Sociology Ch. 10 & 11

Monotheistic Religions

What are religions called that worship one divine figure? a. liberation theology b. secular religions c. monotheistic religions d. pluralistic religions e. Judeo-Christian religions

She has been effectively locked out of certain careers

What are the most significant consequences of a high school freshman being assigned to a remedial math course? a. She has been effectively locked out of certain careers. b. She will be more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol. c. She will almost certainly also fall behind in her English classes. d. She will lose status within the school and have worse relationships with her peers. e. She will face increasing pressure from her parents to succeed.

the switch to a manufacturing economy

What change caused people to migrate to cities from rural areas? a. the switch to a manufacturing economy b. the development of crop rotation and better animal husbandry techniques c. the emancipation of slaves in the United States d. the switch from a manufacturing economy to an information economy e. the increasing integration of economies around the world and the rise of transnational corporations

a significant population boom

What change was associated with the Industrial Revolution? a. increased infant mortality b. less stable and reliable access to food supplies c. a significant population boom d. more reliable housing conditions e. decreased life expectancy

the rise of the Internet

What development transformed and expanded the role of distance learning in the American educational system? a. the deterioration of the infrastructure in educational institutions b. the rise of the Internet c. a rise in immigration, leading to a large population of non-English-speaking students d. the increasing use of school vouchers e. the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act in 2002

fundamentalist

Religious groups that emphasize literal interpretation of sacred texts are called: a. macrosociological. b. secular. c. unchurched. d. fundamentalist. e. intrinsic.

False

Religion plays no role in U.S. presidential politics. True or False?

England

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? a. China b. Germany c. France d. England e. the United States

pure communism

"From each according to his ability, to each according to his need." This slogan could only be fully realized with: a. pure socialism. b. pure communism. c. an information economy. d. pure capitalism. e. a mixture of capitalism and communism.

dysfunction of religion, because it promotes sexism

"Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church." Many people still look to passages from the Christian Bible, like this one, to justify gender roles. This may be a: a. dysfunction of religion, because it promotes sexism. b. function of religion, because it promotes social solidarity among everyone. c. function of religion, because it teaches us a basic sociological tenet. d. function of religion, because it promotes equality. e. dysfunction of religion, because it is homophobic

It encourages efficiency through technological innovation

A professor of sociology at the University of Missouri invented a piece of software to grade students' papers that saves him 200 hours of grading every year. Why is using a computer program to grade a particularly capitalist technique? a. It encourages efficiency through technological innovation. b. It increases the fairness of the grading system. c. It allows greater state control of how we teach students and the kind of workers that schools produce. d. It treats everyone equally. e. It focuses on the analysis of knowledge.

secular

A society that separates church and state is a ____________ society. a. agnostic b. unchurched c. traditional d. fundamentalist e. secular

the power elite

A sociologist tells you that she believes that "the owners and top-level managers in large income-producing properties are far and away the dominant power figures in the United States" because "their corporations, banks, and agribusinesses come together as a corporate community that dominates the federal government." What concept is being described here? a. the power elite b. totalitarianism c. authoritarianism d. pluralism e. political action committees

monarchy

Abdullah II of Jordan succeeded his father, Hussein bin Talal, as ruler of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1999. This makes his government a: a. totalitarian state. b. monarchy. c. pluralist polity. d. democratic republic. e. theocracy.

The power elite

According to C. Wright Mills, who rules America? a. the media b. celebrities c. the power elite d. a variety of organizations and institutions that represent different interest groups e. political action committees that raise money and advocate on behalf of their donors

paying workers less than the value of what they create

According to Karl Marx, where does surplus value come from? a. finding ever-cheaper ways of processing raw materials b. hard work and ingenuity on the part of those who retail goods c. the added value owners bring to a manufactured product d. paying workers less than the value of what they create e. selling goods to overseas markets where demand is higher

It is damaging to workers and suppresses their real selves

According to Robin Leidner's Fast Food, Fast Talk, what are the consequences of scripting workers' interactions with customers? a. It decreases sales. b. It makes communication easier and leads to happier workers. c. It makes interactions more fluid. d. It makes customers feel important. e. It is damaging to workers and suppresses their real selves.

by using local property taxes to fund public schools, trapping poor children in poor schools

