Sociology 101 Final
ingroup
"Us" - people with whom one shares a common identity
Amy is a married woman with children. She and her partner Alan both work full-time jobs. When they come home, Amy makes dinner, cleans, and tends to the children for the evening. Alan helps with these things sometimes, but many days he rests after work. If Arlie Hochschild saw this household, she would say Amy is experiencing the:
"second shift."
List the 4 elements of culture
) symbols 2) language 3) values and beliefs 4) norms
Who was Cooley?
- Helps meads argument - talks about looking glass self (our self image is based on how other people see us)
Differential Association Theory
- assumption that men are neither good nor bad - issue is how social groups influence behavior - deviance is a result of social pressure - deviance will result when exposure to antisocial behavior is frequent, for long periods of time, valued, from someone prestigious
Social Control Theory
- assumption that men are savage, brutal, and cruel - issue is why most conform, not why some are deviant - compliance to society's norms is due to social pressure
What is the historical perspective?
- the whole world was poor until a few centuries ago - industrial technology improved living standards - high income countries benefited most then middle, but low income countries have changed very little
List the 6 names of human development theorists
1) Freud 2) Piaget 3) Kohlberg 4) Carol Gilligan 5) George Herbert Mead 6) Erikson
List the 4 types of feminism
1) Liberal 2 Socialist Feminism 3) radical feminism 4) cultural
List the two theoretical approaches to culture.
1) structural-functionalism: culture is a complex strategy for meeting human needs; cultural universals 2) social-conflict: cultural traits benefit some members of society at the expense of others
Karl Marx
19th century philosopher. Father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
Discuss Piaget's theories
4 stages 1) Sensorimotor : (birth-2) experience world through senses 2) Preoperational: (2-7) language and other symbols 3) concrete operational: (7-11) perception of casual connections 4) Formal operational: (11) Abstract, critical stages
Prejudice
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
Communist Manifesto
A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views
Which of the following scenarios involves the use of peer pressure?
A student relents and goes to a party after her friends ask her numerous times
Discrimination
Actions or behaviors
Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Define Social Control.
Attempts by others to regulate peoples thoughts and behavior positive and negative sanctions
Define Culture. What are the different types?
Culture: Ways of thinking acting, and our possessions that shape a persons way of life (how we dress, music we like, how we line up at a store) 1) nonmaterial culture: ideas created by memebers of society (driving on the right side) 2) material culture: physical things that are created by members of society (clothing, buildings)
The process of learning and internalizing values, beliefs and norms of social groups by which we become functioning members of society.
Define Socialization
Michelle is doing a school project that involves visiting a local mosque and interviewing Muslims about life in Indiana. What advice would Jen'nan Read likely give to Michelle?
Don't confuse ethnicity and religion, wrongly assuming that "Muslim" and "Arab" are one and the same.
Comte de Buffon's classification schemes assumed that anyone who differed from the following group was abnormal.
European
What is the dependency theory?
Explains global inequality in terms of historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
Describe family as an agent of socialization.
Family: most important for socialization loving family bonding and encouragement from parents where we belong where we first learn norms of society determines social status
What are formal vs. informal norms?
Formal: officially written down in legal system (no stealing, football game rules) Informal: unsaid, not official (cutting in line)
What does the modernization theory explain?
Global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences
Ethnicity
Group of people that share common ancestry or culture
Why is the official formula for calculating the poverty line outdated?
Housing now makes up a larger proportion of household budgets than in the past.
Discuss Freud's Belief
Id- Human Drive (sexual; seek pleasure and avoid pain) Ego- mediates btwn id & superego what you see; conscience Superego- culture (values, beliefs, right and wrong, norms) *only developed through socialization
Which of the following is an example of a symbolic interactionist theory of deviance?
Illegal drug dealing is an example of which of the following types of crime, as defined by sociologists?
If you are a salaried worker and you miss a day of work, how does your salary change?
It doesn't change.
Separation of "I" and "me"
ME" represents learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others/society. "I" represents individual's identity/based on response to "me".
focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels
Macrosociology
Wrote The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism
Max Weber
Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s. Which of the following might be a reason?
More people in the medical community are being allowed to prescribe
Nature vs. Nurture. Define
Nature: biology and genetics Nurture: Behaviour is not instinctive but learned
You conduct a study of romantic love among college students. You ask one student to participate, and she says she is annoyed and offended that you asked her. You have caused her harm, but does this level of harm constitute an ethics violation?
No, because this harm is not greater than that which people encounter in everyday life.
What is a major reason unions are on the decline in the United States today?
People don't trust unions, saying they are corrupt and outdated.
