SOCIOLOGY 245 FINAL EXAM

Explain changes in sentencing policy

Mandatory minimum sentencing, increased sentencing, three-strikes laws, and parole limited severely or abolished contributed to mass incarceration. Creating a mandatory minimum sentence created more prisoners staying longer, three-strikes laws gave you a life sentence for committing 3 felonies, and limiting/abolishing parole contributed to more prisoners.

One study analyzed more than 900 films and found that, with few exceptions, which group was represented as "Public Enemy Number One"? a. Arabs b. Africans c. Indians d. Eastern Europeans

a. Arabs

According to opinion polls, what was one of the primary concerns of U.S. voters during the mid- 1960s? a. civil rights b. crime c. gender discrimination d. immigration

a. civil rights

Sheila is a black executive at a company that is almost entirely all-white. She jokes with her mother that when she goes to work she "checks her blackness at the door." Erving Goffman might say that at work she is her _________ self. a. front stage b. misrepresented c. back stage d. center stage

a. front stage

What is not a reason the authors used two independent raters? a. To see the changes of web sites b. To make consistent agreements to web sites c. To examine the complexity of web sites d. To supervise each rater's laziness

d. To supervise each rater's laziness

In many U.S. classroom settings, students of color are often dubbed the "experts" on race through what practice? a. allowing students of color to speak for themselves b. tracking students of color into ethnic studies majors c. inflating the grades of students of color d. asking students of color to speak for an entire population

d. asking students of color to speak for an entire population

Data from a study of contemporary Internet (online) dating showed that the group of women most likely to exclude men from their own racial category as potential mates was: a. heterosexual black women b. heterosexual white women c. heterosexual Latina women d. heterosexual Asian women

d. heterosexual Asian women

T/F: "Extremists tend to focus on actual (offline) activities such as membership meetings, concerts, and other events, thus their use of Internet is not sizable."

false

T/F: "There is ample literature on hate crimes and hate groups, but relatively little scholarly work has focused on the contents and uses of extremist web sites."

true

Some conservative politicians reacted to the Boston Marathon bombings by calling for a freeze on immigration reform. Which belief does their behavior reinforce? a. Men are more likely to be terrorists than women. b. Immigrants make the country less safe. c. Immigrants who come to America legally are not a threat. d. Immigrants are a threat to American jobs.

b. Immigrants make the country less safe.

Which one is not a correct description of the hate web sites? a. Some sites have kids' pages. b. Many of them mentioned political issues. c. They claimed to stand for equal opportunity for all. d. Many sites contained language condemning violence.

b. Many of them mentioned political issues.

Which one is not an example of the source the author compiled? a. HateWatch b. The King Center c. Yahoo's categories of White Pride and Racialism d. The Simon Wiesenthal Center's guide

b. The King Center

Between 1925 and 1975, the prison population remained the same, fluctuating between 100,000 and 200,000 prisoners. By 2000, the prison population reached what number? a. 400,000 b. 770,000 c. 1,000,000 d. 1,400,000

d. 1,400,000

Explain why mass incarceration happened after 1980s. Indicate 3 reasons and give detailed explanation for each reason.

1. The Drug War 2. Bill Clinton's 1994 Crime Bill 3. Changes in sentencing policy

Explain Bill Clinton's 1994 Crime Bill

Bill Clinton's 1994 Crime Bill contributed to mass incarceration. There was a "tough on crime" view. More drug arrests resulted in incarcerating more than usual.

How can the communication styles of blacks and whites cause misunderstandings, frustrations, and hostilities between groups? Use specific examples.

Communication styles of blacks and whites can cause misunderstandings such as whites finding blacks rude, ignorant, or prejudiced toward them and blacks finding whites nosy, invasive, and motivated by racial reasons. Some whites may even find nonwhites (especially blacks and Hispanics) to be loud and confrontational. Other common misunderstandings, frustrations, or hostilities may also come with greetings.

Explain The Drug War

The Drug war increased drug arrests fourfold. It increased the demand therefore increasing the supply. Drug control spending grew significantly and more police officers were sent to poor communities. Police surveillance and brutality increased in nonwhite communities.

According to the textbook, what is one political consequence of being imprisoned? a. In many states, felons lose the right to vote. b. People with criminal records are eliminated from job applicant pools. c. Incarcerated parents miss out on key events of their children's lives. d. Felons are more likely to vote than nonfelons.

a. In many states, felons lose the right to vote.

