBAND'S SISTER ALL LIVING TOGETHER IN THE SAME HOME

Which of the following illustrates Arlie Hochschild's concept of the "second shift"?

A WOMAN HAS A CAREER AS A STOCKBROKER, AND SHE IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THE APARTMENT, DOING THE SHOPPING, AND COOKING FOR HERSELF AND HER FAMILY

On the first day of basic training in the army, a recruit has his civilian clothes replaced by army "greens," has his hair shaved off, loses his privacy, and finds that he must use a communal bathroom. All these humiliating activities are part of

A degradation ceremony.

Control variable

A factor held constant to test relative impact of independent variable.

Society according to sociologists

A fairly large number of people who live somewhat independently in the same geographic region and who participate in a common culture.

Variable

A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions; examples include income, religion, gender.

status

A position within a group or society; Is relative to other positions within a social structure

Argot

A specialized language for insiders (rap music lyrics)

Oral history

A type of qualitative research.

_____ poverty is the minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below

Absolute

What is the one crucial difference between older people and other subordinate groups, such as racial and ethnic minorities or women?

All of us who live long enough will eventually assume the ascribed status of being an older person

Observation

Allows researchers to examine certain behaviors and communities that could not be investigated through other research techniques.

Observation

Allows study of certain behaviors and communities that cannot be investigated through other research methods.

A+B+C -> D

Amalgamation

Lester C. Thurow

American middle class is disappearing. Using a widely accepted definition of a middle-class household as one whose income falls between 75 and 125 percent of the nation's median household income (that is, between $39,359 and $108,078), only about 44 percent of American households would have been classified as middle class in 2016, compared to 80 percent in 1971.

significant other

An individual such as a parent, friend, or teacher who is most important in the development of the self.

Which term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?

Anomie

a state of normlessness that typically occurs during a period of profound social change and disorder, such as a time of economic collapse

Anomie

Two types of socialization

Anticipatory: the rehearsal of future positions, occupations, and social relationships (example, considering which college to attend); Resocialization (stressful process): discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones (example, going to jail)

__________________________ used the phrase second shift to describe the double burden—work outside the home followed by child care and housework—that many women face and few men share equitably. Unfortunately, today's workplace is becoming a 24/7 virtual office thanks to the advent of mobile information technologies

Arlie Hochschild

A+B+C —> C

Assimilation

Dysfunction

Associated with the FUNCTIONALIST perspective.

Why is divorce for many same-sex couples currently more complicated than for opposite-sex couples?

BEFORE SAME-SEX MARRIAGE WAS LEGALIZED NATIONWIDE, MANY SAME-SEX COUPLES TRAVELED OUTSIDE THEIR HOME JURISDICTIONS IN ORDER TO BE LEGALLY MARRIED

Why is divorce for many same-sex couples currently more complicated than for opposite-sex couples?

Before same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide, many same-sex couples traveled outside their home jurisdictions in order to be legally married

Formal norms

Behaviors that have been written down and specify strict punishments for violators; laws are an example of formal norms.

Which of the following is an example of an ethnocentric belief?

Being repelled by the American practice of living in a household with dogs and cats.

Which of the following religions is not monotheistic?

Buddhism

Sociological Imagination

C. Wright Mill's term for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society

Which term refers to hereditary systems of rank that are relatively fixed, immobile, and generally religiously dictated?

Castes

In developing countries, ___________________ are a less expensive way of furthering agriculture than biotechnology

Cell phones

Nineteenth-century theories of social change reflect the pioneering work in biological evolution done by

Charles Darwin

Which of the following social scientists used the phrase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with other people?

Charles Horton Cooley

Which social scientist used the phrase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with other people?

Charles Horton Cooley

Game Stage

Child considers the roles of two or more others simultaneously.

Preparatory Stage

Child imitates the actions of others

Which of the following groups makes up the largest percentage of Asian Americans?

Chinese

Which is the single largest faith in the world?

Christianity

___________ is the largest single faith in the world; the second largest is _______________

Christianity; Islam

Which individual, likely the most prolific researcher of collective behavior in the last four decades, introduced the concept of the assembling process?

Clark McPhail

In Karl Marx's view, the destruction of the capitalist system will occur only if the working class first develops

Class consciousness

Which Max Weber suggest were analytically distinct components of stratification?

Class, status, and power

Which of the following is an example of a multinational corporation?

Coca Cola, which has bottling plants throughout the world

Total institutions

Coined by Erving Goffman; people lose themselves; military groups; cults; convents; all examples of miniature societies

According to which theoretical perspective is old age a time when people are victimized and their social roles devalued?

Conflict

British sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf viewed classes as groups of people who share common interests resulting from their authority relationships. Dahrendorf's ideology aligns best with which theoretical perspective?

Conflict

I believe that powerful groups such as the National Rifle Association (NRA) can dominate the legislative process in opposition to majority will because of their ability that mobilize resources. I believe that sports reflect and even exacerbate many of the divisions of society. I believe that education is an instrument of the elite and powerful. I believe that mass media serves to maintain the privileges of certain groups. I believe that powerful people want society to run smoothly so that they can continue to enjoy their privileged position.

Conflict

I believe that schools can reinforce the divisive aspects of society, especially those of social class. I believe that subcultures sometimes emerge when the dominant society unsuccessfully tries to suppress a practice such as the use of illegal drugs. I believe that ethnocentric value judgments serve to devalue groups and to deny equal opportunities. I believe that the social order is based on coercion and exploitation. I believe that conflict exists between the rich and the poor in any society.

Conflict

I believe that the longer union leaders are in office, the less responsive they are to the needs and demands of the rank and file, and the more concerned they are with maintaining their own positions of power. I believe that social institutions, such as education, help to maintain the privileges of the most powerful individuals and groups within society. I believe that people with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their own needs. The sociologist Karl Marx is closely associated with my perspective. I assume that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between competing groups.

Conflict

The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups would probably be stressed by which sociological perspective?

Conflict

Which sociological perspective maintains that the laws of a society are created by the groups in power and help those groups maintain their superior status?

Conflict

Richard Quinney

Conflict Perspective; criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful; Crime is a definition of conduct created by authorized agents of social control; explains why society has laws against gambling, drug use, prostitution; Conflict theorists content that the criminal justice system in the U.S. treats suspects differently based on race, ethnicity, social class; differential justice; White offenders receive shorter sentences than black, even with prior arrest records (King and Johnson)

Richard Quinney

Conflict Theory of Crime: the authority figures in our capitalist society try to maintain their superiority by committing crimes of domination; Because government serves the capitalist class, laws are made that protect the elite class—protecting their privileges and property; Conflict theorists: crimes against property are viewed much more negatively and punished more severely than white collar crime

Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that family decision making reflects the inequality oft traditional gender stratification, in which men have held a dominant position over women?

Conflict perspective

Ascribed status

Conflict theorists are interested in this since it often reflects a person's membership in a subordinate group

Stanley Milgram Experiment

Conformity: to mean going along with peers - individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior; Obedience is compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure; Nearly two-thirds of participants fell into the category of "obedient subjects."

Merton explains why people conform to or deviate from social norms by positing five types of adaptation:

Conformity; Innovation; Ritualism; Retreatism; Rebellion

C. Wright Mills

Created and described "sociological imagination." Mills asserted that if one person is unemployed, it's a personal problem. However, if that person is one of thousands of people unemployed, then employment is a social problem.

Which concept employs the king of value neutrality in scientific study that Max Weber saw as being so important?

Cultural relativism

Which psychologist developed a model of adult socialization that includes stages of early adult, midlife, and later adult transitions?

Daniel Levinson

Industrial society

Depend on mechanization to produce their goods and services

Play Stage

Developing; Child takes the role of a single other, as if he or she were the other.

Social constructionist perspective

Deviance is the product of the culture we live in; social constructionists focus on the decision-making process that creates the deviant identity (Liska and Messner; Wright)

Elaine Cumming and William Henry introduced an explanation of the impact of aging known as

Disengagement theory

Max Weber noted five basic characteristics of bureaucracy

Division of labor; Hierarchy of authority; Written rules and regulations; Impersonality; Employment

A plumber whose father was a physician is an example of

Downward intergenerational mobility

Which of the following sociologists stressed the social impact of religion and was perhaps the first to recognize the critical importance of religion in human societies?

Durkheim

William Thomas

Early critic of theories of racial and gender differences, recognized that the "definition of the situation" could mold the. thinking and personality of the individual; wrote from an interactionist perspective; peope respond not only to. the objective features of a. person or situation but also to the meaning that person or situation has for them

Which sociologist first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts?

Edwin Sutherland

Feminine Perspective

Effects of inequities are based on gender.

_____________________________ is a legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental standards

Environmental justice

Which type of stratification system required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services?

Estate

Cultural relativism

Evaluate another's behavior in context of that person's culture; opposite of ethnocentrism; Max Weber used term "value neutrality" in trying to decrease bias in scientific studies.

According to the Peter principle

Every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence

Secondary data

Example of something that is non-reactive; is the use of other data that was collected by someone else for some other purpose; a convenient and powerful tool for researchers looking to ask broad questions; benefits include cost effectiveness by saving time and money and avoidance of duplication of research effort.

