Sociology 2511 Test 3

Contact hypothesis

-Contact b/w groups may decrease prejudice depending on a number of factors

social norms

-Cultural guidelines about how we should behave

Participants choose to attend of their own volition

-Diversity groups seem to be most effective when ______

experience of Protestants living in the Republic of Ireland

-They are fully integrated socioeconomically and live in harmony with their Catholic neighbors

The "greater good," personal freedoms

-Affirmative action is said by some to pit _____ against _______.

Self-Justification

-As defenders of the "true faith," the Crusaders killed "Christ killers" (Jews) and "infidels" (Muslims). What term best describes the psychology behind such actions?

Future of affirmative action in the United States

-Based on public opinion and current events -Affirmative action policies are likely to continue, they are likely to be contested, and some existing affirmative action policies and programs may be dismantled

Statement most accurate regarding the similarity b/w the dominant-minority group relations in the Czech Republic and the United States

-Both countries illustrate that economic competition b/w dominant and minority groups can lead to backlashes in intergroup relations

He has been socialized to prejudice

-Braxton's parents are very prejudiced. When he was growing up, they frequently stereotyped, told racist jokes, and did not allow him to have non-white friends. What might a sociologist say about Braxton?

Detroit

-City that has the highest level of racial residential segregation in the United States

Sociological theory of prejudice

-Economic competition theory

Statement most true about minority relations in the Czech Republic

-Economic downturn has created intergroup tensions b/w Vietnamese immigrants and native Czechs

Selective Perception

-Ellen attended a diversity training seminar but absorbed almost none of the new information provided. Which concept best describes her response to diversity training?

Arab Americans (2)

-Ethnic group that can be legally profiled in the United States

Statement that best describes the difference b/w ethnocentrism and prejudice?

-Ethnocentrism is a general rejection of any out-group because of an in-group focus. Prejudice is a rejection of certain people on the basis of their membership in a particular group.

Impact of the discontinuation of affirmative action programs on minority enrollments at U.S. colleges and universities

-Mixed effect. Some colleges have seen a dramatic drop in student enrollment while others have seen an increase

Prejudice

-Term for a system of negative beliefs, feelings, and action orientations regarding a certain group or groups of people

Ethnophaulism

-Term that applies to expressions such as "darky," "honky," or "frog."

Valid critique of the social norms theory of prejudice

-The social norms theory does not explain positive and negative change in prejudicial attitudes towards groups over time

Degree of likeliness that prejudice will lead to discrimination and vice versa

-There is no simple cause-effect relationship b/w prejudice and discrimination

What effect can self-esteem have on prejudice?

-Those with high self-esteem tend to evaluate an out-group more positively than those with low self-esteem

symbolic of an unpopular concept

-To become a suitable scapegoat, a group must be _____

Economic competition theory

-Zena's grandmother actively protests immigration. She frequently tells Zena the she is trying to protect Zena's future because she believes that "Immigrants take jobs from Americans!" The grandmother's attitude is best described by which theory of prejudice?

Tram firmly believes that education is the key to decreasing prejudice. How correct is Tram about the effectiveness of education as a means of decreasing prejudice and discrimination

-Tram is partially correct. Education is very important as is contact b/w groups. But economic conditions or social pressures may override the positive benefits of education and contact

Institutional discrimination phenonemon

-Two men were caught committing a robbery together. The white man received a short sentence, while the black man received a longer sentence. The difference in the length of their sentence, despite the fact that they were both convicted of the same crime. -What is this an example of?

Most common criticism leveled against rap music is that its lyrics encourage ______

-Violence against women

Ethnoviolence

-Violence that targets people solely on the basis of their race, religion, ethnic background, or sexual orientation

Jim Crow laws

-What nineteenth-century laws established segregated public facilities throughout the South?

1972

-Year in which legislation to enact affirmative action in the United States occur

Average American's consumption of television advertising can most likely be measured in ____

-Years over their lifetime

Terrorist attacks in 2001

-event that had the greatest impact on racial profiling in the early 21st century in the United States

Prejudiced non-discriminator

-one of Robert Merton's classifications -Ex. Laree believes the negative things she hears about minorities, and feels resentment and hostility toward them as a result. She keeps quite about her beliefs around her friends because she is sure they would look down on her if they knew what she really thought.

Unprejudiced non-discriminator

-one of Robert Merton's classifications -ex. Joan feels strongly that she holds no prejudices against minorities. In fact, she is certain that no one in her social group is prejudiced. As a result, she sees no reason to get politically involved in anti-discrimination activity.

Post WWI social conditions for Chinese railroad workers

-returning soldiers found themselves in economic competition with Chinese railroad workers, which led to hostility and prejudice

Racial profiling

-type of discrimination -Jamal says that he has been targeted by police because he was "DWB."

Jigsaw classroom method

-Teaching method most effective at reducing social distance and prejudice

Arab Americans

-Minority group least likely to be featured in television roles

Negative

-Exposure to local and national newscasts has been shown to have ____ impact on racial attitudes and perceptions

Effective diversity training workshop

-Features small groups, interactive sessions, and role-playing.

De Jure Segregation

-For many years, the United States had laws requiring all public places (theaters, restaurants, restrooms, transportation) and schools to be racially separated. -What type of practice is this?

How can frustration lead to prejudice?

-Frustrated people may strike out against the perceived caused of their frustration, or against a weaker group who can serve as their scapegoat

Extermination

-Genocides such as the Holocaust or massacres of Armenians, Roma, and of ethnic minorities in Bosnia, Rwanda, and Darfur. -Level of discrimination

women

-Group that appears to have benefited the most from affirmative action

Ape

-Historically, a common stereotype applied to minority groups in the United States and abroad was being a/an _____

Socialization theory explains?