What is an incorrect statement regarding recruitment by extremist group web sites in the article? a. Older generation is the main target because they are likely to agree with them. b. College students are primed with values of freedom of speech, thus they view hate speech less harmful. c. Their use of Internet is an effective tool to recruit college students in that they tended to claim to support the groups if the students were exposed to the web sites. d. People who feel lonely or upset are the target of hate groups.

a. Older generation is the main target because they are likely to agree with them.

What is one way that racism is embedded in the structure of schools, as described in the textbook? a. Students are tracked such that whites and Asians have disproportionate access to the most intellectually stimulating classes. b. White students are more likely than other students to be busy with after-school activities. c. Schools spend the most money on the wealthiest students. d. Some parents are more likely to volunteer in the school than others.

a. Students are tracked such that whites and Asians have disproportionate access to the most intellectually stimulating classes.

Which of the following were findings of the Detroit Area Survey? a. The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 50 percent black and 50 percent white, while 84 percent of white respondents said they would not enter such a neighborhood. b. The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 75 percent black and 25 percent white, and white respondents preferred a neighborhood that was 50 percent white and 50 percent black. c. The majority of white respondents said their ideal neighborhood was one with 50 percent black and 50 percent white residents, and a majority of black respondents said they would not feel comfortable entering such a neighborhood. d. The majority of black respondents would move away from a neighborhood that was 50 percent white and 50 percent black, while whites would prefer to move to this type of neighborhood.

a. The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 50 percent black and 50 percent white, while 84 percent of white respondents said they would not enter such a neighborhood.

What does Massey's spatial assimilation thesis say about ethnic enclaves? a. They are used by new immigrants to get economically established and improve their English skills before moving to a place with a higher standard of living. b. They are sought out by new and old immigrants to create a self-segregated community in the United States, celebrating the same holidays, eating the same food, and speaking their native language. c. Immigrants are forced into ethnic enclaves due to a lack of affordable housing opportunities, and these enclaves prevent new immigrants from ever getting ahead and moving out. d. Immigrants self-select into enclaves and exhibit no interest in leaving these underprivileged neighborhoods because the enclaves feel like their native country.

a. They are used by new immigrants to get economically established and improve their English skills before moving to a place with a higher standard of living.

When people examine the overlap of their own intersecting identities, they may be likely to overlook the impact of their privileged identities, as described in which of the following examples? a. an upper-middle-class black woman who minimizes the role of her economic position b. a working-class Russian Jewish immigrant who minimizes the role of his religion c. an upper-middle-class black executive who minimizes the role of his race d. a middle-class white suburban housewife who minimizes the role gender plays in her day-to-day interactions with her spouse

a. an upper-middle-class black woman who minimizes the role of her economic position.

Research shows that students of color are about 10 percent more likely to experience what in college classrooms compared to their white peers? a. harassment and feelings of being unwelcome b. differential treatment and inflated grades c. anxiety about future employment d. harassment but achievement of more positions of leadership

a. harassment and feelings of being unwelcome

Couples who are dissimilar from one another may have a lower probability of staying married; black couples show greater spousal dissimilarity than nonblack couples. One reason for this may be that: a. the relatively small size of the marriage pool for blacks limits choices for potential mates, increasing the chance of incompatibility b. the pattern of behaviors among black men across society makes them less adaptable, causing incompatibilities with most spouses, regardless of race c. the adage "opposites attract" creates a sense of adventure for some couples that disappears over time, and black couples are more likely to marry earlier, before that sense of adventure ends d. blacks have similar understandings of gender role expectations within the relationship but diverging understandings of how couples express love

a. the relatively small size of the marriage pool for blacks limits choices for potential mates, increasing the chance of incompatibility.

Most people arrested in the United States are of what racial-ethnic background? a. white b. black c. Asian d. Hispanic

a. white

Which of the following did Edward Morris find in his ethnography of white students in a majority black school in Texas? a. The white students were adamant about distinguishing themselves from their black peers. b. The white students used the term "white" to insult one another for personality traits such as being nerdy. c. Though some white students tried to pass as nonwhite, it was still relatively easy for Morris to identity them as white. d. When white students symbolically identified and attempted to pass as nonwhite, they also lost their white privilege in interactions with teachers.

b. The white students used the term "white" to insult one another for personality traits such as being nerdy.

Andi, a twenty-three-year old white woman, hesitated to introduce her African American boyfriend to her parents, who are both white. All of her friends from college have already met her boyfriend. According to the textbook, what might this decision say about attitudes toward interracial dating? a. African Americans are generally more accepting of interracial dating than whites are. b. Younger people tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than older people are. c. Women tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than men are. d. People are less accepting of interracial dating now than they were in the 1990s.

b. Younger people tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than older people are.

