sociology 101 final
According to your textbook, which of the following concepts best describes the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sex differences related to their biology?
Biological determinism
Brent thinks that Vietnamese culture is a more wholesome culture than his own (American). What trait does Brent display?
Xenocentrism
According to Prof. Goldin, featured in lecture, which statement about the gender pay gap is correct?
The gender pay gap is mostly due to women selecting into more flexible jobs with fewer promotions
The Pager (2003) study, discussed in lecture, found that white male job applicants were called back more often than Black male job applicants. What explained this finding?
Black applicants were discriminated against
In the Freakonomics episode "Trust me", Harvard sociologist Bob (Robert) Putnam describes decades long trends of social capital in the US. Which statement most accurately describes these trends?
Bonding capital has remained stable, bridging capital decreased
Badger et al. NYT article "Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys" discussed mobility trends among different racial and ethnic groups in the US. Which statement about black boys and social mobility is CORRECT?
Black boys raised in the top 1% are more likely to become poor than to stay wealthy
Here are four descriptions of terms from your textbook. Match the description with the correct term. 1) The way a minority and majority group combine to form a new group; 2) The way a minority (person or group) adopts characteristics of the dominant culture; 3) People from different cultures inhabiting the same space: each culture keeps its own identity, but adds to the whole; 4) The separation of two groups, particularly in where they live, but also at work and during socializing.
1) Amalgamation, 2) assimilation, 3) pluralism, 4) segregation
According to the Freakonomics podcast "The Fracking Boom, a Baby Boom, and the Retreat From Marriage", what percentage of children is born to unmarried mothers in the US nowadays?
40%
We want to study the relationship between dippin' dots ice-cream consumption and aggression. We suspect artificial additives in the dippin' dots are causing hyperactivity in the brain, which might lead to increased irritability and aggression. We collect data on dippin' dots consumption and aggression through surveys, and FIND our hypothesized correlation between dippin' dots consumption and aggression. However, once we take the outdoor temperature into account in our analyses, the correlation disappears. In this study, what is the appropriate term for the following variables? 1) temperature, 2) aggression, 3) dippin' dots consumption
1) Confounding variable, 2) Dependent variable, 3) Independent variable
We want to examine the relationship between birth order (whether one is a 1st child, 2nd child, etc.) and schizophrenia among adults. We suspect that being born later in the birth order (e.g. 2nd rather than 1st, 3rd, rather than 2nd) causes the risk of schizophrenia to go up. To test our hypothesis we administer a survey among a random sample of 100,000 U.S. adults. We find support for our hypothesis: being born later in the birth order correlates with the incidence of schizophrenia. However, when we include the a measure of paternal age (the age of the father) at birth, the correlation between birth order and schizophrenia disappears. In this study, what is the appropriate term for the following variables? 1) schizophrenia, 2) birth order, 3) paternal age at birth.
1) Dependent variable, 2) Independent variable, 3) Confounding variable
Determine what label best fits the following statements: 1) human caused climate change is real, 2) it is my opinion that the Holocaust is a made-up historic event to cast German politics in a bad light, 3) Rainy weather is the best
1) Fact, 2) misconception, 3) opinion
Determine what label best fits the following statements: 1) I know that vaccines are more dangerous than the illnesses they prevent, 2) I'm aware that vaccines do not cause autism, 3) I dislike getting a vaccine
1) Misconception, 2) fact, 3) opinion
The Freakonomics podcast "Does doing good give you the license to be bad?" discussed moral licensing. Which of the following is the best example of moral licensing?
A cashier at the supermarket considers her customer service excellent and therefore keeps some of the change of rude customers for herself
What is the difference between a fact and an opinion?
A fact is true - based on objective evidence, while an opinion is by definition subjective
During World War II, German Nazi SS officers would routinely round up Jewish people found in hiding and shoot them. In the context of that place and time (Nazi Germany), what is this atrocious action an example of?
A sanction
According to your textbook, which of the following is the best definition of the "Common Core"?
A set of academic standards that outline what a student should know and be able to do at the end of each grade
The Freakonomics episode "Riding the Herd Mentality", describes a water shortage in Midlands, Texas. To avoid dealing with the worst repercussions of the draught, inhabitants were told to hold off on non-essential water use such as watering their lawns. Assume that the prevailing preference at that time was to have a beautiful lush green lawn. People prefer their own lawn green rather than dry and brown and would water secretly if they could get away with it. What term from your Komorita & Park reading best describes this situation?
A social trap
Badger et al. NYT article "Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys" discussed mobility trends among different racial and ethnic groups in the US. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Black children have higher social mobility than Hispanic children
According to lecture, who of the following scholars emphasized that individual interests often align with collective interest?
Adam Smith in "The Wealth of Nations" (1776)
Following Putnam's logic in the Freakonomics episode "Trust me" , which of the following behaviors would NOT increase societal trust?
Adding homophilous ties to your network
Marx might describe a worker at an Amazon warehouse as a cog in a machine: Warehouse workers are divorced from the production of the goods they distribute and do not have direct contact with the customers they serve. Which concept would Marx use for the relation between Amazon warehouse workers and their job?
Alienation
According to Heller, in the Freakonomics episode "Preventing crime for pennies on the dollar", how does "automaticity" work for kids from middle-class ordered environments, vs. kids from working-class chaotic environments?
All people display automaticity, but the way it manifests differs between these groups
Random samples of a population are frequently used in scientific studies. Why is such a random sample an effective way to select participants?
All population members are equally likely to be selected for the study
In lecture we discussed the PISA and PIAAC reports, which cover how Americans' educational skills compare to citizens of other OECD countries. Which statement regarding the results in these reports is FALSE?
Americans between 16 and 65 score above average on numeracy skills in the PIAAC report
According to your textbook, which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group?
Blacks under apartheid in South Africa
Two friends, Tonya and Monica, are the same age, go to school together, and both like basketball and horse back riding. Their relationship is an example of:
Bonding capital
Which of the following answering options is an obstacle to the VALIDITY of a study?
Anchoring
According to Chapter 11 from your textbook, what is the correct term for the following description of an intergroup dynamic: "The way a minority (person or group) adopts characteristics of the dominant culture"
Assimilation
According to lecture, the following statement about mortality patterns and inequality is TRUE:
At 40 years old, the difference in life expectancy between the top and bottom 1% earners in the US is about 10 years for women and about 15 years for men
In the Freakonomics podcast "Preventing crime for pennies on the dollar" researcher Sara Heller describes the concept "automaticity". Which of the following statements about automaticity is TRUE?
