sociology 3

authoritarian

A government in which one leader or group of people holds absolute power.

gender issues

Black women gained the right to vote along with other women only with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. The 1960s saw other important reforms in U.S. voting. Shortly before the Voting Rights Act was passed, the 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case Reynolds v. Sims changed the nature of elections. This landmark decision reaffirmed the notion of "one person, one vote," a concept holding that all people's votes should be counted equally.

christianity

Christianity grew out of Judaism. c=celebrate the birth of jesus during Christmas. and his suffering death and resurrection during the holy week. two billion of christians worldwide

5 major religions of the world

Hinduism, Buddism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

race issues

Historically, African Americans and other minorities have been underrepresented at the polls. Black men were not allowed to vote at all until after the Civil War. For years, African Americans who were brave enough to vote were discouraged by discriminatory legislation, passed in many southern states, which required poll taxes and literacy tests of prospective voters. The 1960s saw other important reforms in U.S. voting.

islam

Muhammad was visited by an angel delivering to him the words of Allah. Muslim means one who surrenders. a Muslims 5 most important duties are called the 5 pillars. shahada, salat, zakat, sawm, and hajj. follows the quaran. second largest religion

functionalism applied to religion

Religion depends on society for its existence, value, and significance, and vice versa. From this perspective, religion serves several purposes, like providing answers to spiritual mysteries, offering emotional comfort, and creating a place for social interaction and social control. religion provides emotional comfort in times of crisis. Religious rituals bring order, comfort, and organization through shared familiar symbols and patterns of behavior. It provides social support and social networking and offers a place to meet others who hold similar values and a place to seek help (spiritual and material) in times of need. Moreover, it can foster group cohesion and integration. Finally, religion promotes social control: It reinforces social norms such as appropriate styles of dress, following the law, and regulating sexual behavior.

class issues

Voting rates among lower-educated, lower-paid workers are lower. Workers in low-paying service jobs might find it harder to get to the polls because they lack flexibility in their work hours and quality daycare to look after children while they vote. Because a larger share of racial and ethnic minorities is employed in such positions, social class may be linked to race and ethnicity influencing voting rates. Some people of low socioeconomic status or minority race/ethnicity doubt their vote will count or voice will be heard because they have seen no evidence of their political power in their communities. Many believe that what they already have is all they can achieve.

megachurches

a Christian church that has a very large congregation averaging more than 2,000 people who attend regular weekly services. As of 2009, the largest megachurch in the United States was in Houston Texas, boasting an average weekly attendance of more than 43,000. they 2009). Megachurches exist in other parts of the world, especially in South Korea, Brazil, and several African countries, but the rise of the megachurch in the United States is a fairly recent phenomenon that has developed primarily in California, Florida, Georgia, and Texas. The architecture of these church buildings often resembles a sport or concert arena. The church may include jumbotrons (large-screen televisual technology usually used in sports arenas to show close-up shots of an event). Typically, a single, highly charismatic pastor leads and most are male. They list their main focuses as youth activities, community service, and study of the Scripture

revolutionary warfare

a conflict with 2 or more groups within a nation, the American civil war is a good example since 2 sides were against each other in 1 country

sect

a small group of people will break off from the main religious group. they are having a hard time of buying into the practice of the group. they believe something is wrong with the mainstream religion. they practice with other like minded people. can grow and turn into a church. an example of this is the ladderway saints

hinduism

a variety of related beliefs. believe all life follows karma. they believe in reincarnation and if you complete your correct darma then you will be reborn into a higher social class. teaches that everything is one. brahma is the creator. third largest religion in the world. can be found on every continent

terrorism warfare

an attack on civilians. done to win publicity, create chaos, and use fear as a political weapon. an example would be 9/11. most common locations were latin America then it shifted

guerilla warfare

an attack on the military, usually a surprise attack, a small group of people to inflict damage on the better supplied opponent. trying to decrease moral. an example is a convoy of the military in the desert and the smaller group blows their vehicle up.

church

any mainstream religion, millions of people practice the religion. Its ran like a business starting with the pastor and goes down to the custodian

types of government

authoritarian, (monarch, dictator) totalitarian, democracy (direct, representative)

liberation theology

began as a movement within the Roman Catholic Church in the 1950s and 1960s in Latin America, and it combines Christian principles with political activism. It uses the church to promote social change via the political arena, and it is most often seen in attempts to reduce or eliminate social injustice, discrimination, and poverty.

buddhism

began with siddartha. and then he became the buddha. the 8 fold path has pointed the way for millions to enlightened. buddhahood means a state of compassion, insight, peace, and steadfastness. the buddha taught people how to be enlightened. many believe in gods but think mostly of it as a action. a billion buddhists today mostly in east, southeast asia.