Phillipe Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:
Phillipe Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:
Which of the following scenarios provides an example of front-stage behavior?
Sally discovers her mother-in-law is dropping by shortly, so Sally rushes to tidy up the house.
Your professor drank too much over the weekend and tripped and sprained his ankle. When asked about his injury in class the next day, the professor replied, "I sprained my ankle playing soccer with the kids." This is an example of:
Saving Face
Define Social Isolation
See importance of socialization when we see how people act with no social contact (being deprived from people; ex. being locked up by parents)
Which of the following is true regarding social capital in the United States today?
Social capital is decreasing.
postmodern sociologists argue that all so-called objective phenomena are open to debate because all meaning is subjective. Thus, to postmodernists, all "facts" are really:
Social constructions
Race
Socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits
A female manager is attempting to climb her way to the top of the corporate ladder. She works as hard as, if not harder than, her male colleagues, but nothing she does seems to help her advance. She begins to notice a pattern: Men are often promoted, but women are often overlooked for advancement. The realization that many women in her circumstance are experiencing the same discrimination is an example of:
Sociological Imagination
Why is the United States best described as having a mix of mechanical and organic sanctions?
The United States applies mechanical sanctions in some contexts and organic sanctions in other contexts.
Define: Resocialization.
The process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones
What might be a plausible reason that upper-status students score higher on SATs?
Their parents are better able to obtain help for them, as in SAT prep courses and extra tutoring if they are doing poorly in school.
According to Howard S. Becker, why do marijuana smokers enjoy using the drug?
They engage in a social process of learning to define the experience as fun and pleasurable.
What is Gender Straticfication?
Unequal distribituion of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women The men are often placed in a position of power over women
A sociologist is initially shocked by the practice of child marriage in Kenya. Instead of viewing the participants as objects to be examined, the sociologist tries to imagine himself in the position of the people being studied and tries to see child marriage from their perspective. Seeking to understand the insider's perspective is what Max Weber called:
Verstehen
Janet was surprised to find out that her gynecologist, Dr. Herring, was good friends with her tennis partner, Sally. Janet had met Sally years ago in graduate school, while Dr. Herring knew Sally from church. The nature of each one's relationship to Sally is what sociologists call a(n):
What appears to be the main reason for the success of Amish businesses when compared to other U.S. businesses?
With regard to research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes, which of the following is true?
When social class characteristics are controlled for, test score gaps between black and white students shrink, black students have a higher high school graduation rate, and black students are less likely to be held back a grade.
A group of children are playing a game called "telephone," in which one child whispers a message to another, who then passes it along, until the last child announces the message to the whole group. Usually, by the end, someone has misheard the message and changed it. Does the children's game of telephone count as media?
Yes, because the game relays information.
A religious movement that makes some new claims about the supernatural and does not easily fit within the sect-church cycle is called:
a cult
Angela is writing a story about a "typical American family." She researches the work lives of the statistically typical family and concludes that her story will feature:
a husband and wife who both work.
stigma
a mark of shame or discredit
Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association listed homosexuality as:
a mental disorder.
Taboo
a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated ex: incest, cannibalism
total institution
a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff (prison, military, mental hospital)
Defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that together perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time:
a social institution
A paradox of the American education system is that education is:
a social institution that stratifies students based on the characteristics of their backgrounds even though it is intended to provide equal opportunity.
Define the term multiculturalism
a social policy designed to encourage tunic.cultural heterogeneity
Looking Glass Self
all things around you define who you are
out-group
any group with which an individual does not identify
If your professor asked you to do a breaching experiment, you might do which of the following?
ask a stranger to tie your shoes
a social institution that stratifies students based on the characteristics of their backgrounds even though it is intended to provide equal opportunity.
asking children many questions and reasoning with them
Norms are to ________ as values are to ________.
behavior; attitudes
Animism is the ________; examples of it are ________.
belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism
James is 6 feet tall. Leroy is 5 feet 2 inches tall. There are surely many individual differences between James and Leroy, but sociological research predicts that based on height alone, James is likely to have:
better health.
The modern capitalist society is an example of which type of society?
bourgeois
Professor Worth decides to emulate Zephyr Teachout's approach to running for public office. Therefore, Professor Worth makes ________ the center of her platform.
campaign finance reform
When one factor is said to influence another factor, it is called:
casualty
Most people living within a state have certain rights as citizens of that nation, called ________ rights.
citizenship
What is cultural integration?
close relationship among various different elements of a cultural system (ex. when women entered work force it caused incomes to rise, birth rates to decline, higher divorce rates)
Roger Brubaker's study analyzed notions of citizenship in both France and Germany. His method of research is known as:
comparative research.
