Sociology

interactions with other people

"Each to each a looking-glass, / Reflects the other that doth pass." This line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in

Subculture

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a

the larger group of people about whom he or she wants to generalize

A researcher must identify a target population before engaging in sampling. What is the target population?

the hidden curriculum

A sociologist observes that kindergartners are not just being taught about arts and crafts. They are also being taught how to be students, including skills such as following rules, remaining in their seats, and other things that will be necessary for the rest of their education. What are these skills called?

intended and obvious or recognized

According to Robert Merton, manifest functions

false

According to sociologists, our genetic makeup determines what kind of personality and character traits we develop in life.

conflict between social groups

According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what is the catalyst for social change?

weapons of war

An example of something that would be part of the material culture of an individual or society would be

Poletriat

If someone makes money exclusively by selling their own labor, then they must be a member of what social group?

analyze data

Jared is conducting a sociological research study on the underground music scene. He has just finished collecting data for the study. What is the next step Jared should take in the scientific method?

the meaning of gestures is not universal

Jill is visiting her boyfriend's family in China. She points at him with her index finger during a conversation, which his family doesn't seem to like. Her boyfriend later explains that she should point with an open hand instead of using a finger. Why is this instruction needed?

choose a research design or method

Kemi is conducting a sociological research study on differences in interactions between similar and dissimilar co-workers. After reviewing the literature, she developed a hypothesis and operationalized the variables she will study. What is the next step Kemi should take in the scientific method?

to demonstrate that the schools values multiculturalism and to reduce ethnocentrism

Many American colleges and universities require students to take classes on non-Western cultures. Why do these requirements exist?

with verstehen (understanding), which emphasizes the need for empathy with individuals' experiences.

Max Weber helped lay the groundwork for sociologists who would develop symbolic interactionism as a theory because he believed that a social scientist should approach the study of human action

Negative sanctions

Monetary fines, harsh words, and shaking one's fist are examples of

Socialization

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process?

Autoethnography

Research that focuses on one's own thoughts, feelings, and experiences is known as

she observed some respondents as they went about their daily routines to see if their actions matched their answers

Researchers are often worried that interviewees have not been completely honest or forthcoming, especially when asked about sensitive subjects. How did Arlie Hochschild attempt to deal with this problem?

ask a respondent about what he or she does not think rather than what he or she does think

Researchers must avoid negative questions when writing a survey. What are negative questions?

look for patterns in their data

Researchers usually transcribe responses after they conduct a series of interviews. The transcription process is fairly time-consuming, but it is valuable, in part, because it allows researchers to

true

Sociologists claim that culture is the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on in the world around us.

the experience of a real identity, distinct from other people

Sociologists define the self as

ideal

Sociologists refer to the norms and values that people aspire to as ________ culture.

the looking glass self

Some theorists have suggested that all individuals act like mirrors to each other. What do sociologists call this concept?

a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society

Structural functionalist theory is concerned with the ways in which structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure?

using existing sources

What are researchers doing when they use a social networking site like Facebook to obtain data?

Dramaturgy

What have scholars called Erving Goffman's ideas, given that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance?

An awareness of the relationship between who were are as individuals and the social forces that shape our lives

What is the sociological imagination

false consciousness

What term did Karl Marx use to describe the fact that most of the population accepts inequality even when it does not benefit them personally?

relationship to the means of producion

What was the most important factor in social life according to Karl Marx?

cultural leveling

When cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar, they are experiencing the phenomenon of

Structural Fuctionalism

Which of the following theories views society as a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together?

there will always be new situations and new roles to learn

Why are adults unable to be completely socialized?

families begin in the socialization before they are any other competing influences

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?

ethnographers have such close personal ties to the people they study, emotions and feelings get in the way

Why must ethnographers using participant observation always be aware of reflexivity?

Ethnography

is the research method that might involve shifting between participating in a social situation and being an observer.