Which of the following is true regarding actions by the Exxon Corporation after the 1989 Valdez disaster?

Exxon offered research money for sociologists doing research on jury deliberations

Disengagement theory is a

FUNCTIONALIST THEORY OF AGING, ARGUING THAT SOCIETY AND THE AGING INDIVIDUAL MUTUALLY SEVER MANY OF THEIR RELATIONSHIPS

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that studies of social class have tended to neglect the occupations and incomes of women as determinants of social rank, thereby elevating the status of males?

Feminist

Freda Adler and Meda Chesney-Lind

Feminist Perspective; many existing approaches to deviance and crime were developed with only men in mind; Between 80 and 95% of campus sexual assault against women is not reported to college officials

University of Chicago

Feminist world of sociology was centered at Hull House, co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams (1860-1935) and Ellen Gater Starr; Ida Wells-Barnett (1862-1931) worked with Addams; wrote about what it was like to be female and black in the U.S.

As of the end of 2016, over 156,000 households in the United States were worth more than $25 million each

Fewer than 25 percent of these people inherited even a tenth of their money, and very few of them are celebrities (Clifford 2017).

"Deviance helps to define the limits of proper behavior." This statement represents the view of which sociological perspective?

Functionalist

I believe that bureaucratization of education increases the likelihood that students, teachers, and administrators will be dealt with fairly. I believe that sports can almost be viewed as religious instruction that uses ritual and ceremony to reinforce the common values of a society. I believe that ethnocentrism serves to maintain a sense of solidarity by promoting group pride. The sociologist Talcott Parsons was a key figure in developing my perspective. I view society as a living organism in which each part of the whole contributes to its survival.

Functionalist

I believe that political contributions keep the public involved in the democratic process and committed to candidates. I believe that deviance is a common part of human existence, with positive (as well as negative) consequences for social stability. I emphasize equilibrium and the status quo. I focus on what maintains a society, not what changes it. I example social institutions to see how they fulfill essential functions.

Functionalist

I believe that the best course of action for a community might differ from the best course of action for a society. I believe that a differential system of rewards and punishments is necessary for the efficient operation of society. I believe that religion serves to bind people together in times of crisis and confusion. I believe that society must have members distributes among a variety of social positions. I believe that social stability requires a consensus and the support of society's members; consequently, there are strong central values and norms

Functionalist

Parsons and Bales contended that women take the expressive, emotionally supportive role and men the instrumental, practical role, with the two complementing each other

Functionalist

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemists if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators?

Functionalist

___________________ theorists view standards of deviant behavior are merely reflecting cultural norms, whereas _____________ and _____________ theorists point out that the most powerful groups in a society can shape laws and standards and determine who is (or is not) prosecuted as a criminal

Functionalist; conflict; feminist

Functionalists view gender roles in which of the following ways?

GENDER ROLES ARE NECESSARY TO KEEP THE FAMILY IN BALANCE

Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a

Gemeinschaft

Ferdinand Tonnies (1853-1936)

Gemeinschaft & Gesellschaft: Gemeinschaft: simple, informal, rural life; Gesellschaft: urban, formal, differences more striking than similarities.

A University of Alaska sociologist asked her male and female students to apply fingernail polish to people of the opposite sex. This experiment demonstrated:

Gender roles.

1863-1931; Key concept: the self-generalized other; Major points of theory: three distinct stages of development; self develops as children grasp the roles of others in their lives

George Herbert Mead

Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming the perspective of another and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint?

George Herbert Mead

Significant-Other Theory

George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who are most important in the development of the self

Which of the following is an example of a core nation?

Germany

Tom is dying at home, where a home hospice-care worker has visited him frequently, and he has been able to spend meaningful time with his various family members and tell them how important they have been to him. Based on the norms of Western cultures such as those of the U.S., Tom is

HAVING AN "APPROPRIATE DEATH."

Inevitably, the struggle for power and authority involves politics, which political scientist ___________________ (1936) tersely defined as "who gets what, when, and how."

Harold Lasswell

How accurate were Marx's predictions?

He failed to anticipate the emergence of labor unions, whose power in collective bargaining weakens the stranglehold that capitalists maintain over workers. Moreover, as contemporary conflict theorists note, he did not foresee the extent to which political liberties and relative prosperity could contribute to false consciousness. Many workers came to view themselves as individuals striving for improvement within free societies that offer substantial mobility, rather than as downtrodden members of a social class who face a collective fate.

Which sociologist has applied functionalist analysis to the existence of poverty and argues that various segments of society actually benefit from the existence of the poor?

Herbert Gans

Which of these comments about a bureaucracy is correct?

Hiring is based on technical qualifications rather than on favoritism

Which sociologist studied both poor and affluent Chicago schools and found that administrators expected less of children from poorer neighborhoods?

Howard Becker

Societal Types

Hunting-and-gathering (beginning of human life); Horticultural (12,000 years ago); Agrarian (5,000 years ago); Industrial (1760-1850); Postindustrial (1960s); Postmodern (Latter 1970s)

Preindustrial society

Hunting-and-gathering; horticultural; agrarian; depend on humans and animals to produce food and other goods

world systems analysis

Immanuel Wallerstein's view that nations exist in an interdependent global economy resting on unequal economic and political relationships.

Poverty line in the US

In 2016, for example, any family of four (two adults and two children) with a combined income of $24,339 or less fell below the poverty line

________________________________ was defined as the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society. In the same sense, women suffer from both individual acts of sexism (such as sexist remarks and acts of violence) and institutional sexism

Institutional discrimination

_____________________ refers to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions

Instrumentality

Activity theory is associated with which perspective?

Interactionist

I am interested in finding out if violence in the media may then become a script for real-life behavior. My perspective examines sports on the microlevel. I believe symbols are an especially important part of human communication. The sociologist Charles Horton Cooley is closely associated with my perspective. I am especially interested in shared understandings of everyday behavior.

Interactionist

I believe that in cooperative circumstances interracial contact between people of equal status will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon old stereotypes. I believe that social behavior is conditioned by the roles and statuses that we accept, the groups to which we belong, and the institutions within which we function. I am interested in the importance of social class in shaping a person's lifestyle. The sociologist George Herbert Mead is widely regarded as the founder of my perspective. I am primarily concerned with fundamentals or everyday forms of interaction, including symbols and other types of nonverbal communication.

Interactionist

I believe that the privacy and censorship debate concerning the internet is one that parallels concerns that people have in any social institution. I believe that the quest for information and social support connected with reproductive technology has created new social networks. I believe that elderly people who remain active and socially involved are more adjusted. I believe we can examine gender stratification on the microlevel of everyday behavior. I believe that sociological research should focus on the study of small groups.

Interactionist

Suppose a clerk tries to appear busier than he or she actually is when a supervisor happens to be watching. Erving Goffman would study this behavior from what approach?

Interactionist

Suppose a clerk tries to appear busier than he or she actually is when a supervisor happens to be watching. Erving Goffman would study this behavior from what approach?

Interactionist

Which of the sociological perspective would see the debate over media content as an extension of everyday life?

Interactionist perspective

Social stratification from interactionist perspective

Interested in the importance of social class with regard to an individual's lifestyle; not only do the very rich buy more than they need or can use (conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure) but many also try to keep the lower class "away" or "under control."

The Internet is the world's largest computer network

Internet

Process of social change

Involves redefining or reconstructing social reality

Michel's Iron Law of Oligarchy

Iron law of oligarchy

Stating conclusions

It is at this point that a researcher accepts, rejects, or modifies the hypothesis.

Which of the following is an example of machismo?

JOSE, A MEXICAN AMERICAN, DRIVES A FLASHY SPORTS CAR, WORKS OUT IN A GYM, AND BELIEVES THAT HE CAN "GET ANY WOMAN THAT HE WANTS."

Which one of the following nations has the lowest infant mortality rate?

Japan

A man doing which of the following would be a violation of the male gender role?

Joining a knitting circle

Which sociologist illustrated the boundary-maintenance function of deviance in his study of Puritans in 17th-century New England?

Kai Erikson

Which theorist contends that capitalist societies, such as the United States, care more about maximizing profits that they do about the health and safety of industrial workers?

Karl Marx

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Key concept: cognitive theory of development; Major points of theory: four stages of cognitive development; moral development likened to socialization.

Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929):

Key concept: looking-glass self; Major points of theory: three distinct stages of development; self develops as children grasp roles of others in their lives.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Key concept: psychotherapy; Major points of theory: self is influenced by parents and by inborn drives, such as the drive for sexual gratification

Erving Goffman (1922-1982)

Key concepts: impression management, Dramaturgical approach; face-work; Major points of theory: self is developed through the impressions we convey to others and to groups.

Who did research into "The male gender roles, besides being antifeminine, includes proving one's masculinity at work and sports—often by using force in dealing with others—as well as initiating and controlling all sexual relations"?

Koontz

___________________ advocated population control to close the gap between rising population and the food supply, yet he explicitly denounced artificial means of birth control because they were not sanctioned by religion

Malthus

____________________________ has declared environmentalism "the most comprehensive, influential movement of our time.

Manuel Castells

Which of the following statements regarding Karl Marx is not true?

Marx accepted Parson's equilibrium model, which states that as changes occur in one part of society, there must be adjustments in other parts if stability is to be maintained.