During the mid-twentieth century in the United States, many blacks moved north to escape Jim Crow laws in the rural South. This resulted in:
competition for housing and employment in the North, resulting in violent clashes between whites and blacks.
Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research project?
conducting a survey about how often people attend church
Define popular culture
cultural patterns that are widespread among societies population (ex. fast food, hockey, hollywood movies)
Define Subculture.
cultural patterns that set a part some segment of societies population (ex. senior, citizen, snowboarders)
After an exciting first week in the United States, Bryan, an international student from Malaysia, begins to feel exhausted, anxious, and confused about life in the United States. This is:
culture shock.
Serena works for a shoemaker in a small shop, doing a variety of tasks. At the end of the week, the shoemaker offers her a choice: She can be paid with cash, or with her choice of a pair of shoes. Serena chooses cash, which confirms Georg Simmel's theory that says ________ is part of a historical evolution of economy that has many advantages. the drive for exchange
depersonalized exchange
If stepsiblings Rebecca and Suzanne are asked to share bedrooms or other possessions and Rebecca views such sharing as an intrusion, she may have difficulty overcoming the tendency to play the role of ________ between her parent and the new stepparent.
divide et impera
Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as:
dramaturgical theory
Feminist psychoanalyst Nancy Chodorow believes that if men share mothering with women, then:
egalitarian relationships will be possible.
A stratification system with a governing elite—that is, few leaders who broadly hold the power in society—is called a(n) ________ system.
elite-mass dichotomy
Gausa has fallen in love with Niso, a man who is outside her ethnic group. Her family shames her and convinces her to marry Xhoso, a man within her group. Gausa is following her ethnic group's rule of:
endogamy.
Harold Garfinkel developed an approach to studying human interaction that focused on how people produce and maintain a mutually shared social order. This method was called:
ethnomethodology.
Which of the following terms hinges on the belief that social and psychological traits can be traced through bloodlines and selectively bred out of (or into) populations?
eugenics
Jamie is using secularization theory to study changes in a European society. She first studies education and notices that the public school curriculum began referring to God less and less and stopped using theistic explanations of historical and geological processes. She then turns to economy and politics, expecting to see:
evidence of secularization across all social institutions.
Why is school an important part of socialization?
experience diversity in race, class, gender clustering, etc hidden curriculum first bureaucracy (schedules and rules) ex. Medical School: processes of socialization that go into becoming a doctor. -> what feels unnatural becomes natural; learn to violate certain norms (touching ppl)
Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins who live together in a multigenerational household are considered a(n) ________ family.
extended
Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States, although most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. What factors might discourage exogamy?
facing ostracism from within one's community
Organizations ruled by traditional authority run into problems when a situation occurs:
for which the first leader did not set a precedent.
In a legal-rational society, personality and tradition are less important than:
formal rules.
America's first naturalization law, passed in 1790, granted citizenship to:
free white persons.
A drug dealer stops selling drugs after learning on the street that another dealer was caught and punished. This is an example of which of the following?
general deterrence
When token men enter feminized jobs, they enjoy a quicker rise to leadership positions. This is referred to as the:
glass escalator.
Part of what we learn in elementary school is to obey authority, follow the rules, and be on time. Because these values are important to the functioning of the capitalist system, Antonio Gramsci would call this:
hegemony.
The effect of globalization has been to bifurcate labor into:
high skilled and low skilled.
Jackson is using newspaper articles dating from the early 1950s to study unofficial attitudes toward working women post-World War II. Jackson is using what research method?
historical methods
Jane is a single mother in poverty. She has intermittent, low-paying employment. Because she is forced to move a lot, she hasn't established a reliable social network for support or friendships for her children. To determine what effect this has on her children's outcomes, what factors would the parenting stress hypothesis examine?
household stress levels and their effect on Jane's patience and parenting style
What is an example of a women's "second shift"
housework
Which of the following is one of the ways that sociologists study religion?
identifying the purposes religion serves for individuals and societies
What did the former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan say was one of the most important factors in defeating infectious diseases?
increasing access to clean water
Punishments that are based on the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership are known as unspoken rules and as:
informal social sanctions.
According to Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a self-concept by:
interpreting how others think about us.
You are the lord of an estate. During the enclosure movement in Tudor England, what did you likely do with some of your common land?
kicked off the commoners who had used the land for grazing
Toma is a nineteenth-century peasant who moved to a city to find work. Back in his village, most of Toma's transactions were bartered—swapping an animal for cloth or potatoes for a tool. In the city, monetization governs wage labor, which means that:
legal currencies are used in financial exchanges.