Automaticity develops in response to the environment in which we grow up
According to the U.S. Department of Education, about 87% of nursing majors graduating in 2016 were women. Imagine we studied the friendship network WITHIN THIS NURSING COHORT a year prior to graduation. We find that both men and women in this cohort mostly had female friends. What network term might best explain the observation that WOMEN mostly had FEMALE friends?
Baseline homophily
In lecture we discussed cultural capital, sorting, and tracking. Which of the following statements on these topics is FALSE?
Because tracking children into different levels of education tends to worsen existing inequalities, tracking is always a bad idea
Following Putnam's logic in the Freakonomics episode "Trust me" , which of the following behaviors would increase societal trust?
Being more engaged in our community
Which statement on polarization among American senators in Congress is best supported by lecture?
Between 1989 and 2013, there is a general trend of Republican and Democratic senators voting together on fewer policy issues
What is the best description of discrimination according to your textbook?
Biased actions against an individual or group
In Freakonomics podcast "What gender barriers are made of", features an experiment by Dr. Bohnet examining perceptions of succesfull men and women. Two fictional characters were featured: Heidi, a woman, and Howard, a man. The outcome of the experiment was that participants liked Heidi less than Howard. Why was this?
Both did the same job, but Heidi was a woman and Howard was a man
In lecture we discussed a study of Penner and Saperstein (2008) about racial classification. The study investigated the role of three factors: employment, incarceration, and poverty status, in people's racial (self-)classifications. Interviewers had to assess participants' race at various points in time, and participants had do assess their own race at various points in time. How were interviewers' classifications of participants' race AND participants' self-classification of their own race affected by participants' employment, incarceration, and poverty status?
Both interviewer classification of participants and participants' self-classification were affected
According to lecture, what is a defining characteristic of countries in which people report the highest levels of happiness?
Capitalism
In lecture, in the "Last Week Tonight" video, and in our textbook we learned about charter schools. Which of the following statements about charter schools is correct?
Charter schools are not as well-regulated as public schools
In lecture, in the "Last Week Tonight" video, and in our textbook we learned about charter schools. Which of the following statements about charter schools is CORRECT?
Charter schools receive public money, but don't have to follow the same rules as public schools
What concept is the following excerpt an example of? "The Brown Paper Bag Test (...) [was] practiced within the African-American community in the 20th century, by comparing an individual's skin tone to the color of a brown paper bag. The test was allegedly used as a way to determine whether or not an individual could have certain privileges; only those with a skin color that matched or was lighter than a brown paper bag were allowed admission or membership privileges. The test was believed by many to be used in the 20th century by many African-American social institutions such as sororities, fraternities, and churches." (wiki)
Colorism
In the picture below (from the Marketville highschool study) you see a red CIRCLE around a section of the Marketville highschool network. What network concept are the nodes and ties in this circle an example of?
Community
The Freakonomics podcast "Does doing good give you the license to be bad?" discussed corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies. Which of the following claims about CSR policies is FALSE?
Companies with CSR policies have more and more dedicated customers than companies without CSR policies
In lecture we discussed the PISA and PIAAC reports, which cover how Americans' educational skills compare to citizens of other OECD countries. Which of the following statements statement about comparactive educational attainment is CORRECT?
Compared to college graduates in OECD countries, American college graduates score below average in math
In the picture below (from the Marketville highschool study) you see a red TRIANGLE around a section of the Marketville highschool network. What network concept are the nodes and ties in this triangle an example of?
Component
According to lecture, what human tendency has facilitated polarization in the internet age?
Confirmation bias
At the outset of the Stanford Capital Punishment study, 50% of participants thought that capital punishment prevented crime. The other 50% thought that capital punishment did not affect (or worsened) crime. All participants were then got to read made-up materials that provided EQUAL evidence IN FAVOR of capital punishment and AGAINST capital punishment. After reading these materials, participants were asked again how they felt about capital punishment. The study found that people's beliefs had STRENGTHENED for both groups: those IN FAVOR were more convinced of the benefits of capital punishment and and those AGAINST were more convinced of the detrimental effects of capital punishment. Which human tendency is likely to be responsible for this result?
Confirmation bias
The Facebook and YouTube algorithms use our preference for information that supports our beliefs to increase our engagement with their website. Thereby they increase our exposure to featured commercials. What is the correct term for "preference for information that supports our beliefs"?
Confirmation bias
Which of the following is most responsible for the polarization of the American electorate?
Confirmation bias
Which of the following societies is defined by a system of power based around land ownership and protection?
Feudal
According to your textbook, Shaw and McKay explained crime with which theory?
Cultural deviance theory
Which statement best explains the occurence of transgenderism?
Currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism
According to your textbook, which of the following best explains why some people are transgender?
Currently, we don't have one conclusive explanation
According to your textbook, the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education ruling set a precedent for which of the following?
Desegregation of schools
In Module 8 we discussed the bystander effect. What is one likely CAUSE of the bystander effect?
Diffusion of responsibility when others are present
In lecture we discussed the American public school funding system. Which of the following statements about this system is TRUE?
Districts that mainly serve poor Black children have less funding per student than those which mainly serve poor white children
Which of the examples below DOES NOT illustrate the norm of reciprocity?
Doctors are more likely to complete a survey if they are guaranteed confidentiality.
Which of the examples below best illustrates the norm of reciprocity?
Donations to charities roughly double when charities send a present (e.g. a pen) to potential benefactors first.
According to your textbook, which of the following concepts best describes the tendency to prohibit premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men?
Double standard
According to lecture, there were several issues with the Stanford Prison Experiment. Which one is NOT one of them?
Due to its flaws, no conclusions could be drawn from the study
In lecture we discussed the Pager (2003) study. This study found that prospective employers called Black applicants back less frequently than white applicants. Which of the following accounted for this finding?
Employers (un)consciously favored white applicants over Black applicants
In lecture we discussed several problems with purchasing material goods in order to signal one's status (conspicuous consumption). Which of the following is NOT one of these problems?
Even most upper-middle class jobs don't pay enough to purchase status goods, thus leading to a sense of relative deprivation
Imagine that we want to test the efficacy of a new vaccine against COVID. Which of the following study design decisions would be ethical (NOT unethical)?
Excluding pregnant women from participation
A researcher aims to study social relations among 150 people living on a small island off the coast of Denmark. She lives on the island for a period of 6 months, observing and speaking with people in their social gathering spaces such as the pub, grocery store, churches, and school. She finds that people who thrive on the island are those who are most involved in these local social institutions. What kind of research is this an example of?
Field research
Which method of data collection would a qualitative sociologist be most likely to use?
Field work
Which type of research method is most likely to produce in depth, real-life information?
Field work
Annie is caught shoplifting a portable vaccuum cleaner from Target. She is taken in by the police, a hearing is scheduled at a later date, and Annie is convicted. She has to pay a $1000 dollar fine and serve a week in jail. Annie commits to never shoplifting again. What concept fits the penalty that Annie received best?