-How prejudicial attitudes are transmitted from one generation to the next

A. Americans

-Human Rights Watch report covering the last three decades revealed that _______ are the principal targets of the "war on drugs" and are three to six times more likely to be arrested

economic inequality

-If Sabrina is like most Americans, she will be most likely to favor affirmative action in order to reduce ________

Religion

-In Northern Ireland, _____ continues to be a source of antagonism and discrimination

De Facto Segregation

-In some areas, the standard practice of building and maintaining neighborhood schools in racially segregated communities preserves segregated schools, despite laws prohibiting segregation. -What type of practice is this?

Most valid criticism of diversity training

-It has not been sufficiently evaluated scientifically, to see whether it actually works

Most significant function of ethnic humor for a minority group

-It undermines stereotypes by ridiculing them

How pop culture can encourage the development of misogyny of young men

-Its powerful sexual imagery, objectifies and dehumanizes women, portraying women as having worth only in the context of, existing solely for, male's satisfaction

Prejudice based on Frustration

-Jane is a white woman in a culturally diverse workplace. Jane is expecting a promotion, but her coworker, Wong Lei, receives the promotion instead. Jane tells everyone that she knows "Wong Lei did not deserve to be promoted, and she only got it because she is a minority. What does Jane's behavior exemplify?

False Consciousness

-Jasmine watches a lot of tv. She firmly believes that she cannot "go out in public" unless she shaves, has a pedicure, has perfectly combed hair, and wears makeup. Ability of advertising to create _______

Prejudiced

-John comes from a family that emphasizes strict obedience to their rules and strict punishment for violation of them. Some studies of personality link this type of upbringing to the development of ________ adults.

Study of the experiences of Hispanic, African-American, and Asian students at a small, mostly white, university campus

-Lack of awareness of racism on the part of staff, faculty, and students was a very frustrating part of the daily experience of minority students

Exclusion

-Level of Discrimination -Ex. Aneka has taken a number of English Language Learning classes (ELL) and her English is quite good. However, she has not been able to get a job in her predominantly white middle-class area because employers claim that they cannot understand her English.

Avoidance

-Level of Discrimination -Mary says that she wants to live in a "good neighborhood," but what she really means is that she wants to live in a neighborhood that is all white.

Persistent pressure from the media in highlighting the problem

-Likely to have the greatest effect in decreasing the use of racial profiling

Affirmative action promotes equality over liberty

-Lila believes strongly that affirmative action program are ultimately harmful. Statement that Lila most likely agrees with.

Maintaining a positive self-concept

-Maria, A Hispanic college student, is attending a non-racially diverse college where occasional expressions of prejudice and acts of discrimination against minority students have been documented in the student paper. -According to studies of ethnic minority college students, Maria should rely on strong support from parents and peers

The Action-Orientation Level

-Martha made it very clear that no Irish or German woman would be included as members of the local PTA. What level of prejudice is she exhibiting?

How did the Chinese cope with the prejudice aimed at them during the late 1800s?

-Minimizing competition with whites, creating "Chinatowns," and entering non-competitive specialty occupations

Focus of Ethnophaulisms

-On disparaging nicknames, alleged group foods, alleged group behaviors, and alleged group physical characteristics

Physical abuse

-One of five levels of intensity of discriminatory behavior

Thirteenth Amendment

-One of two sources where the legal basis for affirmative action in the United States is derived from two sources in the U. S. Constitution

Institutional discrimination

-Outside of prejudice, factor that likely leads to active, but invisible forms of discrimination

Stereotype

-Oversimplified by which we attribute certain traits or characteristics to a group without regard to individual differences

Whites typically live in neighborhoods that have lower minority representation overall, while blacks, Asians, and Hispanics tend to concentrate in urban areas that have higher minority representation

-Phenomenon that explains the little change in the overall segregation of ethnic minorities from whites

In what way is a positive stereotype most likely to have a harmful effect?

-Positive stereotypes distort reality, placing pressure on people to live up to unrealistic expectations

How prejudice differs from discrimination

-Prejudice refers to attitude, while discrimination refers to actual behavior

Racial diversity on television

-Prime time diversity varies by time of the day

African Americans

-Racial groups that typically experiences the highest level of racial residential segregation in the United States

declining over time

-Racial residential segregation in the United States is _______

Advertising

-Relies heavily on stereotyping of racial minorities and women

Unprejudiced discriminator, prejudiced non-discriminator

-Robert Merton's categories -Sociologists find these the most interesting

social distance

-Self-justification may intensify the ________ b/w groups.

Institutional

-Sentencing inequalities in the criminal justice system and the concentration of minorities in low paying jobs are both examples of _________ discrimination

Mike and Lana are arguing whether shows like South Park, Family Guy, and the Simpsons reinforce or reduce racial bigotry.

-Shows that use ethnic stereotyping as humor may reduce racial bigotry for some and reinforce it for others

Family systems; occupational systems

-Sociologist Talcott Parsons suggested that ____ and ____ may produce anxieties that create frustration, which then lead to aggression and ultimately, scapegoating.

"Race conscious remedies"

-Supreme is reluctant to use this -That it is not comfortable trying to overcome the effects of past, racially-motivated discrimination, by using affirmative action programs to help minorities in the present, on the basis of race.

Cognitve

Ethan believes that African-American men are inherently violent, though he knows very few African Americans and has never personally met an African-American man who was violent. On which psychological level does Ethan's prejudice exist?

Active, passive

Social discrimination can be _____ or ______.