structure

church, sect, cult

conflict theory applied to government

conflict between groups struggling to either attain wealth and power or keep the wealth and power they had was inevitable in a capitalist society, and conflict was the only way for the underprivileged to eventually gain some measure of equality. According to sociologist and philosopher Karl Marx, such conflicts are necessary, although ugly, steps toward a more egalitarian society. Marx saw a historical pattern in which revolutionaries toppled elite power structures, after which wealth and authority became more evenly dispersed among the population, and the overall social order advanced. In this pattern of change through conflict, people tend to gain greater personal freedom and economic stability

direct democracy

every person gets a say on every issue. example is townhall meetings when the whole community came together

symbolic interactionism applied to government

focuses its attention on figures, emblems, or individuals that represent power and authority. they are not interested in large structures such as the government. As micro-sociologists, they are more interested in the face-to-face aspects of politics. they are most interested in the interaction between these small groups who make decisions, or in the case of some recent congressional committees, demonstrate the inability to make any decisions at all. The heart of politics is the result of interaction between individuals and small groups over periods of time.

monarch

hereditary ruler, born into that position, an example is the king and queen of England

different types of warfare

international, revolutionary, guerilla, terrorism

voter participation

is essential to the success of the U.S. political system. Although many Americans are quick to complain about laws and political leadership, in any given election year roughly half the population does not vote. Some years have seen even lower turnouts; in 2010, for instance, only 37.8 percent of the population participated in the electoral process

international warfare

looks at who is really in the war, any war where there are 2 or more sovereign nations that are fighting. an example is World War 1 because it is 2 or more groups having a conflict

cult

one leader, usually charismatic. most times that leader is seen as a god or prophet because they are getting messages from their god. there is brain washing and a lot of manipulation in one.

totalitarian

one party holds all the power, they tend to control everyday life. an example of this was Stalin's Russia

organization of believers

people that practice the beliefs. if they don't have that no no one is going to follow them.

elements of religion, 4 different things a religion is supposted to have

sacred object, ritual, system of belief, organization of believers

dictator

somebody comes in and takes control of the government with the military. an example is When Hadaam Usaan was a military leader who came and took over and ruled with fear

sacred object

something that is super important, like when people experience it they respect it. There can be lots of them. an example is the cross

democracy

the citizens of the country has power within the government

ritual

the established pattern of behavior that a religion exhibits. usually tied in with the sacred object. an example of people making the sign of the cross in church

functionalism applied to government

the government has four main purposes: planning and directing society, meeting social needs, maintaining law and order, and managing international relations. all aspects of society serve a purpose. view government and politics as a way to enforce norms and regulate conflict. They see active social change, such as the sit-in on Wall Street, as undesirable because it forces change and, as a result, undesirable things that might have to be compensated for. Dysfunction creates social problems that lead to social change.

system of belief

the ideas of the religion, have to have ideas that people believe in. tells them why the sacred object is sacred and why they do the ritual

secularization

the modernization of society would bring about a decrease in the influence of religion. Secularization interests social observers because it entails a pattern of change in a fundamental social institution. Much has been made about the rising number of people who identify as having no religious affiliation, which in a 2019 Pew Poll reached a new high of 26 percent. significantly. A person who is a part of a religion may make a difficult decision to formally leave it based on disagreements with the organization or the tenets of the faith. Other people may simply "drift away," and decide to no longer identify themselves as members of a religion. Some people are not raised as a part of a religion, and therefore make a decision whether or not to join one later in life. And finally, a growing number of people identify as spiritual but not religious

Polytheism

the religion believes in MORE then one higher power. The largest one is hindu

Monotheism

the religion believes in ONE higher power, most major religions falll into this category

conflict theory applied to religion

theorists view religion as an institution that helps maintain patterns of social inequality. For example, the Vatican has a tremendous amount of wealth, while the average income of Catholic parishioners is small. According to this perspective, religion has been used to support the "divine right" of oppressive monarchs and to justify unequal social structures, like India's caste system. Conflict theorists are critical of the way many religions promote the idea that believers should be satisfied with existing circumstances because they are divinely ordained. This power dynamic has been used by Christian institutions for centuries to keep poor people poor and to teach them that they shouldn't be concerned with what they lack because their "true" reward (from a religious perspective) will come after death. They also point out that those in power in a religion are often able to dictate practices, rituals, and beliefs through their interpretation of religious texts or via proclaimed direct communication from the divine.

symbolic theory applied to religion

thinks beliefs and experiences are not sacred unless individuals in a society regard them as sacred. Interactionists are interested in what these symbols communicate. Because interactionists study one-on-one, everyday interactions between individuals, a scholar using this approach might ask questions focused on this dynamic.

judaism

were enslaved in egypt but god freed them. used to be a temple religion with sacrifices but now is more of a book religion. when young people reach the age of 13 they are seen as adults. 14 million jews in the world today

representative democracy

you choose someone to vote on your behalf. an example of this is congress, we elect the congressmen to vote on our behalf