Formal sanctions
The Freakonomics podcast "Is the American Dream really dead?" describes the mid-1990s experimental program "Moving to Opportunity" (MtO). In one MtO treatment condition, people from high-poverty neighborhoods were given housing vouchers that subsidized a move to a low-poverty neighborhood. Following the logic of researcher Raj Chetty, which of the following four interventions would have the largest positive effect on social mobility?
Give housing voucher to pregnant women
According to lecture, what is the NOT an example of the Social Rank Hypothesis in action?
Given their high socio-economic status, millionaires don't have to aspire to more wealth
According to lecture, which statement about money and happiness is TRUE?
Happiness is more likely to result from spending money on experiences rather than status related material purchases
Which concept from the Lovaglia reading is defined by the following statement: "People alter their behavior because they know they are being watched as part of a study".
Hawthorne Effect
Let's say that we test a student wellness program here at USC in a randomized controlled trial. In our treatment group, 2000 USC students can have free access to a personal trainer for 1 year. Our control group consists of another 2000 students who do not have access to a personal trainer. In the treatment group, 1000 students choose to get a trainer and 1000 choose not to get a trainer. At the end of the study we find something surprising. Both students who had a trainer AND students who chose NOT to get a trainer are doing EQUALLY WELL in terms of their productivity and well-being. Moreover, the treatment group as a whole (both participators AND non-participators) does better than the control group. Which concept mentioned in the Lovaglia reading ("From Summer Camps to Glass Ceilings: The Power of Experiments") might be responsible for this outcome?
Hawthorne Effect in the treatment group
How did Milgram figure out that people are, on average, connected to any random person on earth through a chain of six different individuals?
He had people get a letter to an unknown individual through a mail chain
What personal experience with regard to his sexual orientation does Andrew Solomon NOT relay during his TED Talk?
He was unable to get married to his long-time partner John
Going to a classical ballet performance or the opera engages you in:
High culture
According to lecture, what is a defining characteristic of countries in which people report the highest levels of happiness?
High levels of generalized trust
According to your textbook, children from which type of households benefit, on average, from divorce?
High-conflict households
According to the reading by Brody ("Social interaction is critical for mental and physical health"), people who lack close social ties experience a range of consequences. Which one is NOT mentioned in the article?
Higher accident proneness
In 1956, late Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg began studying at Harvard Law School. She was one of nine women in a cohort of approximately 500 men. Imagine we traveled back in time and were able to record the friendship network between her cohort of first-year law students. And also imagine that we found that the men only had men as friends, and the women only had women as friends. What network term might best explain this observation?
Homophily
A seven year old showing his classmate how to do "the floss" (a type of dance) is an example of:
Horizontal culture transmission
According to lecture, which statement regarding biological sex is true?
Hormones affect primary and secondary sex characteristics
According to lecture, which statement regarding biological sex is true? [Note: please pay close attention to lecture for this question! It's easy to have the wrong hunch here.]
Hormones can affect whether an XX or XY individual looks and identifies as male or female
Which claim about uniqueness is correct?
Humans are unique among animals in certain ways, but not special from a biological standpoint
Which statement about humans uniqueness is most accurate?
Humans have features unique to our species, and so do many other animals
Which of the following societies does not have permanent residents?
Hunter-gatherer
According to lecture, which statement is TRUE?
In 2016, Blacks were overrepresented in the prison and jail population
Which statement about economics and happiness is best supported by the Freakonomics episode "How to be happy?"
In the US, average happiness has stagnated, while income is still increasing
In the Freakonomics episode "How to be happy?", what statement does economist Jeff Sachs make?
In the US, income per person rises, but happiness does not
According to lecture, the following statement about mortality patterns and inequality is TRUE:
In the US, social class correlates with life expectancy: as one's social class goes up, life expectancy goes up as well
According to lecture, which of the following statements about incarceration and inequality is true?
Incarceration increases inequality because it reduces job prospects more for Black men with a criminal record than white men with a criminal record
According to Peter Calthorpe's talk "7 principles for building better cities", which of the following constitutes city design that is GOOD for peoples' well-being?
Include trees and public transport in urban design to minimize smog
Assume you live in an environment where access to food is not guaranteed and dying from starvation is not unlikely. If you now choose to share your food with your nieces and nephews, the children of your sister, then what are you contributing to?
Inclusive fitness
As per class lecture, what is a downside of living together in groups?
Individuals are more likely to transmit diseases
In the Publix on Rosewood Drive (here in Columbia) you are required to wear a mask, though the police are not closely monitoring the situation. Nobody is guarding the entrance and you decide to walk in without a mask because you don't feel like it today. While getting your groceries, fellow shoppers are giving you angry looks. What are the people in the store engaging in?
Informal sanctions
According to the Freakonomics podcast "How to be happy?", what factor might be responsible for the happiness-suicide paradox?
It may be harder to be unhappy in an otherwise happy society
According to Mike Wiking in the Freakonomics podcast "How to be happy?", what might be responsible for the happiness-suicide paradox?
It might be more difficult to be unhappy in an otherwise happy society
The Freakonomics podcast featured the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study. How did the treatment condition in this study affect its participants?
It negatively affected life outcomes
What is the best depiction of the main point Sherman makes in her 2017 article "What the rich won't tell you"?
It's better to morally judge current high levels of inequality than to judge individuals for their wealth
What was a dependent variable in the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study, featured in Freakonomics episode "When helping hurts"?
Job satisfaction
According to lecture, who receives the benefits of kin altruism and when are these benefits received?
Kin altruism benefits the receiver of help either in the short or long-term, but need not benefit the helper directly
According to your textbook, what is the one defining feature of a minority group?
Lack of power
The roots of the human capacity for cumulative culture are shared with other animals. But which of the following traits do animals, other than humans, NOT exhibit?
Language
Which method would a quantitative sociologist most likely use to conduct research?
Large survey of a random sample of Americans
According to Suskind in the Freakonomics episode "Does early education come way too late?", why is early intervention in the first three years of life so important for learning abilities?
Less exposure to language before age three results in a brain with a lower processing speed; this diminishes the chance of a child being able to "catch up" when older
During lecture we discussed prof. Lareau's research which defined two general parenting styles: the "Natural Growth" and the "Concered Cultivation" styles. What is a trait of the "Concerted Cultivation" parenting style?
Lower levels of authoritarian parenting
According to the Freakonomics podcast "The Fracking Boom, a Baby Boom, and the Retreat From Marriage", what was the effect of the MTV show "16 and pregnant"?