The process of immigration can be a great stressor for families coming to the United States. For example, in the United States, Hmong kinship networks of extended family relationships are limited as Hmong people are expected to adopt the nuclear family model. This pressure demonstrates that: a. social service agencies are typically receptive to the culture of immigrant families b. the definition of family is not the same across racial-ethnic groups, and the expectation to conform can take a toll on families c. immigrants to the United States are mostly the same and can anticipate what changes to expect for their families in advance of migrating d. the process of immigration, though stressful, does little to change the structure of families

b. the definition of family is not the same across racial-ethnic groups, and the expectation to conform can take a toll on families.

What were the two important institutions that arose to control and confine nonwhites—African Americans in particular? a. slavery and marriage b. the lynch mob and the prison c. voting and indentured servitude d. schooling and the military

b. the lynch mob and the prison

Which of the following statements is true? a. In U.S. cities, the typical white person lives in a neighborhood that is 45 percent white. b. Hispanics are twice as likely as blacks and Asians to be isolated from other racial groups. c. African Americans in many metropolitan areas live in a condition of hypersegregation. d. The segregation levels of Asian ethnic groups vary by skin tone.

c. African Americans in many metropolitan areas live in a condition of hypersegregation.

Which one is a false statement? a. The most common category was "Other". b. The most common category included non-white supremacist groups. c. Groups of the second most common category argued white nationalism and unity. d. Skinhead sites were likely to contain external links.

c. Groups of the second most common category argued white nationalism and unity.

According to the figure, "Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment," which group has a higher chance of imprisonment than white men? a. Latina women b. black women c. Latino men d. white women

c. Latino men

Child psychologists Hart and Risley examined speech patterns across families of different social class backgrounds. Which of the following best describes their findings? a. Poor children are more likely to be spoken to in high-pitched voices. b. Middle-class children are more likely to receive explicit instructions. c. Middle-class children receive more praise and hear more utterances than poor children. d. Poor children hear more praise than middle-class children but are less likely to have as many words spoken in their homes.

c. Middle-class children receive more praise and hear more utterances than poor children.

According to the authors, extremist groups might use the Internet for a variety of purposes. Which one is not an example of them? a. To communicate with current members b. To recruit new members c. To prove their violence d. To sell merchandise such as clothing, jewelry, or patches

c. To prove their violence

What was the primary objective of cultural reeducation of American Indians? a. educate them on the cultural practices of their ancestors b. expose them to a variety of social norms and values c. force them to assimilate into Anglo-American society and culture d. provide them space to explore their own needs and desires

c. force them to assimilate into Anglo-American society and culture

When sociologist Heather Dalmage, a white woman married to a black man, writes that "I no longer take white privilege for granted" because of her experiences, she is specifically referencing: a. how her husband has been able to access "white privilege" since their marriage b. how her social network and friends stigmatize her relationship c. her experience of being victimized by interpersonal and institutional racism d. her own prejudices about social life

c. her experience of being victimized by interpersonal and institutional racism.

In 2008, Bernie Madoff, a former Wall Street broker, committed an elaborate Ponzi scheme and was found guilty of making fraudulent investments totaling over $60 billion. What is this type of crime called? a. backdoor crime b. cyber crime c. white-collar crime d. green eyeshade crime

c. white-collar crime

Which one is not an example of "the unregulated nature of the Internet in the United States"? a. Rare prosecutions of spreading hate on the Internet b. Al Queda's usage of web sites run from locations such as San Diego c. Canadian Holocaust denier's web site server in New York d. Communications Decency Act of 1996 struck down as constitutional

d. Communications Decency Act of 1996 struck down as constitutional

Which best summarizes educational current completion rates by race? a. High school completion rates are down for all racial groups, but college completion rates have increased for all racial groups. b. College completion rates are down for all racial groups, but high school completion rates have increased for all racial groups. c. Completion rates for both high school and college have stagnated for all racial groups. d. Completion rates for both high school and college have increased for all racial groups.

d. Completion rates for both high school and college have increased for all racial groups.

Which of the following is a reason that black marriages are twice as likely to end in divorce as whites? a. Black men and women marry at much younger ages than men and women of any other ethnic group. b. Black women have greater participation in the workforce than women of other ethnic groups. c. Divorce is stigmatized in the white community more than it is in the black community. d. High levels of poverty and high incarceration rates can strain marriages, causing conflicts over time.

d. High levels of poverty and high incarceration rates can strain marriages, causing conflicts over time.