In the early days of the new monetary system, stockholders were more willing to invest in corporations because of ________, which limits their financial responsibility to whatever they invested in the company.
limited liability
According to Annette Lareau (2003), working-class and poor parents focus on the "accomplishment of natural growth," while middle-class parents are more likely to engage in "concerted cultivation." In the "accomplishment of natural growth," children experience:
long stretches of leisure time and child-initiated play.
Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing, and books, is part of our:
material culture
Although women now outnumber men in terms of college enrollment, men still dominate which fields?
math and physics
Promotions to higher levels within an idealized bureaucratic hierarchy based on achievement rather than personal attributes or favoritism refers to:
meritocracy.
Vilfredo Pareto believed in a society in which status and mobility are based on individual attributes and ability, called:
meritocracy.
John Gray, author of Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus (1992), takes the position that the different temperaments, emotions, and languages of males and females are rooted in:
natural differences.
Define Cultural relativism.
no culture is superior to another when comparing what is right and wrong because there is not a definite answer to this question. (ex. india's sacred cows by marvin harris)
Rosenthal and Jacobson's 1968 study of the Pygmalion effect provided strong evidence that teacher expectations matter. Mr. Hildebrand is a teacher who reads this study and, in an effort to improve his teaching, decides to:
offer promising learners detailed and personalized feedback on their performance—not just a generic "good job
A local organization values democracy and diversity and therefore solicits input on every decision it makes and uses recruiting strategies that are likely to attract a wide variety of applicants. These beliefs and behaviors are part of the:
organizational culture.
Susan Mayer wrote What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances. Her findings were similar to what Marlin Card was suggesting would have helped his chances in life. Which of the following might have addressed this issue?
parenting classes
One of the problems with credentialism is that more and more students (with their parents' help) are attempting to attend private schools or to be placed in the best tracks in their public school. This may be one of the reasons that:
parents are attempting to have their children accepted at the "right" day care, sometimes even before they are born.
Expected conformity, especially among teenage friends, is known as:
peer pressure.
Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith's proposal that skin color should be viewed as a product of climate and therefore not correlated to inner virtues (e.g., intelligence, character, personality) suggests that he felt:
people were all the same beneath their skin.
DNA testing is generally seen as a benefit to justice, because it allows for more precise identification of criminals. Sociologists see that forensic genetics also has a tendency to reproduce existing inequalities, because:
people who have committed prior crimes, and those with relatives who have committed crimes, are more likely to be caught.
What is culture shock?
personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
In general, rulers prove their authority by:
persuading subordinates that their claims to power are valid
What are Agents of Socialization?
places where specialization grows ex. family, school, peer group, mass media
What is Ethnocentrism?
practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture (comparing your culture to someone else's)
Define cultural transmission.
process of passing culture to next generation
What did weber think about culture?
protestant reformation generated a progress-oriented way of life; wealth was a sign of personal virtue and individualism replaced community
Deliberate, long-term media campaigns such as Smokey the Bear, which began in 1944 and is still with us today, are examples of ads used by nonprofit organizations to educate the public. They are commonly known as:
public service announcements.
In 1942, 120,000 Japanese Americans were sent by federal order to internment camps. Afterward, all Asian Americans (regardless of their country of origin and/or U.S. citizenship status) went from being a relatively unnoticed group to being singled out for discrimination. This is known as:
racialization
Barbara Risman equated gender inequality, in the form of marriage, to:
racism.
The more consistent the results given by repeated measurements, the higher the ________ of the measurement procedure.
reliability
The study that analyzed the sexual networks of teens at 12 high schools is an example of how network analysis can inform transmission phenomena such as the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). An advantage of network analysis over interpretive sociology is that it can:
reveal patterns in social structures that might not become evident through answers to direct questions.
Charles is a sociologist studying a population of gay fathers in the United States. He interviews 200 men in his data collection. These 200 men constitute what researchers call a:
sample
According to Erving Goffman, the main goal of impression management is to:
save "face."