Ideal type

Max Weber developed a(n) ideal type of bureaucracy, which reflects the most characteristic aspects of all human organizations

In-store clinics are another example of ______________________________, the process by which the principles of bureaucratization have increasingly shaped organizations worldwide.

McDonaldization

Which program is essentially a compulsory health insurance plan for the elderly?

Medicare

Zimbardo experiment

Mock prison 10/11 prisoners/guards; psychology of imprisonment

What conclusion did the National Bureau of Economic Research reach about gays and lesbians as subjects of sociological research?

Most research underreports the number of gays and lesbians in a population

Which of the following statements regarding parental monitoring of the digital world is true?

Mothers are more likely to monitor online activity than are fathers

I recognize that human culture has evolved along a number of lines. I am associated with the name Gerhard Lenski. I am a theory of social change that holds that change can occur in several ways, and does not inevitably lead in the same direction

Multilinear evolutionary theory

Through the establishment of the Pan-Cordillera Women's Network for Peace and Development in the Philippines, which of the following have the women volunteers accomplished?

Negotiated thousands of peace pacts among community members

The environmental movement is an example of me. I generally do not view the government as my ally in the struggle for a better society. I refer to organized collective activities that address values and social identities, as well as improvements in the quality of life

New social movements

The student subculture that is hostile to the college environment and seeks out ideas that may or may not relate to studies is called the

Nonconformist subculture

I am associated with the sociologist Charles Perrow. In studying me, engineers focus on the system design, the physical environment, and the possibility of mechanical failure; social scientists evaluate possible human error. I am a failure that is inevitable given the manner in which human and technological systems are organized.

Normal accident

The term oldest old refers to

PEOPLE AGED 85 AND OLDER

hidden curriculum

PHILIP JACKSON (1968): refers to standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools

Which of the following is a criticism of the sick role?

Patients' judgments regarding their own state of health may be related to their gender, age, social class, and ethnic group; The sick role may be more applicable to people experiencing short-term illnesses than to those with recurring long-term illnesses; Even such simple factors as whether a person is employed or not seem to affect the person's willingness to assume the sick role

Males are expected to dominate family decision making in a(n)

Patriarchy

In 2001, one month after the terrorist attacks of September 11, Congress passed the ________________ Act, which relaxed existing legal checks on surveillance by law enforcement officers. Federal agencies are now free to gather data electronically, including credit card receipts and banking records

Patriot Act

Which sociologist(s) first identified the effects of viewer fatigue and created the term Narcotizing dysfunction?

Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton

Which of the following statements regarding the medicalization of society is true?

Physicians continue to exert power to ensure midwifery remains a subordinate occupation

A+B+C —> A+B+C

Pluralism

Three parts to criminal justice system in U.S.

Police; Courts; Prisons

Sociologist Daniel Bell uses which of the following term to refer to a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information?

Postindustrial

One cultural universal is the exercise of __________ and authority.

Power

Karl Marx, C. Wright Mills, and G. William Domhoff each had their own theories about the _____________________

Power elite

According to child psychologist Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas during which stage in the development of the thought process?

Preoperational

Mead's Three Stages of Self-Development

Preparatory; Play; Game

_______________________ a period of anticipatory socialization as the person prepares for retirement

Preretirement

The respect of admiration that an occupation holds in a society is referred to as

Prestige

McDonaldization

Process by which the principles of bureaucratization have increasingly shaped organizations worldwide

Lenski's Viewpoint

Process of social evolution: technological advancements allow society to move through pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial stages

The self

Product of our social interactions

Anomie

Proponents: Emile Durkheim, Robert Merton; Emphasis is adaptation to social norms

Criminals are imprisoned for four reasons

Punishment; Rehabilitation; Deterrence; Selective confinement

According to crime statistics, hate crimes focus most frequently on which of the following?

Race

In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected?

Random

Which of the following is an example of innovation as defined in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance?

Rather than writing an original essay, a student copies his submission from the Internet

Snowball or convenience samples

Recruit participants through word-of-mouth or by posting notices on the Internet.

Personality

Refers to a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behaviors

Cultural universals

Reflect basic human needs (food, shelter, clothing).

Adler's work on self injury

Reflects all three major sociological perspectives: conflict, interactionists, feminist & queer theorist.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary group?

Relationships are generally superficial

__________ poverty is a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole.

Relative

Phases of retirement

Robert Atchley

Which researcher's work yielded the concept referred to as the teacher-expectancy effect?

Robert Rosenthal

What occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person?

Role conflict

In what he called the play stage of socialization, George Herbert Mead asserted that people mentally assume the perspectives of others, thereby enabling them to respond from that imagined viewpoint. This process is referred to as

Role taking.

The single largest denomination in the U.S. is

Roman Catholicism

Contact Hypothesis (Allport, 1954)

STATES THAT INTERRACIAL CONTACT BETWEEN PEOPLE OF EQUAL STATUS WILL CAUSE THEM TO BECOME LESS PREJUDICED AND TO ABANDON PREVIOUS STEREOTYPES

The correspondence principle was developed by

Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis

Which of the following is a criticism of social disorganization theory?

Seems to "blame the victim"

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Since people can conceptualize the whole world only through language, language precedes thought; the word symbols and grammar of a language organize the world for us; language is not a given. Rather, language is culturally determined and leads us to different interpretations of reality.

the most extreme form of legalized social inequality for individuals or groups

Slavery

What type of sample is specifically used for gathering information about clandestine or difficult-to-identify groups?

Snowball.

Which of the following describes a condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power?

Social Inequality

In the U.S., we expect that cab drivers will know how to get around a city. This expectation is an example of which of the following?

Social Role

Daniel Rossides

Social class and stratification

Society brings about acceptance of basic norms through techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior. This process is termed

Social control

Which of the following theories contends that criminal victimization increases when communal relationships and social institutions break down?

Social disorganization theory

I imply the existence of conflict, though my activities can also be analyzed from a functionalist perspective. In many nations, including the U.S., I have had a dramatic impact on the course of history and the evolution of social structure. I am the organized collective activities that bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society

Social movements

Berger and Luckmann's "Social Construction of Reality"

Social reality is constructed from our social interactions

William Graham Sumner

Society's problems would work themselves out if left alone.

A measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation is known as

Socioeconomic status

Which academic discipline emphasizes the influence that society has on people's attitudes and behavior and the ways in which people shape society?

Sociology

Which of the following is an example of a semiperiphery nation?

South Korea

Jane, a former corporate executive, retires and eventually spends her time happily landscaping her home and working for a volunteer agency serving the local homeless population. According to Robert Atchley, Jane is in which phase of retirement?

Stability

According to gerontologist Robert Atchley's phases of retirement, in what phase of the retirement experience do retirees learn to deal with life after retirement in a reasonable and comfortable fashion?

Stability phase

The text points out that the model of five basic properties of a minority or subordinate group can be applied to older people in the U.S. Which of the following it not one of those basic properties?

Statistically, the elderly represents a majority

Social stratification from functionalist perspective

Stratification exists because it benefits society in general by rewarding occupations vital to group welfare; the system of rewards motivates competent people to sacrifice to become doctors, lawyers, architects

Social stratification from conflict perspective

Stratification is viewed as the exploitation of many while rewarding the few; stratification is an unjust system inflicted on society by those with power and wealth in order to maintain their own interests

Sociobiology

Study of how biology affects human social behavior; Guo, Wilson: family cohesiveness, peer group behavior, can override genetic influences.

_____________________ refers to an emphasis on concerns such as ethnic food or political ties rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage

Symbolic identity

Which sociologist developed the concept of the sick role?

Talcott Parsons

Postmodern society

Technologically sophisticated global society preoccupied with consumer goods and media images; consume goods and information on a mass scale

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of reward and punishment?

The conflict perspective

Validity

The degree to which a measure or scale reflects the phenomenon under study.

___________________________ in which retirees feel a sense of letdown or even depression as they cope with their new lives, which may include illness or poverty

The disenchantment phase

Herbert Blumer (1900-1987)

The distinctive characteristic of social interaction among people is that human beings interpret or define each other's actions instead of merely reacting to each other's actions; our response to someone's behavior is based on the meaning we attach to his or her actions; reality is shaped by our perceptions, evaluations, and definitions

Which social institution is considered to be the most important agent of socialization in the U.S., especially for children?

The family

_______________________ an often-euphoric period in which the person pursues activities that he or she never had time for before

The honeymoon phase

Value neutrality focuses on which of the following challenges associated with sociological research and ethics?

The influence of a person's personal values and biases on the interpretation of data.

Edwin Sutherland

The interactionist perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex offenders to register with police agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identities publicly known; A person learns criminal behavior by interacting with other criminals: cultural transmission; Differential association: the process of interactions where people learn how to be deviant and also develop favorable attitudes toward deviance; Labeling theory attempts to explain why some people are viewed as deviants and others who exhibit similar behavior are not viewed harshly by society

peer review

The most reliable literature is that which has been reviewed by others who study in the same field.

______________________ when the person establishes a specific departure date from his or her job

The near phase

According to child psychologist Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, children begin to use words and symbols to describe objects and ideas during which stage in the development of the thought process?