Lower rates of teen pregnancy
A researcher at the University of South Carolina aims to study the effects of french fry consumption on health and social class. From which entity could a researcher not accept funding for ethical reasons?
MacDonalds
During lecture we discussed the Terman Lifecycle Study and its subsequent re-analyses; e.g. those featured in the Psychology Today article also addressed in lecture. Which of the following statements about the participants in this study is FALSE?
Male "Termites" obtained more professional success than female "Termites"
College students with resumes that include leadership positions in university organizations, volunteering, and prestigious summer internships are hired more quickly (on average) for jobs requiring a college-level education. Students from lower income backgrounds have (on average) less time to devote to such pursuits, having to prioritize paid work over such unpaid prestigious opportunities. As a result, students from lower income backgrounds are (on average) slower to land a job requiring college-level education. What concept best accounts for this outcome?
Matthew effect
A quirky researcher hypothesizes that people are more likely to pet puppies when they have just observed a mature dog vs. a mature cat. To test this theory, the researcher assigns 180 participants to one of three conditions: 1) "Cat", 2) "Dog", or 3) "None", by rolling a dice (i.e. if it lands on 1 or 2, the participant goes to Condition "Cat", on 3 or 4 the participant goes to Condition "Dog", and on 5 or 6 to Condition "None"). Participants in all conditions are escorted to a room by the same experimenter, and then exposed to their various treatments: in "Cat" a mature cat is led into the room by the experimenter for 30 seconds, in "Dog" a mature dog is led into the room by the experimenter for 30 seconds, in "None" nothing happens for 30 seconds. Subsequently, in each condition a nest of puppies is brought into the room, and the experimenter observes whether participants attempt to touch the puppies. This concludes the study. The researcher finds that participants in the "Cat" or "Dog" condition are equally likely to pet the puppies, but more likely to pet them than participants in the "None" condition. Based on the information given, does this study meet the requirements of random assignment and procedural control?
Meets both the requirements of Random Assignment and Procedural Control
A researcher hypothesizes that people will be more likely to obey orders from a person wearing blue pants than from a person wearing red pants. Using a coin toss, the researcher randomly assigns each participant to one of two conditions: 1) "Blue Pants" or 2) "Red Pants." Participants in both conditions are escorted to a room and then asked by an experimenter to administer shocks to a "learner" in an adjacent room when the learner responds incorrectly to a set of questions. In the "Blue Pants" condition, the experimenter wears BLUE pants. In the "Red Pants" condition, the same experimenter wears RED pants. The experimenter follows a predetermined script. Those in the BLUE pants condition were more likely to obey orders. Based on the information given, does this study meet the requirements of random assignment and procedural control?
Meets both the requirements of Random Assignment and Procedural Control
The Cambridge Summerville Youth Study was featured in the "Why Helping Hurts" Freakonomics podcast. Does this study meet the requirements of random assignment and procedural control?
Meets both the requirements of Random Assignment and Procedural Control
Pay close attention to this question and follow the logic presented in lecture. You will encounter similar questions on tests: A researcher hypothesizes that people are more likely to have romantic feelings for a person eating a chocolate chip cookie than for a person eating an oatmeal raisin cookie. The researcher assigns each participant to one of two conditions: 1) "Chocolate chip", and 2) "Oatmeal raisin". Participants over 22 years are assigned to the "Chocolate chip" condition and participants under 22 years are assigned to the "Oatmeal raisin" condition. Participants in both conditions are escorted to a room by a male experimenter, showed a video of a woman eating a cookie, and are then prompted to fill out a questionnaire regarding their romantic feelings towards this woman. In the "Chocolate chip" condition, the woman on screen is wearing a red dress and eating a chocolate chip cookie. In the "Oatmeal raisin" condition, the the woman on screen is wearing a green dress and eating an oatmeal raisin cookie. In both conditions, the male experimenter and the cookie-eating woman are the same. Those in the CHOCOLATE CHIP condition were more likely to have romantic feelings for the cookie-eating woman. Based on the information given, does this study meet the requirements of random assignment and procedural control?
Meets neither the requirements of Random Assignment and Procedural Control
Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility?
Meritocracy
The Prisoner's Dilemma represents a type of social dilemma that is:
Mixed-motive
The Public Goods Paradigm represents a type of social dilemma that is:
Mixed-motive
Carpooling is one way to reduce car use and limit CO2 emissions. We want to study which cues are most likely to change people's carpooling behavior. We came up with four different cues (see the answering options below) which we will display on posters in 20 office buildings, each cue in 5 different buildings. We will measure the rate of carpooling in each office building before and after posters are hung. According to Robert Cialdini's argument in the Freakonomics episode "Riding the Herd Mentality", which of the following cues should result in the largest improvement in the office carpooling rate?
NOT Carpool: save money on gas and maintenance!
The Freakonomics podcast "Is the American Dream really dead?", mentions five main factors that affect social mobility in neighborhoods. Which one of the four options below is one of those factors?
NOT Healthcare quality
According to Module 8 lecture, which statement about in-groups vs. out-groups is true?
NOT In-groups and out-groups always have roots in significant real-life group divisions and are never arbitrary
Jim volunteers to do groceries for some extended family members who have come down with a stomach flu. They give Jim a long list of groceries and Jim will have to go to two different stores to get them. This is more work than Jim expected. Nevertheless, Jim cheerfully does the groceries. However, when he is about to return the excess money, Jim decides to keep some change. Jim reasons that he should get a tip because he went above and beyond expectations. What does this behavior exemplify?
Moral licensing
Let's say you baked a cake for your friend's party. You bring the cake over and divvy it up into pieces for people to eat. When no-one is looking, you sneak the biggest piece for yourself. You tell yourself that you are entitled to it because you brought the cake. What concept is this behavior an example of?
Moral licensing
In the Freakonomics episode "Riding the Herd Mentality", Robert Cialdini is referencing an experiment conducted in a petrified forest. People had been taking petrified wood at alarmingly high rates and Cialdini and others devised an experiment to study interventions aimed at reducing this undesirable behavior. In one condition a sign was put up that stated: "Because many people are stealing wood from the forest floor, at the rate of nearly a ton a month, the integrity of the forest is undermined." Compared to not putting up a sign at all, what was the consequence of displaying this sign?
More petrified wood was taken
According to the Freakonomics podcast "Is the American Dream really dead?", what impact does residential segregation have on social mobility in neighborhoods?
More residential segregation decreases social mobility
According to lecture, who receives the benefits of mutualism and when are these benefits received?
Mutualism benefits the helper and the receiver of help immediately
Your friend is always there for you when you need her. Unfortunately, she got sick last night. So today you are cooking her a pan of soup, because that's what friends do. This is an example of:
Mutualistic behavior
During lecture we discussed prof. Lareau's research which defined two general parenting styles. Which parenting style, outlined by prof. Lareau, is more likely to prevent boredom and instill creativity in children?