You believe that you have received an unfair grade on a paper, but you know that arguing with your professor would do little good. You leave the classroom and angrily throw the paper into the nearest trash can. Steven Lukes would call this the ________ dimension of power.
second
In hopes of earning a few dollars on investments they no longer use or want, some people take their household items to consignment shops, while other people sell their items on eBay. Which method of selling can be argued to have more structural holes?
selling through a consignment shop, because buyers are prevented from negotiating with sellers
According to Hobbes, to achieve peace and avoid death, humans enter into a ________ and submit to an overarching sovereign authority charged with ensuring peace for everyone.
social contract
What is an ideal culture?
social patterns mandated by values and norms; what society says they do (ex. marriage is forever)
what is cultural lag?
some elements change more quickly than others (ex. technology)
The conflict between the Hmong family and their American doctors was over different understandings of seizures. The Hmong family viewed seizures as ________, but American doctors viewed seizures as ________.
spiritual; physical
Which of the following is a type of social stratification?
status hierarchy system
Tammy is a student who does fieldwork in a low-income neighborhood near her college. She interviews women who say they are very religious but don't go to church. She interprets these data after reading Susan Crawford Sullivan's research, which explains that low-income religious women often don't go to church both because of logistics and because of stigma. Because of this, their religion is:
still important as a source of resilience and meaning.
According to research, because low-income parents cannot give their children every toy and gadget they want, the parents engage in:
symbolic indulgence.
Which of the following theories argues that people's feelings and choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions
symbolic interactionism
Cho is working on poverty reduction in a Philadelphia public housing development. In the analysis he writes after the project, he uses Mario Luis Small's idea of "culture as frames" instead of Oscar Lewis's "culture of poverty" because the "culture of poverty" thesis:
tends to blame the poor.
Which of the following is a case study of a lifestyle that has endured and maintained its traditions despite wide changes in modern life?
the Amish in Pennsylvania
Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex?
the decision to perform sex reassignment surgery on a male infant born with a micropenis (e.g., a phallus measuring less than 2 centimeters in length) and raise the baby as a female
In terms of the evolution of payment and exchange, wage labor is more developed than piecework payment because under wage labor:
the employer assumes responsibility for the quality of the raw materials, the technology, and the production process.
A professor assigns a group project. In one group, Darin does nearly all the work. Martin, Aaid, and Abbey seem to shirk responsibility, assuming that because it's a group, someone else will pull the extra weight. Viewed with a sociological lens, this is:
the free rider problem.
Values
the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way you live
Charles Horton Cooley argued that the self emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He called this
the looking glass shelf
In the grocery store one day, you spy a mother and her two unruly children. She consistently threatens that she is going to spank them when she gets them home. They ignore her threats. Finally, she swats one of them on the butt, making the other child laugh, suggesting that she has lost control of the situation. This could be seen as:
the paradox of authority.
The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson type of family was in its prime during which time period?
the post-World War II economic boom
Sociology
the study of human society
Physicians in ancient Rome tended to have lower prestige. This was because:
the surgeons evolved from barbers.
Pierre, Micaela, and Jon are friends, but Pierre and Micaela are much closer to each other than either of them is to Jon. Why do they stay friends with Jon at all? The concept of triadic closure suggests that:
the weaker ties to Jon are reinforced by the stronger ties between Pierre and Micaela.
The student guards in Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment behaved the way they did because:
they experienced the Lucifer effect, in which they were affected by social surroundings and cultural expectations.
Which of the following factors is needed to establish causality?
time order
Luis is a Mexican American man who says terrible things about African Americans when he is with his Mexican American friends. When they encounter a group of African Americans on the street, Luis smiles, says "Hello," and passes by. Robert Merton would describe Luis as a(n):
timid bigot
The word culture derives from the Latin word colere, which means:
to cultivate.
Which of the following was a motivation of the welfare reforms of 1996?
to promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility
Professor Clayton hypothesizes that travel to other countries increases students' abilities to do well in advanced sociology classes. Which variable is the independent variable?
travel to other countries
In the one-sex model, it was believed that both a man's and a woman's orgasm were required for conception. When the two-sex model gained momentum, women and men were viewed as radically different creatures, and the female orgasm became viewed as:
unnecessary.
If ________ are abstract cultural beliefs, then ________ are how they are put into play.
values; norms
The rise or fall of an individual (or group) from one social stratum to another is called ________ social mobility.
vertical
In the past, a murderer might have been executed with the same weapon she used to commit the crime. According to Michel Foucault, this is an example of what?
violence against the body
Which of the following is one main reason why a Navajo person would identify as nadle? The person:
was born with ambiguous genitalia
Income-based measurements are deceptive because they hide the real influence of:
wealth
With industrialization, families were less able to rely on extended networks to help take care of children, the elderly, and those who were disabled. As a result, the government intervened to take care of these people. When governments assume responsibility for the basic needs of citizens, this is called a(n):
welfare state.
Quantitative sociologists view data as numbers : Qualitative sociologists view data as
words
In her study of real estate and inequality, graduate student Shania looks for the "Aspen effect." She is looking for:
workers who must live very far from their jobs due to real estate prices.
Theism is the ________; examples of it include ________.
worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam
