Sociology 101 exam

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as:

popular culture

Charles Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships using the term

primary group

Which of the following terms refers to a social group that people use as a point of evaluation in making evaluations or decisions?

reference group

Humans stand out among all forms of life as the only species that:

relies on culture to ensure survival

Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that

rich societies extend childhood much longer than poor societies do.

Sociologists use what term to refer to behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

role

Joan is an excellent artist, but finds she cannot devote enough time to her family.

role conflict

What is the term for the tension among roles connected to a single status?

role strain

The Thomas theorem states that:

situations defined as real are real in their consequences

The term "cultural lag" refers to the fact that:

some cultural elements change more quickly than others

__________ defines who and what we are in relation to others.

status

At a given time you occupy a number of statuses. These are your:

status set

Which of the following is every society's most important primary group?

the family

Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed

the power of group membership to generate conformity.

The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based primarily

the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern

Culture guides the display of emotions.

true

People generate reality in their social interaction.

true

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called:

values

Which of the following attributes is NOT characteristic of secondary groups?

warm, personal interaction

When interacting with people of an unfamiliar cultural background,:

what is funny to people in one society is often lost on those from another society.

The survey of the life course in the text leads the reader to conclude that

while life-course stages are linked to biology, they are largely a social construction.

The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, best shows that

without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action.

A century ago, most of those who immigrated to the United States came from:

Europe

Most hand gestures, such as the "thumb-up" sign, have same in the world.

False

Subculture is more at odds with dominant culture than counterculture.

False

The U.S. has a popular culture, but not a high culture.

False

Which of the following is typically true of a social network?

Networks are "fuzzy" groups containing people we "know of" rather than those we "know."

What is the lifelong social experience by which human beings learn culture?

Socialization

Experiencing a strange culture can generate culture shock.

True

We all participate in numerous subcultures without necessarily becoming very committed to any of them.

True

What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity?

groupthink

It is correct to say that the development of more complex technology:

has both positive and negative effects.

In historical perspective, the power of the mass media in the socialization process has

increased over time

What is the term for a social group that commands a member's esteem and loyalty?

ingroup

What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

instrumental leadership

The text states that cultural change is set in motion in three general ways:

invention, discovery, and diffusion

Ethnocentrism refers to:

judging another cultural by the standards of one's own culture

Industrial societies typically define people in old age as

less aware and important than younger adults.

What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students"?

a category

What is the sociological term for a social group with two members?

a dyad

A role set refers to:

a number of roles attached to a single status

What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another ?

a social group

What is the term for a social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a significant measure of personal ability and effort?

achieved status

The story showed that She/He experienced ______.

all of the above

What plays a part in the reality we construct within social interaction?

all of the above

Which of the following might well serve as a master status?

all of the above

Multiculturalism is defined as:

an educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions.

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in

anticipatory socialization

Sociologists define a symbol as:

anything that carries a meaning to people who share a culture.

Cultural universals are cultural traits that:

are part of every known culture

Core cultural values:

are sometimes in conflict with each other

What is the term for a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life?

ascribed status

Which of the following is NOT a value central to U.S. culture, by sociologist Robin Williams?

belief in tradition

Nonverbal communication refers to:

body movements, gestures, and facial expressions.

His parents reaction to his gender/sex change was mainly ________.

both a and b

Cultural integration refers to the fact that:

change in one cultural pattern is usually linked to changes in others

Passengers sitting in an airport gate area to board a plane are an example of a

crowd

Sociologists claim the main reason that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion is

cultural inconsistency in defining this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike.

Counterculture refers to:

cultural patterns that oppose those are widely held

A subculture refers to:

cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population

The practice of persons from one culture judging any other culture by their standards is called:

cultural relativism

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that, together, constitute a people's way of life?

culture

Based on both the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude

long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

Family is important to the socialization process because

All of the above

Which statement reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad?

Dyads are less stable than groups with many members.

The language spoken by people in more nations of the world than any other is:

Chinese

Today, most immigrants to the United States arrive from:

Latin America, and Asia

The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called:

diffusion

The special contribution of schooling to the socialization process includes

exposing the children to a bureaucratic setting

In general, we see the __________ as a means to an end; we see the __________ as an end in itself.

expressive group; instrumental group

What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being?

expressive leadership

A status set refers to the roles people have over the course of their lifetimes

false

Miles parents accepted his new girlfriend into the house.

false

People usually have more statuses than they have roles.

false

Social structure, including status and role, provides a guide for everyday living.

false

An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to:

folkways

The English language often treats as __________ whatever has greater value, force, or significance.

masculine

In what way do men and women typically differ in their use of space?

men commonly use more space than women

Wrong-doing such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity is an example of violating:

mores

In the reading, Miles changed his name to _________.

none of the above

As a part of human culture, religion is an example of:

nonmaterial culture

The author of this article states that he is _________.

not stated

What is the term for a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition?

outgroup

On average, a U.S. household has at least one television turned on for __________ hours a day.

over seven

The spread of virtual culture means that culture is now less likely to be:

passed down from one generation to the next.

Cultural transmission refers to the process of:

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed

people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only "legitimate" authority figures, but also groups of ordinary individuals.

What is the term for a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

personality