NOT "Scandinavian" parenting style
According to Module 2 lecture material, how are the variables "vaccines" and "autism" related?
NOT "Vaccines" and "autism" are causally linked
Which statement about the Milgram obedience study is TRUE?
NOT After being informed about the study procedure, most (pre-)participants refused to take part. Of those who opted into the study, over half administered the highest level of shock.
The US is currently experiencing a pandemic resulting in isolation and extensive unemployment. Additionally there has been societal upheaval surrounding the election and the Black Lives Matter movement. The population is polarized in part due to the information bubbles we find ourselves in. According to Durkheim, which of the following might result from such a situation?
NOT Alienation
In the Freakonomics episode "Riding the Herd Mentality", Robert Cialdini referenced an experiment that examined four interventions aimed at reducing people's energy consumption. Through which mechanism did the most effective intervention work?
NOT Social desirability
According to lecture, which statement concerning the age that women have babies is TRUE?
NOT Surprisingly, the average age of becoming a first-time mother was higher in 1980 than in 2016
According to your textbook, which of the following is the best definition of the "No child left behind" program?
NOT The equal ability of all people to participate in an education system
The motherhood penalty is best described as:
NOT The lower status that society assigns to working mothers compared to childless working women
This is a friendship network of five individuals, all 21-year old men who like sushi, underground rap, and whose favorite subject is statistics. The nodes represent these men and the ties represent their friendships. Which statement about this network of men is TRUE?
NOT The network has high transitivity
According to lecture, there were several problems with the Stanford Prison Experiment. Which is one of them?
NOT There were no variables
Imagine that we are interested in illegal drug use among college students. To measure illegal drug use, we invite a random sample of UofSC students to participate in our study. To ensure anonymity, we have 100 students complete the survey simultaneously in separate cubicles. (Students cannot see each others' answers.) Students submit their answers in a sealed envelope together with the 99 other students, after which the bucket is mixed. In addition, the survey does not ask for ANY identifiable information. The study procedure therefore ensures that answers are indeed anonymous. Our survey question about drug use are formulated as follows: "we know that 95% of university students uses illegal drugs at least once every other week. How often do YOUR FRIENDS use illegal drugs on average? A) 1-2x a week, B) 1-2x a month, C) 1-11x per year, D) less than once a year, E) never. After study completion, we find rampant active illegal drug use among students. The results of this study are most likely affected by:
NOT selection bias
According to your textbook, which type of child abuse is most prevalent in the United States?
Neglect
The Freakonomics podcast "Does doing good give you the license to be bad?" discussed corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies. According to the episode, is a CSR policy always good for a company?
No, CSR can lead to moral licensing among employees
In lecture we discussed the Stanford Capital Punishment study. At the beginning of the study, 50% of the participants believed that capital punishment had no effect on crime. These participants were exposed to equally strong evidence in favor of capital punishment and against capital punishment. Did the study change their mind?
No, but the strength of their beliefs increased
In Freakonomics podcast "The fracking boom, the baby boom, and the retreat from marriage", Dr. Kearneys research on the effects of the fracking boom on marriage and childbearing rates was featured. The fracking boom increased economic opportunity all around, especially for low-educated men. Did Dr. Kearney's research support the "marriageable men theory"?
No: marriage rates were unaffected
Imagine you collect data on the interaction network between SOCY 101 students. To measure this network, you ask each student to tell you the names of the people in the classroom they have interacted with. What would now be the network term used for a student in this network?
Node
In the picture below (from the Marketville highschool study) there are four nodes marked with a letter (and color): A (orange), B (green), C (red), and D (blue). Which of these nodes is PART OF THE LARGEST NETWORK COMPONENT?
Node B (green)
In the picture below (from the Marketville highschool study) there are four nodes marked with a letter (and color): A (orange), B (green), C (red), and D (blue). Which of these nodes has relationships with the HIGHEST TRANSITIVITY?
Node D (blue)
What is the best definition of Symbolic Interactionism?
Society is subjectively represented in the mind; individuals come to understand their social worlds through exchanging language and symbols with others.
The Badger et al. NYT article "Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys" discussed mobility trends among different racial and ethnic groups in the US. Which racial / ethnic group tends to have WORSE intergenerational social mobility than African-Americans?
None of the above
In lecture we discussed a number of explanations for the gender pay gap between men and women (77 cents for women to a dollar for men). Which of the following factors is the main explanation of the gender pay gap?
Occupational segregation
During lecture we discussed 1) the ACTUAL distribution of wealth in the United States, 2) what Americans THINK the distribution of wealth is among Americans, and 3) what Americans find the most IDEAL wealth distribution for America. Regarding this discussion, which of the following statements is TRUE:
On average, Americans THINK that there's less wealth inequality in America than there really is.
What is the best description of the friendship paradox?
On average, your friends have more friends than you do.
What is the best description of stereotyping according to your textbook?
Oversimplified thoughts about groups of people
Which study that we discussed in class demonstrates that study participants sometimes confabulate (make up an explanation that doesn't reflect reality) when they are unaware of the motivations underlying their preferences?
Pantyhose study (Nisbett and Wilson 1977)
According to Jennifer Senior's TED Talk "For parents, happiness is a very high bar", what statement about contemporary middle-class parenting is TRUE?
Parents in the US mostly consider their children "economically worthless, but emotionally priceless"
According to Jennifer Senior's TED Talk "For parents, happiness is a very high bar", what is the major historical change in terms of how people view their children?
Parents in the US used to consider their children as economic assets, whereas they now consider them to be of emotional value
What is the best description of the study procedure in Milgram's obedience study?
Participants were assigned to the role of "teacher". As teachers, they had to administer increasingly powerful electrical shocks to a "learner" when the learner made mistakes. Shocks were not actually administered, though participants were under the impression that they were. When participants voiced discomfort, the experimenter (dressed as an authority figure in a white lab coat), would urge them to continue with the experiment.
What is a finding of the Penner and Saperstein (2008) study about racial classification discussed in lecture?
Participants were more likely to re-classify themselves as white if they had not been previously incarcerated
You've watched the video "What is racial passing?", which of the following statements regarding the content of that video is FALSE?
Passing happens only when members of a minority (or subordinate) group aim to pass for a member of a majority (or dominant) group.
A teenager masters beatboxing by watching a bunch of world class beatboxers perform in beatbox contests on YouTube. This is an example of:
Passive learning
What is the best desciption of the bystander effect?
People are less likely to act in an emergency when others, in theory, are able to act as well
What did the "sidewalk experiment" of Milgram from the "Connected" reading demonstrate?
People are more prone to engage in a behavior if they observe others engaging in it
According to your textbook, what makes a caste system a closed stratification system?
People cannot change their social standings.
According to your textbook, what is the best description of the concept "pluralism"?
People from different cultures inhabiting the same space: each culture keeps its own identity, but adds to the whole
In the Freakonomics episode "How to be happy?", writer Helen Russell describes her experience moving from London to a country with very high levels of self-reported happiness. Which statement does she NOT make?
People here generally have fewer children
What is NOT a validity problem of self-report measures?
People in studies often don't represent the composition of the general population
What statement about polygamy is FALSE?
Polygamy occurs in about 18% of cultures across the globe
Attending the Superbowl or a Beyonce concert engages you in:
Pop culture
In the Freakonomics episode "Does early education come way too late?" the Sesame Street study was featured. Which statement about the Sesame Street study is TRUE?
Preschool age kids who could watch Sesame Street were less likely to fall behind at school than their peers
Wikipedia is an information resource that is freely accessible throughout the United States, among other countries. Wikipedia's founder decided against commercializing the platform and also decided against requesting a membership fee. Therefore, the company exists by the grace of user donations. Even for those who do not donate, this website is accessible. But if nobody donated, Wikipedia would cease to exist in its current form. What type of social dilemma best characterizes Wikipedia?
Public Good
A researcher aims to study the relationship between use of preventative healthcare and income. She administers a questionnaire among a random sample of residents in the City of Columbia. The questionnaire includes some demographic questions and then asks about participant's number of preventative heathcare appointments in the last 6 months and participants' income. For the preventative healthcare measure, participants can tick one of four boxes: In the last 6 months... 1) I didn't visit a medical professional for preventative care, 2) I visited a medical professional for preventative care once, 3) I visited a medical professional for preventative care 2-3 times, 4) I visited a medical professional for preventative care more than 3 times. Income is measured by self-reported annual gross income. What kind of research is this an example of?
Quantitative research
During lecture, we discussed the Pager study (2003) in which fake resumes of both white and African-American men, with and without criminal records were sent to employers. What was an Independent Variable (IV) in this study?
Race (African-American or white)
According to your textbook, the Plessy v. Ferguson case set a precedent for which of the following?
Racial segregation in schools
The Badger et al. NYT article "Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys" discussed mobility trends among different racial and ethnic groups in the US. According to the article, what variable best explains the discrepancies in social mobility between black and white boys?
Racism
Which of the following is NOT a pillar of ethical social science research?
Random selection of participants
In lecture, we discussed the LaPierre study (1930). What was the Dependent Variable (DV) in this study?
Rate at which participants refused / claimed to refuse service to Chinese Americans
What was an independent variable in the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study, featured in Freakonomics episode "When helping hurts"?
Receiving mentoring
According to lecture, which of the following best describes the relationship between vaccines and autism?
Receiving vaccines and autism can, on occasion, be shown to correlate
According to lecture, who receives the benefits of reciprocal altruism and when are these benefits received?
Reciprocal altruism is likely to benefit both the helper and the receiver of help if they sustain a non-exploitative relationship over time
Imagine that we are part of a team of researchers who suspects that the results of the Illinois Workplace Wellness study are due to the specific demographic make-up of faculty and staff at the University of Illinois. We pose that a more representative sample of workplaces will show the efficacy of Workplace Wellness Programs (WWPs) anyway. We select 25 different workplaces in 5 different US states, that represent a number of different employment sectors. We then conduct the same study, following the same protocol as the Illinois Workplace Wellness study. We find that in only 2 out of 125 of the workplaces we studied WWPs seemed to have beneficial effects. In the other 123 workplaces, WWPs had no effect on employee wellbeing. This shows that the results of the Illinois Workplace Wellness study are:
Replicable
During lecture we discussed the Terman Life Cycle Study and its subsequent re-analyses; e.g. those featured in the Psychology Today article also addressed in lecture. Which of the following conclusions can we draw from this body of evidence?
Socio-economic status may be a better predictor of life success than IQ
The tendency to blame individuals for being obese, while not taking into account the effects of their culture, geographic location, availability of affordable health foods, time constraints, and medical conditions is an example of what?
The Fundamental Attribution Error
Let's say that we're two researchers who wonder whether the results of the Life Alone Paradigm (discussed in lecture) hold among individuals other than college students. We think that the older people get, the less susceptible they are to underperformance due to the prospect of social exclusion. To test our idea, we administer the Life Alone Paradigm to a large random sample (10,000 people) of South Carolineans. We make sure to follow the exact same procedure as was used in the original study. Then we look at differences between the following age groups: 18-25, 26-34, 35-44, 45-64, and 65+. Let's say that we find that the results are statistically the same for all age groups, and that these results correspond to the original Life Alone Paradigm study. This shows that the results of the original Life Alone Paradigm study are:
Replicable
The Freakonomics episode "Riding the Herd Mentality", describes a water shortage in Midlands, Texas. Both local government and citizens took measures to stop people from using too much water. Which one of the following is NOT a measure mentioned in the episode?
Residents could check if their lawn was within the correct shade range with a color chart provided by the municipality
Let's say we study whether math mentoring during lunchbreaks improves standardized test scores for elementary school children. Lunchbreak mentoring is offered for one year, 5 days per week, in one elementary school in Columbia, SC. Lunchbreak math mentoring is made available to ALL children at this school. Every day, children can choose whether they want to do lunchbreak math mentoring or not. Participation is optional. Our results show that lunchbreak math mentoring has a positive effect on standardized test scores. Moreover, results show a dose effect: children who attended more lunchbreak mentoring sessions had better outcomes. What statement about the study is FALSE?
Results might be affected by selection bias
According to lecture, which of the following actions is LEAST likely to result in long-term happiness and life satisfaction?
Scoring a good deal on a Rolex watch
Imagine that we are interested in illegal drug use among college students. To measure illegal drug use, we hang flyers across campus asking students to volunteer for a study about illegal drug use. On the flyer we state that part of the study includes a drug test and that the researchers will need to report illicit drug use among students to the authorities. After completing 100 drug tests among student-volunteers, we find no active illegal drug use among students. The results of this study are likely affected by:
Selection bias
Peter Calthorpe's TED Talk talk discussed 7 principles for building better cities. Which of the following is NOT one of these principles?
Separate shopping areas and restaurant districts from residential areas
What is a criticism of Conflict Theory?
Social change does not occur as often as predicted
Imagine that we are interested in illegal drug use among college students. To measure illegal drug use, we conduct in-person interviews with 1000 randomly selected students. After a set of demographic questions, we ask them "Are you an active user of any of the following illegal drugs: cocaine, heroine, or crystal meth?" We find no active illegal drug use among students. The results of this study are likely affected by:
Social desirability bias
Which of the following statements is supported by the result of the Cambridge Summerville Youth Study, featured in the "Why Helping Hurts" Freakonomics podcast?
Social interventions can result in negative consequences for participants
The following is a quote from the Sherman (2017) news article "What the rich won't tell you": "Some [affluent interviewees] even identified as "middle class" or "in the middle," typically comparing themselves with the super-wealthy, who are especially prominent in New York City, rather than to those with less." In other words, even if you are rich, you may perceive yourself as middle class if you compare yourself with very high-net worth individuals. What concept does this quote illustrate?
Social rank hypothesis
In lecture we discussed social shaming. Which statement about social shaming is TRUE?
Social shaming is a type of informal sanction
What is the best definition of Conflict Theory?
Society is inherently inequal: individuals compete for resources and some are able to obtain more resources than others.
Aliah's parents are rich - they belong to the top 1% of US households in terms of the wealth that they possess. Aliah understands that the fact that her parents are well-off is in part due to their hard work and savvy in building up a restaurant chain, but also due to their access to a start-up capital of $80,000 gifted by her grandparents. She further understands that her parents got lucky because at the start of her parents' career, a big competitor went unexpectedly out of business, leaving a bigger market for her parents to capitalize on. What does Aliah's thinking reflect?
Sociological Imagination
Amy just lost her job as a server at a restaurant. She is obviously disappointed, but she also realizes that her unemployment is not only due to her lack of merit. For one, Amy knows that lots of people lost their service industry jobs during the COVID pandemic. She was also one of the most recent hires at this restaurant, making her dismissal more likely than those with longer employment records. By putting things in perspective and not blaming everything on her own performance, Amy is able to soften the blow. What quality does Amy's thinking demonstrate?
Sociological Imagination
Someone who makes the Fundamental Attribution Error in that moment lacks...
Sociological Imagination
Which of the following is "A testable proposition about social interactions or society"?
Sociological hypothesis
Which of the following is "A proposed explanation about social interactions or society"?
Sociological theory
Following your textbook, which of the four sentences below would a sociologist who adheres to positivism most likely agree with?
Sociologists can study society and social relations scientifically
Which statement does Andrew Solomon make about the treatment of gay people globally in his TED Talk "How the worst moments in our lives make us who we are" ?
Some countries legally use torture against gay individuals
Which of the following statements regarding gender and biological sex is TRUE?
Some people are born in bodies that appear female at birth, but masculinize (change to male bodies) during adolescence
In the Freakonomics episode: "5 Psychology terms you're probably misusing", the story of Kitty Genovese was recounted. What is one of the lessons that we can draw from her story?
Sometimes, the true story doesn't map on to the effect that it has been argued to portray
Which concept is defined as follows: "The inequal distribution of rewards among members of society"?
Stratification
According to your textbook, what Western country is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex?
Sweden
Which study that we discussed in class is most notorious for violating ethics requirements for social science research?
Tearoom Trade study (Humphreys 1970)
According to lecture, which of the following individuals is most likely to belong to the upper-middle class in the class model of Gilbert and Kahl?
Tenured professor
In lecture we discussed the American public school funding system. Which of the following statements about this system is FALSE?
The American public school funding system promotes social mobility among children
According to lecture, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The Equal Rights Amendment was ratified over half a century ago
There are country level differences in educational performance. For instance, according to the 2015 PISA report, 15 year old South Americans perform worse at science than 15 years old North Americans. Additionally, 15 year olds living in the USA perform worse at science than 15 year old Canadians.. Let's say that we explain this finding by claiming that 15 year olds in North America are simply born smarter than 15 year olds in South America. Our claim would be an example of:
The Fundamental Attribution Error
According to the Freakonomics podcast "The Fracking Boom, a Baby Boom, and the Retreat From Marriage", which of the following lowered the rate of teen pregnancy in the US?
The MTV show "16 and pregnant"
Alejandra states: "Success in life can snowball: good opportunities may bring even better opportunities." What concept does Alejandra's statement illustrate?
The Matthew Effect
Jamie's father passed away from cancer. The co-pays on the insurance put their family in a financially precarious position and they had to go into debt to pay the medical bills. Jamie and her two sisters were raised by a now single mother on a minimum wage salary - the only job she could get in a bad economy after having left the workforce to take care of the kids. When their car broke down, there was no money to pay for the repair and their credit was depleted. Since Jamie's mother couldn't get to her work in time, she lost her job. What is this situation an example of?
The Matthew Effect
Poor and unemployed individuals are often stereotyped (e.g. "welfare queens") without regard for the possible economic and social circumstances that may lead people to be unemployed. Often, people who end up in poverty have experienced a series of increasingly likely cumulative setbacks (e.g. medical problems, lack of social support networks, abusive relationships), which result in their (temporary) joblessness and lack of means. What term do we use for such a series of cumulative setbacks?
The Matthew Effect
Rico works hard in college and obtains a 3.8 GPA after his first year. Rico gets accepted into a prestigious undergraduate research affiliate program. The program is made available to 50% of high-GPA students as a test of the efficacy of such programs on job opportunities after graduation. College administrators want to know whether participation in the program benefits the participants. Students like Rico are compared with students with the exact same GPA who were not accepted in the program. It turns out that students who participated receive more job offers right out of college than students who did not participate. This is an example of ...?
The Matthew Effect
In the Freakonomics episode "Does early education come way too late?" the research program "the Parent Academy" is featured. Which statement about the Parent Academy is TRUE?
The Parent Academy paid parents for participation in the program
In the Freakonomics episode "Does early education come way too late?" various research programs on childhood education are featured. Which of the following is CORRECT?
The Thirty Million Words program was initiated after two researchers found that children born into poverty experience, on average, 30 million fewer words by the age of three than their affluent peers.
In lecture we discussed international comparisons in happiness. (E.g. the 2018 World Happiness Report.) Which of the following statements regarding happiness in the United States is TRUE?
The United States scores lower than Canada on self-reported happiness
Which of the following is NOT a tennet of evolution by natural selection?
The most dominant individuals within a species survive disproportionately
This is a network of five Black high school students from the same class and living in the same neighborhood, all 17-year old women who like fencing and whose favorite subject is social studies. The nodes represent these women and the ties represent their friendships. Which statement about this network of women is TRUE?
The network doesn't have a powerlaw degree distribution
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
The phenomenon of "mother's intuition" is primarily explained by socialization, not biology
According to lecture and our textbook, what statement about polygamy is TRUE?
The predominant type of partnerships in cultures that allow for polygamy are polygamous partnerships
According to the Freakonomics podcast "Is the American Dream really dead?", what impact does family composition have on social mobility in neighborhoods?
The proportion of single-parent families in a neighborhood correlates with lower social mobility for all children, regardless of their own family composition
Which of the following statements needs to be true if we want to claim that an Independent Variable (IV) CAUSES a Dependent Variable (DV)?
The relation between IV and DV cannot be explained by another variable
The Illinois Workplace Wellness Study investigated whether workplace wellness programs (WWPs) are effective at promoting (among other things) health and job satisfaction in employees. The study had two different outcomes. The first outcome was that WWPs were effective. The second outcome was that WWPs were not effective. The latter outcome (WWPs are NOT effective) was the REAL result. What explained the difference in these two outcomes?
The study compared results from an observational design with an experimental design
What is occupational segregation?
The tendency for certain professions to be mostly occupied by men or by women
According to lecture, which of the following statements is TRUE?
The upper middle class is primarily shaped by education
The Badger et al. NYT article "Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys" discussed mobility trends among different racial and ethnic groups in the US. Which statement about African American and white children who grow up in poor families is correct?
The worst places for poor white children to grow up are almost all better than the best places for poor African American children to grow up
In the Illinois Workplace Wellness Study, participants in a treatment group were offered various wellness interventions, and could choose whether to make use of these or not. Participants in a control group were not offered these interventions. Subsequently, all participants were tracked for 1 year "to see how the program affected their activities, their health, their productivity and their medical spending." The program turned out to have NO EFFECT on various health outcomes (e.g. hospital visits, amount of medical spending). However, people who chose to take advantage of the wellness interventions did better than people who chose NOT to take advantage of the interventions. What likely caused this counterintuitive finding?
There was selection bias in the treatment group
According to lecture, which statement about race is correct?
There's more genetic variation within racial groups than between them
In the Freakonomics podcast "The Fracking Boom, a Baby Boom, and the Retreat from Marriage", a certain demographic of children experiences (on average!) the following beneficial outcomes: they have lower rates of poverty, higher cognitive test scores in childhood, fewer behavioral problems, are less likely to be poor when they're 25, more likely to complete college, and less likely to become young, unmarried parents. What condition is responsible for these beneficial outcomes for children?
These are children who live with two married parents
In the Sherman (2017) "What the rich won't tell you" reading, what was the main sentiment that the affluent individuals interviewed by Sherman voiced?
They felt the need to avoid the moral stigma of privilege by downplaying or hiding their wealth
At the outset of the Stanford Capital Punishment study, 50% of the participants believed that capital punishment prevented crime. How were their beliefs and the strength of ther beliefs affected by the study?
They still thought that capital punishment prevented crime. The strength of their beliefs increased.
According to Dr. Strober in Freakonomics podcast "What gender barriers are made of", what intervention led more women to apply to business schools in the 1970s?
Women were actively recruited by business schools
What is a criticism of Structural Functionalism?
This theory cannot adequately explain rapid social change.
According to lecture, who of the following scholars stated that a strong leader is needed to maintain social order because people's natural state is to be at war with each other?
Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" (1651)
Which of the following best describes the core enterprise of Sociology?
To investigate contemporary societies and social interactions
You have two friends: your roommate Bastian and your friend from SOCY 101 Alexia. Over time Bastian and Alexia become friends too. What has changed in your friendship network?
Transitivity increased
In the Freakonomics podcast, the researchers of the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study speculated on the cause of the treatment's effects. According to these researchers, what might have explained the result of their study?
Treatment group participants might have experienced negative effects from being around other high-risk participants.
According to lecture, which statement about money and happiness is TRUE?
Working longer hours to earn more money can detract from time that could be spent cultivating social relations
According to lecture, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Various states in Africa and Asia have laws that actively oppose LGBTQ+ rights
A parent showing their seven year old how to cook a Thai curry is an example of:
Vertical culture transmission
Which of the following is the best description of the main message of Freakonomics podcast "What gender barriers are made of"?
We can make improvements in gender equality in the workplace by some relatively small changes in hiring and recruitment practices
Which statement best summarizes the article "Telling the Truth about Damned Lies and Statistics" (Best)?
We must improve our ability to judge the quality of statistics to overcome the issue of bad statistics.
According to Freakonomics podcast "What gender barriers are made of", what is an example of how we can level the playing field (i.e. create equal opportunities) for women?
We need to veer away from unstructured face-to-face job interviews and conduct more standardized application procedures.
Whales vocalize different kinds of whale songs depending on their location and on the current song "trend". What does this tell us about whales?
Whales have culture
Badger et al. NYT article "Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys" discussed mobility trends among different racial and ethnic groups in the US. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
When Black and white children start with the same advantages, they fare equally well
According to your textbook, when does structural mobility occur?
When a group of people changes position on the class ladder due to changes in society
You've watched the video "What is racial passing?" Which of the following statements best describes what passing is?
When people decide to change their background and social identifiers in order to obtain certain benefits
According to lecture, which statement concerning the age that women have babies is FALSE?
While the average age of first-time mothers has gone up between 1980 and 2016, the shape of the age distribution has remained the same
Your textbook discusses the concept "value neutrality". Which of the following best describes why "value neutrality" is important for the scientific method?
Without commitment to value neutrality, bias or personal judgements are likely to affect the results of a study
The Freakonomics podcast "The Fracking Boom, a Baby Boom, and the Retreat From Marriage", discusses the "Marriageable Men Theory". What is the most accurate description of the Marriageable Men Theory?
Women are more likely to want to marry men who have a decent, steady income: a decline in economic security of less-educated men causes the rise in nonmarital childbearing and retreat from marriage.
Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype?
Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded.
According to Freakonomics podcast "Preventing crime for pennies on the dollar", how might growing up in a chaotic environment with low rule enforcement affect your automatic behaviors at school?
You will act aggressively without provocation
In the Freakonomics episode "Preventing crime for pennies on the dollar", what was the intervention that was argued to prevent crime for pennies on the dollar?
Young men were taught how to change some of their automatic behaviors
Following the logic presented in Komorita and Parks ("Social Dilemmas"), how could we best categorize the following bet between two people: if I win you will give me $100, and if you win I will give you $100.
Zero-sum
Caroline states: "My dad was the youngest his class and became a valedictorian. That means that maturity level of children doesn't matter for their academic performance." Caroline's statement would be an example of:
anecdote
According to lecture, the following statement about mortality patterns and inequality is TRUE:
in the US, a higher rate of diseases of despair (such as opioid addiction and suicide) among lower social classes partially explains their lower life expectancy.
According to the lecture you watched right after seeing the "Wealth Inequality in the US" video, which of the following wealth distributions most closely approximates the distribution that the Average American finds "IDEAL" for our society?
wealthy is very high and poor is very poor