The preoperational stage

Xenocentrism

The products, styles or ideas of one's own country are inferior to those that originate outside one's country.

___________________________ which involves the development of a more realistic view of retirement alternatives

The reorientation phase

Gerontology is

The scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged.

George Herbert Mead is best known for his theory of what?

The self.

Culture

The social heritage of a people; the learned patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that are transmitted from one generation to the next; The totality of a complex whole, which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, and customs.

___________________________ a period in which the person has learned to deal with life after requirement in a reasonable and comfortable fashion

The stability phase

Sociology

The systematic, scientific study of the patterns and processes of social life.

Social inequality

The term social inequality, which has been much in the headlines recently, describes a condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power; social inequality is based on a hierarchy of groups, sociologists refer to it as stratification: a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society

Applied sociology

The use of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations.

Sociological Imagination

To see our personal experiences in the broader context of society and historical events; enhances our understanding of current social issues throughout the world.

_____________________ is the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria

Tracking

Interviews and surveys

Two principal forms of survey research are the interview and the questionnaire.

Verstehen

Understanding.

Dominant ideology

Used by conflict theorists to describe the set of cultural beliefs that maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.

Collecting data

Using surveys, questionnaires interviews, observations, experiments or use of existing. sources.

Counterculture

Usually thrive among young people who perceive themselves as anti-establishment, or against norms and values of the wider society; values are opposed to the dominant culture.

Sociological Perspective

Viewing the world from a hot air balloon -- looking down from above.

Values

What is considered good, desirable, proper, morally right; influence people's behavior and provide standards for evaluating the actions of others; may change over time, but stay relatively stable during any one person's lifetime.

Which of the following conducted observation research on two groups of high school males (Saints and Roughnecks) and concluded that social class played an important role in the varying fortunes of the two groups?

William Chambliss

Which sociologist pointed out that one cannot devise methods for controlling and utilizing new technology before the introduction of a technique, and that nonmaterial culture typically must respond to changes in material culture?

William Ogburn

1. Reproduction: Replacement of those who die; survival of humanity from one generation to the next. 2. Protection: Human children require care, protection, and economic support. 3. Socialization: Parents and other family members transmit the norms and values of both their family and society. 4. Regulation of sexual behavior: sexual activity occurs within a marital relationship; non=marital sex leads to marriage; children are delayed until marriage. 5. Companionship: Affection, love and emotional support. 6. Provision of Social Status: Social position is initially fixed by family status.

William Ogburn (functionalist); 6 basic functions of the family

While walking through the mall, Joe witnessed a large group of what seemed like regular shoppers simultaneously drop their bags and perform a synchronized dance, after which each person picked up his or her belongings and walked off like nothing had happened. Joe witnessed

a flash mob

The statement "Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies" is an example of

a hypothesis

Both Karl Marx and Max Weber looked at inequality primarily from

a macrosociological perspective, considering the entire society or even the global economy

social institutions

a pattern of norms centered around a major goal, value, or need of society. Social institutions provide stability and consistency in society and help regulate human behavior.

A professional criminal is

a person who pursues crime as a daily occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a degree of status among other criminals

For Weber, the third major component of stratification has

a political dimension. Power is the ability to exercise one's will over others

A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with great admiration. These detectives could be considered

a reference group

A woman who has not attended school in 13 years enrolls for classes at the local community college. She is afraid that her younger classmates might not accept her. On the first day of class, she observes the clothing styles of her classmates, and after school she goes shopping and purchases similar clothes. Her classmates could be considered

a reference group

Machismo refers to

a sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one's maleness

A social network is

a series of social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.

A dominant ideology is

a set of cultural beliefs that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.

The commonly used "poverty line" measure of poverty used by the federal government measures which type of poverty?

absolute poverty

The _____________ subculture identifies with the intellectual concerns of the faculty and values knowledge for its own sake

academic

Innovator

accepts the goals of society but pursues them with means that are regarded improper; a safecracker may steal money to buy consumer goods and expensive vacations

An open class system implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's status

achieved

Which of the following theories argues that elderly people have essentially the same need for social interaction as any other group and that those who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted?

activity theory

According to Talcott Parson's equilibrium model, during which process do social institutions become more specialized in their purposes?

adaptive upgrading

Which term does Talcott Parsons use to characterize the feature of social change that involves social institutions becoming more specialized in their purposes?

adaptive upgrading

The positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities are referred to as

affirmative action

Physician Robert Butler coined the term ____ to refer to prejudice and discrimination based on a person's age:

ageism

Regarding environmental problems, four broad areas of concern stand out: ______, _________, ___________________, __________________

air; water; global warming; globalization

In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels charged that the capitalist system reduces workers to a mere "appendage of the machine," which leads to extreme

alienation

The use of the terms "g-man," "honey boat," and "airmail" by sanitation workers in New York is an example of

an argot.

Monogamy refers to a form of marriage in which

an individual has only one partner

Which term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?

anomie

In contemporary societies, such considerations are not so important, yet cultural beliefs about the sexes are long established

anthropologist Margaret Mead and feminist sociologist Helen Mayer Hacker

Preparation for many aspects of adult life begins with this type of socialization socialization during childhood and adolescence and continues throughout our lives as we prepare for new responsibilities

anticipatory.

The use of the discipline of sociology to yield practical applications for human behavior and organizations is known as

applied sociology

Labeling Theory (a.k.a. social-reaction perspective)

approach to deviance: unlike Sutherland, labeling theory does not focus on why some individuals come to commit deviant acts; it attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants, whereas others are not; reflects the contribution of interactionist theorists; the social constructionist perspective is most closely affiliated with the labeling theory.

The African American activist Malcolm X wrote in his autobiography that his position as a Black man, a(n) ______________ status, was an obstacle to his dream of becoming a lawyer, a(n) _____________ status.

ascribed; achieved

Weber developed a classification system of me that has become one of the most useful and frequently cited contributions of early society. Sociologists use me to refer to those who hold legitimate power through publicly acknowledged elected positions. I refer to institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised

authority

Which of the following terms refers to power that has been institutionalized and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised?

authority

The Adam and Eve account of creation found in Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, is an example of a religious

belief

Prejudice is a(n) _________; discrimination is a(n) _______

belief; action

Religious __________ are statements to which members of a particular religion adhere

beliefs

Which pattern of descent is most typical in the U.S.?

bilateral

Which system of descent is followed in the U.S.?

bilateral

Which of the following terms refers to a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions?

black power

The immigration to the U.S. and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed by their home countries is known as the __________________

brain drain

Electronic communication can aid new social movements

by strengthening a group's solidarity

Laissez-faire refers to a form of

capitalism

What are the two types of economic systems that are seen in contemporary societies?

capitalism and socialism

Which two basic types of economic system distinguish contemporary industrial societies?

capitalism and socialism

The time spent reviewing for a test may be directly related to, or produce a greater likelihood of getting a high score. This best demonstrates:

causal logic

A ____________ is an experimental school that is developed and managed outside the public school system

charter school

Karl Marx viewed _______________ differentiation as the crucial determinant of social, economic, and political inequality

class

objective method of measuring social class

class is viewed largely as a statistical category; The key to the objective method is that the researcher, rather than the person being classified, identifies an individual's class position

The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget developed the

cognitive theory of development.

according to research, the proportion of students who cheat is often higher among:

college students.

In recent decades, Vietnam and Cuba have been thought of as examples of me. I am often associated with the name of Karl Marx. I am an economic system under which all property is communally-owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to reproduce

communism

Which term do we use to refer to an economic system under which all property is communally owned, and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce?

communism

____________________ is an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made based on people's ability to produce.

communism

Indigenous Brazilian groups that were once nomadic are now

confined to reservations

(Karl Marx) Structures of society and nature of social relationships are result of past and ongoing conflicts. This reflects which perspective?

conflict

As ____________ theorists point out, the social class of couples and their children significantly influences the socialization experiences to which the children are exposed and the protection they receive

conflict

Feminists have argued that laws in the U.S. traditionally viewed wives and children as the property of the husband. This view reflects the concerns of which sociological perspective?

conflict

The _________________ perspective would stress the danger that the most powerful groups in a society will use technology to violate the privacy of the less powerful

conflict

What sociological perspective emphasizes that schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of reward and punishment?

conflict

Which of the following perspectives sees the despoliation of the environment through the lens of world systems analysis?

conflict

Which perspective would look to the disproportionate economic and lobbying power wielded by groups such as the National Rifle Association in the debate over gun violence in U.S. society?

conflict

Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality?

conflict

Which sociological perspective would emphasize how inequalities in health care have clear life-and-death consequences for some due to the unequal distribution of resources?

conflict

__________ theorists argue that both the disengagement and the activity perspectives often ignore the impact of social class in the lives of elderly people

conflict

________________ theorists point out that while pure monopolies are not a basic element of the economy of the U.S., competition is much more restricted than one might expect in what is called a free enterprise system

conflict

Which sociological perspective(s) would be most likely to emphasize that the mass media exacerbate many divisions in our society, including those based on gender, race, ethnicity, and social class?

conflict and feminist perspectives

the term Thorstein Veblen used to describe the extravagant spending patterns of those at the top of the class hierarchy.

conspicuous consumption

Colombian woman and an Italian man, working together as members of a construction crew, overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other's talents and strengths. This is an example of

contact hypothesis

Which sociological theory suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms?

control theory

According to Immanuel Wallerstein's analysis, the U.S. is considered at the ___________ whereas neighboring Mexico remains on the semiperiphery of the world economic system

core

A ________________ is an exciting mass involvement that lasts for a relatively long period.

craze

Many people in the U.S. strongly adhere to the biblical explanation of the beginning of the universe. Adherents of this point of view are known as

creationists

The big bang theory is challenged by ________________, who hold to the biblical account of creation of humans and the universe

creationists

An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field is referred to as

credentialism

Seventy years ago, a high school diploma was the minimum requirement for entry into the paid labor force of the U.S. Today, a college diploma is virtually the bare minimum. This change reflects the process of

credentialism

A U.S. sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of

cultural relativism

A U.S. sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of:

cultural relativism.

Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others?

cultural transmission

General customs and practices that are found in every culture are called

cultural universals

Which of the following terms did William F. Ogburn use to refer to the period of maladjustments during which the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions?

culture lag

A member of rural Indian tribe in Central America who moves to a large city, such as Mexico City, will probably experience

culture shock.

If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to:

define the problem

A particular dress manufacturer closes a factory in South Carolina and moves the factory to Malaysia, where labor costs are lower. This is an example of

deindustrialization

The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity such as factories and plants is called

deindustrialization

I vary from nation to nation. I should not be regarded as a law of population growth, but rather as a generalization of the population history of industrialized nations. I am used to describe the change from high birth rates and death rates to low birthrates and death rates that occur during a nation's development

demographic transition

_____________________, or the scientific study of populations, draws on several components, including size, composition, and territorial distribution

demography

According to psychologist Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, the first stage of the experience of dying that a person may undergo is

denial

The race of a criminal offender is found to determine the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. The frequency with which capital punishment is administered would be considered the:

dependent variable

The principle of ___________ assigns people to kinship groups according to their relationship to an individual's mother or father

descent

Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh

developed the term ROLE EXIT to describe people who disengage from one role, central to their identity, in order to establish a new role and identity

Talcott Parsons used the term ___________________________ to refer to the increasing complexity of social organization

differentiation

Which concept does Talcott Parsons use to indicate the increasing complexity of social organization?

differentiation

Based on a study of elderly people in good health and relatively comfortable economic circumstances, _____ theory suggests that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships:

disengagement

A religious organization that is recognized as the national or official religion is known as a(n)

ecclesia

A(n) ___________ is a religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion.

ecclesia

Which of the following approaches stresses the alignment of environmentally favorable practices with economic self-interest?

ecological modernization

In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between

economic classes that clash in pursuit of their own class interests

Which of these factors affects whether a person becomes poor?

education

Most recent research on ability grouping raises questions about its

effectiveness, especially for lower-achieving students

In the view of many sociologists, the ___________ family has begun to replace the patriarchal family as the social norm in the U.S.

egalitarian

Regarding health care inequities, the conflict perspective would note that

emigration out of the Third World by physicians is yet another way that the world's core industrialized nations enhance their quality of life at the expense of developing countries

The rule of __________ specifies the groups within which a spouse must be found and prohibits marriage with others

endogamy

Sociology is considered a science because sociologists

engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding

The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called

enthnocentrism.

Early evolutionary theorists concluded in a(n) ________________________ fashion that their own behavior and culture were more advanced than those of earlier civilizations

ethnocentric

Sociologists are quick to note that terms such as modernization and development contain a(n)

ethnocentric bias

Conflict theorists would contend that blaming developing countries for the world's environmental deterioration contains an element of

ethnocentrism

Joe grew up in an Italian household in an Italian community in New Jersey. He believes that the traditional Italian celebration of Easter, which includes a large number of family members and mountains of food consumed during a long dinner, is the best way to celebrate this holiday. Joe is illustrating

ethnocentrism

Maureen Hallinan, former president of the American Sociological Association, has been critical of the _______________________ theory and the ________________________ model theory of social change

evolutionary theory and the equilibrium model

Which norm requires mate selection outside certain groups, usually one's own family or certain kinfolk?

exogamy

Gender roles are

expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

The term gender role refers to

expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

The feeling of exaltation that a person has when hearing a choir sing is characterized as a religious

experience

The feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion is called a religious

experience

Functionalist approach to deviance

explains why rule violations continue to happen despite pressure to conform and obey. However, functionalists do not indicate how a person comes to commit a deviant act or why on some occasions crimes do or do not occur

__________ denotes concern for maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family.

expressiveness

Alice, age seven, lives in a private home with her parents, her grandmother, and her aunt. Alice's family is an example of a(n)

extended family

In Karl Marx's view, a worker who identifies with the wealthy and believes that she can achieve great wealth through hard work is likely to have developed a

false consciousness

Karl Marx held that leaders of social movements must help workers overcome feelings of

false consciousness

Which of the following terms did Karl Marx use to refer to an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect the class's objective position?

false consciousness

Rebel

feels alienated from the dominant means and goals and may seek a dramatically different social order; members of a revolutionary political organization; a militia group

Edwin Sutherland

first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process in learning conforming and deviant acts; dominating force in criminology; drew on cultural transmission, that emphasizes one learns criminal behavior by interacting with others; through interactions with a primary group and significant others, people acquire definitions of proper and improper behavior; used term differential association - the process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules

Daniel Rossides (1997)

five-class model to describe the class system of the United States: the upper class, the upper-middle class, the lower-middle class, the working class, and the lower class

In 2010, ________ was the state most populated by the elderly, with 17.4 percent of the population over age 65

florida

The U.S. Postal Service, the Boston Pops orchestra, and the college or university in which you are currently enrolled as a student are all examples of

formal organizations

Police officers, judges, administrators, employers, military officers, and managers of movie theaters are all instruments of

formal social control

Social control carried out by authorized agents—such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers—is called

formal social control

According to Mexican American curanderismo, susto refers to

fright sickness

As primary agents of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspective?

functionalist

In keeping with the ____________ perspective of sociology, disengagement theory emphasized that a society's stability is ensured when social roles are passed on from one generation to another.

functionalist

Manifest functions and latest functions; also assume most members of society share a consensus regarding their core beliefs and values.

functionalist

The __________________ perspective emphasizes the roles of schools in teaching the values and customer of the larger society

functionalist

Viewed from the _____ perspective, the government has a strong interest in encouraging adoption.

functionalist

Which perspective stresses the importance of education in transmitting culture, maintaining social control, and promoting social change

functionalist

Which sociological perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive?

functionalist

Which sociological perspective argues that the present organization of social institutions is no accident?

functionalist

Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social integration and unification?

functionalist

Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social support for individuals?

functionalist

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that the common identity and social integration fostered by education contribute to overall societal stability and consensus?

functionalist

Which sociological perspective emphasizes the integrative power of religion in human society?

functionalist

Which sociological perspective sees transnationals as a way for economies to maximize their use of human labor?

functionalist

Which sociological perspective supports the view of marriage as a social institution closely tied to human reproduction?

functionalist

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on the functions of the mass media in conferring status on people, organizations, and public issues?

functionalist perspective

Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that sports help to maintain people's physical well-being?

functionalist perspective

Herbert Gans

functionalist; identified functions that poor people provide for rest of society: menial jobs for low pay

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore (1945)

functionalists; stratification is universal and that social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions

The child of about eight or nine years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. At this point in development, children grasp not only their own social positions, but also those of others around them. Mead calls this stage the

game stage

Women's education tends to suffer in those cultures with traditional ______________ roles

gender

A University of Alaska sociologist asked her male and female students to apply fingernail polish to people of the opposite sex. This experiment demonstrated

gender roles

Which field of study was originally developed in the 1930s as an increasing number of social scientists became aware of the plight of the elderly?

gerontology

____________ is the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged. It originated in the 1930s as an increasing number of social scientists became aware of the plight of elderly people.

gerontology

Which metaphor for the media's reach does sociologist Todd Gitlin consider more apt than "global village"?

global torrent

Stanley Milgram used the word conformity to mean

going along with peers

In sociological terms, what do we call any number of people with similar norms, values and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis?

group

Ritualist

has abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional means; a bureaucratic official who blindly applies rules and regulations without remembering the larger goals of the organization; In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations can be classified as ritualists

William Julius Wilson

have used the term underclass to describe the long-term poor who lack training and skills. According to an analysis of census data, 10.3 million people live in extremely impoverished areas

Compared with Whites, Blacks have higher death rates from

heart disease, diabetes, cancer

Studies of twins raised apart suggest that these influence human development:

heredity and environment.

In the U.S. schoolchildren are taught not to speak until the teacher calls on them and to regulate their activities according to clocks or bells. This learning experience illustrates

hidden curriculum

The term _____________________ refers to standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools. For example, children must not speak until the teacher calls on them and must regulate their activities according to the clock or the bell

hidden curriculum

In a particular school system, a teacher's aide must report to her teacher, and the teacher must report to his assistant principal, who then must report to her principal, who then must report to the superintendent, who ultimately is responsible to the board of education. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

hierarchy of authority

Which of the following is a component of the pretransition stage of demographic transition?

high birth rates and death rates with little population growth

Research in the United States and other countries has consistently shown that people in the lower classes have

higher rates of mortality and disability

Massages, respiratory experiences, and the use of herbs as remedies are considered

holistic medicine practices

According to Herbert Blumer, a distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that

humans interpret or define each other's actions

A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called a(n)

hunting-and-gathering society

Baudrillard's hyperreality

hyper consumerism - practice of buying more than we need or want, and often more than we can afford

One positive consequence of bureaucracy is that it reduces bias. Reduction of bias results from which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

impersonality

Bob is on his first date with Mary, whom he really likes. He tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too, and to want to go out with him again. This is an example of:

impression management

The minority aged population is expected to

increase in the next 40 years

Social disorganization theory

increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions; "blame the victim".

Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is an:

independent variable.

open stratification system and closed stratification system

indicate the degree of social mobility in a society. An open system implies that the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status. Such a system encourages competition among members of society. Despite the Great Recession, Occupy Wall Street, and the continuing debate about inequality, 61 percent of people in 2017 believe that people can get ahead if they are willing to work (Pew Research Center 2017)

Some radical feminist theorists view the oppression of women in male-dominated societies as

inevitable

__________________ is the exercise of power through a process of persuasion

influence

Law and medical school preferences that are shown to children of wealthy and influential alumni is an example of

institutional discrimination

A Roman Catholic parish church offers services in the native language of an immigrant community. This is an example of the...

integrative function of religion

Activity theory is associated with which perspective?

interactionist

In studying social behavior of word processors in a Chicago law firm, sociologist Mitchell Duneier drew on the

interactionist

The teacher-expectancy effect is most closely associated with which perspective?

interactionist

What sociological perspective is most likely to emphasize the important role of social networks in providing life satisfaction for elderly people?

interactionist

Which of the following sociological perspectives finds that women feel empowered by the experience of combat?

interactionist

Which of the following sociological perspectives notes that sexual harassment remains a vicious behavior and its commonplace use in conversation should not ignore that fact?

interactionist

Which sociological perspective emphasizes individual religious expression through belief, ritual, and experience?

interactionist

Which sociological perspective would most likely study the new social roles assumed by activists within a social movement?

interactionist

Which sociological perspective(s) would most likely focus attention on the personal relationships between stepparents and their stepchildren and the family dynamics involved in such relationship?

interactionist

______________ focus on the micro level of family and other intimate relationships; for example, they are interested in whether people are cohabitating partners or are longtime married couples.

interactionists

________ mobility involves changes in social position within a person's adult life

intragenerational

People may behave differently in artificial situations than they would in the "real world." This poses a particular problem for researchers using:

laboratory experiments

The principle of _____________, as expounded and endorsed by the British economist Adam Smith, was the prevailing form of capitalism immediately following the Industrial Revolution.

laissez-faire

In the past, the integrative function of education was most obvious through its emphasis on promoting a common written and spoken ____________

language

A denomination is a

large, organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government

Some norms are considered so important by a society that they are formalized into

laws

Social control in what Ferdinand Tonnies termed Gemeinschaft community is maintained through all but which of the following means?

legally defined punishment

A possible dysfunction of _______________________ would be the belief that when Roman Catholics focus on political and governmental injustice, the clergy are no longer addressing people's personal and spiritual needs.

liberation theology

The use of a church, primarily Roman Catholic, in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice evident in a secular society is referred to as

liberation theology

Max Weber used the term to refer to people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences

life chances

The final stage of the demographic transition is marked by

low birthrates and low death rates

Social class differences in family life are less striking today than they once were; however, in the past, ________-class families were found to be more authoritarian in rearing children and more inclined to use physical punishment

lower

Kai Erikson

maintenance function of deviance in his study of the puritans: tremendous emphasis on morals. In effect, their changing social normal created crime waves (Schaefer)

Traditionally, the relationship between doctors and nurses has paralleled _____________ dominance of the larger society

male

Religion defines the spiritual world and gives meaning to the divine. These are what functions of religion?

manifest

Bestowing status on students by awarding them a diploma after they have successfully completed all graduation requirements can be considered a

manifest function of education

The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives are called

material culture.

_____________emerged among Native American tribal societies, and in nations in which men were absent for long periods because of warfare or food-gathering expedition

matriarchies

According to Emile Durkheim, societies with a minimal division of labor are characterized by

mechanical solidarity

According to the functionalist perspective, which of the following is not one of the paramount functions performed by the family?

mediation

Which of the following illustrates relative deprivation?

middle-management workers in a corporation who are discontented because they cannot afford the luxury cars or expensive homes that their bosses have

The term _________ refers to the relatively permanent movement of people, with the purpose of changing their place of residence, usually over a distance greater than from one side of a city to another.

migration

According to the text, cell phones have been crucial in providing ______ to help aid global refugees.

migration statistics

The notion that peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed nations is known as

modernization

Some capitalist nations, such as the U.S., outlaw ______________ through antitrust legislation

monopolies

Sociologists find it useful to consider ____________________ rates because they reveal that a specific disease occurs more frequently among one segment of a population compared with another

morbidity

Sociologists find me useful because I reveal that a specific disease occurs more frequently among one segment of a population than another. I am presented as the number of reports per 100,000 people. I refer to the incidence of death in a given population

morbidity rate

Which of the following terms refers to the phenomenon whereby massive amounts of coverage result in the audience becoming numb and failing to act on the information regardless of how compellingly the issue was presented?

narcotizing dysfunction

The relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process is referred to as the debate over

nature versus nurture

The term __________ refers to those who are wary of technological innovations, and who question the incessant expansion of industrialization, the increasing destruction of the natural and agrarian world, and the "throw-it-away" mentality of contemporary capitalism

neo-Luddites

Organized collective activities that promote autonomy and self-determination, as well as improvements in the quality of life, are referred to as

new social movements

The ways of using objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication is referred to as

nonmaterial culture

John Kenneth Galbraith

observed that "of all classes the rich are the most noticed and the least studied."

Interactionist perspective to deviance

offers an explanation: cultural transmission theory

The elite model of political power implies that the U.S. has a(n) _____________ as its form of government

oligarchy

What term for government do we use to refer to a small group of individuals who rule?

oligarchy

Ralf Dahrendorf (1929-2009)

one of the most influential contributors to the conflict approach; social classes are groups of people who share common interests resulting from their authority relationships

A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what percentage of team owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial group. This would be an example of developing a(n)

operational definition

societies with a complex division of labor are characterized by

organic solidarity

In The Communist Manifesto, Marx argued that the working class must

overthrow the existing class system of capitalist societies

The least organized and most individualized form of collective behavior is represented by

panics

In societies with economic considerations at play, arranged marriages are engineered by

parents

When a sociologist actually joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates, the approach is called

participant observation

Because they are ______________, most religions tend to reinforce men's dominance in secular as well as spiritual matters

patriarchal

As children grow older, the family becomes less important in social development, while _____________ groups become more important

peer

Status group refers to

people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position.

In everyday speech, what term is used to refer to a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior?

personality.

The looking-glass self is the

phrase used by Charles Horton Cooley to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with others.

Advocates of the _____ model suggest that competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant.

pluralist

Which of the following is not part of the classification system of authority developed by Max Weber?

pluralist authority

I have been criticized for failing to account for the exclusion of African-Americans from the political process. I suggest that a variety of groups play a significant roles in decision making. I am a view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant

pluralist model

The marriage of a woman to more than one man at the same time is referred to as

polyandry

Social change is a constant feature of me. Production is decentralized in me and often takes place outside of urban centers, but control is centralized in multinational corporations whose influence transcends urban and even national boundaries. I am a city in which global finance and the electronic flow of information dominate the economy

postindustrial city

A ____________________ society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images

postmodern

The fact that an unemployed coal miner in Appalachia has a higher standard of living than a doctor in Congo illustrates the idea that

poverty is relative

A particular sociology instructor decides what subject matter will be covered each time her class meets. The fact that the instructor can make these decisions and that the students must follow her lead is an example of

power

Max Weber defined ____________ as the ability to exercise one's will over others

power

According to C. Wright Mills, power rests in the hands of the

power elite

I am, in many respects, similar to the work of Karl Marx. I am associated with the name of C. Wright Mills. I am a view of society which argues that power rests in the hands of a few, both inside and outside government

power elite model

Culture of poverty (Oscar Lewis). characteristics of people

powerlessness; helplessness; unemployment; inability to delay gratification; lack of privacy; predisposed to listen to authority figures

I am characterized by a relatively closed class system and limited mobility. Status in me was usually based on ascribed statuses. I am a type of city

preindustrial city

types of societies

preindustrial, industrial, postindustrial, postmodern

Postindustrial society

processing and control of information

Sociologist Max Weber pointed out that the followers of John Calvin emphasized a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concern, and a rational orientation to life. Collectively, this point of view is referred to as the...

protestant ethic

Daniel Levinson

psychologist researched adult male developmental stages

Scientology is an example of a(n)

quasi-religion

Sexism has been the most serious barrier to women interested in holding public office. To remedy this situation, many countries have adopted ______________ for female representatives

quotas

In the ______________ process, those who have power define groups of people according to a racist social structure

racial formation

In the U.S., there is a presidential election every four years. After the election, nearly half the population readily accepts the leadership of the person for whom they did not vote. This is an example of

rational-legal authority

Gary Schulman

re-created Milgram's experiment; found that white students were significantly more likely to shock black learners than white learners; Margin of 70% to 48%, the imposed. More shocks on the black learners than on the white learners

A person suffering from relative deprivation is dissatisfied because he or she feels downtrodden relative to some appropriate

reference group

In many cases, people model their behavior after groups to which they may not belong. These groups are called

reference groups

Social structure

refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships

The Shakers, a religious sect that came to the U.S. in 1774, has seen their group's membership diminish significantly due. To their inability to

replace personnel

The U.S. is commonly classified as a(n) ______________________,because the elected members of Congress and state legislatures make our laws

representative democracy

One key feature of current consumer technologies is that they

require more frequent upgrading

Retreatist

retreated or withdrawn from both the goals and the means of society; drug addicts and vagrants

Organized religion and government have impacted the life course by reinstituting some of the ____________________ once observed in agricultural communities and early industrial societies.

rites of passage

Facing east toward Mecca while saying one's morning prayers is a characteristic of the Muslim religion. This behavior is an example of a religious

ritual

Sociologist Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh developed the term

role exit

describes the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity:

role exit

In what he called the play stage of socialization, George Herbert Mead asserted that people mentally assume the perspectives of others, thereby enabling them to respond from the imagined viewpoint. This process is referred to as:

role taking

The ____________ encompasses elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear, as compared to the ________, which includes the ordinary and the commonplace

sacred; profane

A Girl Scout works hard on a difficult project, and when. she has completed her work, she is given a badge that she can wear on her uniform. This is an example of a:

sanction.

If we fail to respect and obey social norms, we may face punishment through informal and formal

sanctions

During the late 1990s, social scientists focused on the ________________, adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children

sandwich generation

Analyzing data

search for meaningful links among factors; revisit hypothesis and see if data support it.

These groups often emerge in the workplace among those who share special understandings about their occupation

secondary groups

Unlike ecclesiae and denominations, _____ require intensive commitments and demonstrations of belief by members.

sects

In which form of marriage may a person have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time?

serial monogamy

A particular college requires students to live on campus during their first two years to help foster a sense of community among diverse groups. This

serves as a latent function of education

The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as

sexism

Sociologist Max Weber noted five basic characteristics of bureaucracy, all of which are evident in the vast majority of schools, whether at the elementary, secondary, or even college level. Which of the following is not one of them?

shared decision making

I am not without criticism. I am associated with the functionalist approach, and particularly the name of Parsons. I refer to societal expectations about the attitudes and behaviors of person viewed as ill

sick role

The text cites which of the following as a recognized definition of social change?

significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture

After his divorce from Wanda, Willy has custody of his two young children. Fortunately, his job allows him to work from home on his computer, and he is able to earn a living to support his family and to spend as much time as necessary supervising and caring for his children. This is an example of a(n)

single-parent family

A system of enforced servitude in which people are legally owned by others is known as

slavery

Four major types of stratification systems

slavery; caste system; estate system; open class system

According to sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, ________ is the collective benefit of social networks, which are built on reciprocal trust.

social capital

William Chambliss "The Saints and the Roughnecks"

social class played an important role in the varying fortunes of the two groups

Which theory attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions?

social disorganization theory

A(n) __________________________ studies the effects of social class, race and ethnicity, gender, and age on the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health across a population

social epidemiologist

A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called

social inequality

What is considered to be the major theme of analysis in sociology today?

social inequality

Sociological research that maps sexual relationships amongst high school students is an example of research on

social networks

Which of the following terms refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships?

social structure

Labeling theory is also called the

social-reaction perspective

I serve as an ideal type of economic system. I attempt to eliminate exploitation. I am an economic system under which the means of production and distribution in a society are collectively rather than privately owned

socialism

Under _____, the means of production and distribution in a society are collectively rather than privately owned, and the basic objective of the economic system is to meet people's needs rather than to maximize profits.

socialism

It is important to underscore the fact that ______________________ is the primary source of conformity and obedience, including obedience to law

socialization

What term is used by sociologists in referring to the lifelong process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture?

socialization

A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture are referred to as a

society

A worker who is excluded in casual conversations on the job merely because she is the oldest employee is experiencing ____ age discrimination

soft

In sociological terms, which of the following constitute a crowd?

spectators at a baseball game; participants at a college pep rally; urban rioter

The term hidden curriculum refers to the...

standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools

Every evening at a neighborhood bar, the clientele - which consists of construction workers, police officers, plumbers, and factory workers - watches sports events on the big screen television set and play pool. The people who hang out in this bar are an example of a

status group

Every evening at a neighborhood bar, the clientele—which consists of construction workers, police officers, plumbers, and factory workers—watches sports events on the big screen television set and play pool. The people who hang out in this bar are an example of a

status group

basic elements of social structure

statuses, social roles, groups, networks, institutions

The rising rates of divorce and remarriage have led to a noticeable increase in ______ relationships.

stepfamily

________________________ are unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group

stereotypes

Susan Phillips

study of graffiti writing by gangs in Los Angeles - the writers learned from one another; ethnic groups built on the models of African americans and chicano gangs, superimposing Cambodian, Chinese, or Vietnamese symbols.

Social epidemiology is defined as the

study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population

Cultural variations

subcultures and countercultures.

In Gerhard Lenski's theory of sociocultural evolution, a society's level of __________________ is critical to the way it is organized

technology

In Gerhard Lenski's view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of

technology

Which term refers to cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires?

technology

The final phase of retirement, according to Robert Atchley, is the _____ phase, which begins when the person can no longer engage in basic day-to-day activities such as self-care and housework:

termination

Which of the following is not an example of an ecclesia?

the Episcopal church in the U.S.

Which medium experiences the least amount of gatekeeping?

the Internet

Gunnar Landtman ([1938] 1968) studied

the Kiwai Papuans of New Guinea, at first he noticed little differentiation among them. Every man in the village did the same work and lived in similar housing. However, on closer inspection, Landtman observed that certain Papuans—men who were warriors, harpooners, and sorcerers—were described as "a little more high" than others.

Max Weber defined force as

the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others

Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis have argued that capitalism requires a skilled, disciplined labor force and that the educational system of the U.S. is structured with that objective in mind. Citing numerous studies, they offer support for what they call

the correspondence principle

According to C. Wright Mill's model, which of the following groups is located at the bottom of the pyramid

the exploited masses

Which social institution is considered to be the most important agent of socialization in the U.S., especially for children?

the family

Culture shock is

the feeling of surprise that is experienced when people witness cultural practices different from their own.

Interactionists, as well as economists, have long been interested in

the importance of social class in shaping a person's lifestyle

Charles Horton Cooley is responsible for developing the concept of

the looking-glass self

According to the discussion of capitalism in the text, which of the following statement is true?

the means of production are held largely in private hands; the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits; the degree to which the government regulates private ownership and economic activity will vary.

Capitalism is an economic system in which

the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit

What is tracking?

the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria.

A social scientist would likely study:

the reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the U.S.

Many cultures have shamans, or spiritual guides, who assist individuals on spiritual journeys to the "underworld" or some other non-earthly realm. These shamanic journeys would likely be considered part of

the sacred

The term hidden curriculum refers to

the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools

According to the discussion of social class differences in family life and intimate relationships, which of the following statements is true?

the upper class emphasizes lineage and maintenance of family position.

system of stratification, or feudalism, peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services

this system

Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929) noted that

those at the top of the social hierarchy typically convert part of their wealth into conspicuous consumption—that is, they purchase goods not to survive but to flaunt their superior wealth and social standing.

What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram's experimental study of obedience?

to better understand German involvement in the annihilation of Jews in World War II

Max Weber used the term status group

to refer to people who have the same prestige or lifestyle

Resocialization is particularly effective when it occurs within a

total institution.

Jamie's current gender identity does not match his/her physical identity at birth Jaime is considered

transgender

The most basic manifest function of education is

transmitting knowledge

Crime that occurs across multiple national borders is known as

transnational crime

A new sort of ____________ is emerging online: communities developing around common interests or shared identities

tribalism

Rite of passage

type of hazing.

Sociologist William Julius Wilson and other social scientists have used the term _____ to describe the long-term poor who lack training and skills.

underclass

Caring for children is a(n) _____________ function of the family, yet the ways in which different societies assign this function to family members can vary significantly

universal

Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM)

used to estimate economic hardship. The SPM is a relative poverty measure that is based on a broad range of changing household resources and expenses. It was calculated beginning in late 2011, but does not replace the poverty line in determining a household's eligibility for benefits (Pearce 2014).

Which of the following is a theory of collective behavior?

value-added perspective

The word(s) that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions, thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and attitudes was

verstehen

An inner-city youth spends many hours in the neighborhood playground shooting baskets on the basketball court and engaging in every game that he can play. His skills become outstanding, and he receives a college scholarship and then signs a lucrative contract to play in the National Basketball Association. This is an example of

vertical mobility

Communities protect me, often in the name of "protecting property values." I am associated with the name of social economist Thorstein Veblen. I am those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change, and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo

vested interests

Social economist Thorstein Veblen coined the term ____________________________ to refer to those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change.

vested interests

Those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo are called

vested interests

Feminists contend that prostitution and some forms of pornography are not

victimless crimes

Social class

viewed largely as a statistical category; differences that form criteria for ranking people: education, occupation, race/ethnicity, age, gender

________________________________are records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces that are gathered through a registration system maintained by governmental units

vital statistics

Of the four distinctive subcultures among college students discussed in the text, the __________________ subculture is interested primarily in career prospects, and views college as a means of obtaining degrees that are essential for advancement

vocational

Which of the following terms did C. Wright Mills use to refer to the military leaders of the power elite at the top of his pyramid structure?

warlords

Merton's Theory of Deviance

what do a mugger and a teacher have in common? Each is "working" to obtain money that can be exchanged for desired goods. Merton adopted Durkheim's notion of anomie to explain why people accept or reject the goals of a society

in the US, the majority of all babies born to unmarried teenage mothers are born to whom?

white adolescents

Sociologists and labor specialists foresee a workforce increasingly composed of

women; racial minorities; ethnic minorities

A single mother who works in a factory sewing large sheets of canvas would be considered

working class

In Immanuel Wallerstein's view, the global economic system is divided between nations that control wealth and nations from which resources are taken. This view is referred to as

world systems analysis

A particular teacher spends 80 percent of her time filling out proper forms required by the school district and the rest of her time actually teaching. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

written rules and regulations

School dress codes are an example of _________________________, one of Max Weber's basic characteristics of bureaucratization

written rules and regulations

Four types of research design

(1) Developing an experiment; (2) Conducting interviews or surveys; (3) Observing the ways people behave in certain situations; (4) Examine existing records and/or historical evidence.

Stepping through the scientific method

(1) Select a researchable problem; (2) Review the literature; (3) Formulate a hypothesis; (4) Choose a research design; (5) Collect the data; (6) Analyze the results; (7) State the conclusions.

Seven steps of the scientific method: summary

1) Define the problem; 2) Review the literature; 3) Formulate a testable hypothesis; 4) Select research design; 5) Collect the data; 6) Analyze the data; 7) Develop the conclusion, including ideas for future research; prepare a report with an executive summary.

Four major types of research designs

1) conducting surveys; 2) observation; 3) experimentation; 4) use of existing sources.

Stanley Milgram

65% of subjects willing to give harmful shocks to a pitifully protesting victim because a scientific authority commanded them to, and in spite of fact victim did not deserve the punishment.

Correlation

A relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other.

Subculture

A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of values that differ from the pattern of the larger society.

Sample

A selection from a larger population that is statistically significant or representative of that population.

Scientific method

A systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem.

ASA code of ethics

A: Professional competence; B: Integrity; C: Professional and scientific responsibility; D: Respect for people's rights, dignity, and diversity; E: Social responsibility; Human rights.

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

ANOMIE; Behavior must be understood in its larger social context; Context of work: specialization of labor occurred in the change from an agriculturally based to an industrialized society caused some people to lose a sense of purpose and direction, or what Durkheim referred to as "anomie"; Anomie led to theoretical research on suicide.

Operational definition

An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess the concept.

Critical Theory

An outgrowth of conflict theory; mass culture cannot be a true reflection of people's beliefs, tastes, values, ideas and lifestyles; Rather, mass culture makes the political system seem to be a benign entity supporting the status quo.

George Murdock

Anthropologist; Collected a list of cultural universals (athletic sports; cooking; funeral ceremonies; medicine; marriage; sexual restrictions).

Schulamit Reinharz

Argued that sociological research should be open to bringing about social change.

Theory

Attempt to explain events, forces, material ideas, or behavior in a comprehensive manner.

Lester Ward

Believed in discovering the basic laws that underlie social life and reforming society according to these laws.

Sanctions

Both penalties and rewards for behavior.

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

Cointed term SOCIOLOGY; motivated by upheaval of French Revolution.

Theodor Adorno

Culture industry; standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers; the primary effect of popular culture is to limit people's choices.

Erving Goffman

DRAMATURGICAL APPROACH; IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT; Compared people's social interactions to theoretical performances; Popularized a particular type of interactionist method known as dramaturgical approach; Concerned with the presentation of the self; Coined terms "impression management"; Used theater as a metaphor; Face-shaving is an important aspect of his theory; Emphasized the ways we consciously create images of ourselves for others.

Most hypotheses

Demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

Post-Modernism

Distrust science and the principle of objectivity; Scientific knowledge is as much a product of socially-determined interests and biases of investigators as it is of facts.

Reliability

Extent to which a measure produces consistent results; an important part of the scientific method.

culture shock

Feeling of disorientation; out of phase

Three Frameworks

Feminine, Critical Theory, Post-Modernism.

Macrosociology

Focuses on broad processes as well as the structure, organization, and features of society.

Microsociology

Focuses on the detailed study of what people say, do, and think about as they go about their daily lives.

Language

Foundation of every culture.

George Herbert Mead

Founded INTERACTIONISM in America; Microsociology; Mead & Clooney both preferred studying interactions of small groups; Best known for theory of the self; "Self" emerged through 3-stage process: Preparatory, Play, Game.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Founded conflict theory; "Society is divided into 2 parts: those who own the means to produce wealth and those who do not".

Three general theoretical perspectives

Functionalist, Conflict, Symbolic interactionist.

Two processes each generation uses to expand culture

Innovation (discovery, invention); Diffusion (spreading aspects of culture from one society to the next, or exploration, military conquest).

Charles Horton Clooney

LOOKING-GLASS SELF; Learn who we are by interacting with others; Pioneered interactionist view of theory.

Ethnocentrism

Language reflects attitudes; William Graham Sumner coined term; tendency to assume that one's own culture is normal, or superior, to all others.

Basic elements of culture

Language; Norms; Sanctions; Values.

Who are more likely to seek treatment in clinics and emergency rooms?

Latinos

Sociologists

Look for root causes of social patterns in the way a society is organized and governed, focusing on the big picture (macrosociology) or on an interpersonal interactions (microsociology).

Analysis

Make use of existing sources in secondary analysis and content analysis.

Ann M. Maier

More American teens have become sexually active. What social factors would help explain the fact that most high school graduates today are not virgins.

Code of ethics

Most important part of the research process; call.s for objectivity and integrity in research.

Folkways

Norms governing everyday behavior, customary rules of conduct, not vital to welfare of society.

Mores

Norms important to welfare of society, the most cherished principals that people share in a society.

Columbia, UC Berkeley 1940-1970

Public attitude surveys and the refinement of models of society as an interrelated system were crafted during this time.

W.E.B. Dubois

Put sociological theory to work in the field; Gathered information about African American community in Philadelphia; Pioneered interactionist view of theory.

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

SOCIAL DARWINISM; Sought to understand how societies change; Viewed societal evolution as did Charles Darwin; Call his ideas "Social Darwinism"; Thought changes in society were "natural"; "natural" rich and poor; government should not interfere; Family, religion, education, economy and how the functions of these structures help society survive.

Social Sciences

Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology, Economics, Political Science.

An operational definition of "prejudice"

Someone who is unwilling to hire or work with members of minority groups.

Informal norms

Standards of behavior generally understood, but not precisely written down; manners and the way people dress are informal norms.

Microsociology

Stresses the study of small groups and often uses experimental study in the U.S.

Robert Merton

Theory to explain deviant behavior (1968); Adapted "anomie" to explain why people accept or reject goals of society; Rejection of society's goals: deviant behavior; Conformity: opposite of deviance; Conformists and deviants: "innovators" and "ritualists"; "innovators" reject hard work and resort to criminal behavior to become affluent; Merton differentiated between manifest (observable and stated) functions in society and latent (subtle and below-the-surface) functions.

Norms

To live in a society, we must share an understanding of which actions are okay and which are not; the established standards of behavior maintained by a society; to be considered a norm, these social rules must be shared and understood by a larger number of people.

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876))

Translated Comte's work and wrote first book on how to do social research; Proposed that sociologists should not limit themselves to just reporting and observing about social conditions, they should follow her example and act on their convictions to benefit society.

Max Weber (1864-1920)

VERSTEHEN; Contributed to Marx's conflict theory; Founded another theoretical perspective called symbolic or social interactionism; Told his students to apply "insight" and "understanding" to all social interactions ("verstehen"); Weber's process of symbolic interactionism: sociologists should place themselves mentally into someone else's life in order to truly understand the intentions, values, beliefs, and attitudes that underlie people's intentions and actions; The ideal type: does not necessarily exist; can be used as a benchmark for evaluating "real world" occurrences; it is a model or standard to go by.

A sociologist sets up an experiment on the effects of energy drinks on sleep. The individuals who are given a placebo drink are considered to be the:

control group

The division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities is referred to as:

double consciousness

According to the functionalist perspective, an aspect of social life would be passed on from one generation to the next if it:

promotes value consensus among members of a society

Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers, by the middle of the 20th century, the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to:

theorizing and gathering information.

The word that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions, thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and attitudes

verstehen.