According to Savage Inequalities by Jonathan Kozol, how do schools reinforce inequality? a. by singling out students from poor backgrounds for criticism b. by busing students to schools far away from their homes, disrupting their schedules and removing them from their natural peers c. by privileging athletes and giving them a much easier educational path d. by using local property taxes to fund public schools, trapping poor children in poor schools e. by "teaching to the test," which removes many more creative subjects from the curriculum

Multinational corporations will increasingly shape the policies of governments

According to critics of globalization, what disadvantages result from increased international trade? a. Multinational corporations will increasingly shape the policies of governments. b. Factory workers will be paid more. c. More consumer goods will be produced. d. People will gain exposure to different cultures. e. Prices of goods and services will decline.

7,000

According to the Department of Labor, in the year 2001, about how many sweatshops were there in the United States? a. 100 b. 7,000 c. 30 d. 0 e. 500,000

A Sweatshop

According to the U.S. General Accounting Office, an employer that violates more than one federal or state labor law concerning wages, overtime, child labor, safety and health, or industrial regulation is classified as: a. a runaway shop. b. a postmodern corporation. c. a sweatshop. d. an independent contractor. e. a transnational corporation.

communism

According to the text, what is the most extreme form of socialism called? a. conflict theory b. postindustrialism c. Marxism d. communism e. capitalism

un-American because of their vocal criticism of American intervention in Southeast Asia

According to the textbook, during the 1960s, how did many Americans view antiwar protestors? a. apathetic because of their disinterest in American politics b. un-American because of their vocal criticism of American intervention in Southeast Asia c. comedic because of their innovative use of dramatic protest d. heroic because they put their bodies on the line e. patriotic because they exercised their freedom of speech

un-American because of their vocal criticism of American intervention in Southeast Asia

According to the textbook, during the 1960s, how did many Americans view antiwar protestors? a. patriotic because they exercised their freedom of speech b. un-American because of their vocal criticism of American intervention in Southeast Asia c. heroic because they put their bodies on the line d. apathetic because of their disinterest in American politics e. comedic because of their innovative use of dramatic protest

Knowledge Work

Advertising, engineering, marketing, product design, and web design are all examples of: a. computer-assisted work. b. industrial work. c. knowledge work. d. service work. e. leisure and hospitality work.

Act of individual resistance

Although it may not seem like much, when an office worker brings in a plant to brighten up his cubicle, it is a(n): a. postmodern gesture. b. bargaining tool. c. act of collective resistance. d. sign of nonalienation in labor. e. act of individual resistance

alienated from human nature

American workers often describe themselves as "working for the weekend." Karl Marx would say that this sentiment indicates that in our relationship to work we are: a. part of a postindustrial economy. b. alienated from human nature. c. alienated from our fellow workers. d. living in a socialist system. e. working in the service industry.

a union

An association of workers who organize to improve their economic status and working conditions is called: a. a sweatshop. b. nonprofits. c. the Third Sector. d. a union. e. a soviet.

extrinsic religiosity

Attending religious services would be an example of: a. spirituality. b. intrinsic religiosity. c. extrinsic religiosity. d. unchurched spirituality. e. nontraditional religion.

2 percent

Before 1900, approximately what percentage of Americans graduated from high school? a. 87 percent b. 50 percent c. 2 percent d. 10 percent e. 22 percent

Deep integration

Corporations whose decision-making, production, and distribution operations are spread all over the world are characteristic of: a. shallow integration. b. knowledge work. c. globalization. d. deep integration. e. runaway shops.

It emphasized that the workers needed more than wages barely sufficient to keep them alive

During the 1912 textile mill strikes in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the striking workers' slogan was "bread and roses." What did the slogan mean? a. The workers wanted to be provided with food at work. b. It emphasized that the workers needed more than wages barely sufficient to keep them alive. c. The workers wanted longer lunch breaks. d. It referred to specific ethnic traditions within the workforce. e. The workers wanted a closer connection with nature.

The knowledge, values, and expectations required to succeed in contemporary society are different from those required then

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in England, the curriculum at schools like Trinity College at Cambridge (The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity) leaned very heavily on theology. Today, the vast majority of university students will never take any theology classes. Why did this change? a. There are more colleges now, so students who are told they must take theology classes can simply transfer to a different school. b. The knowledge, values, and expectations required to succeed in contemporary society are different from those required then. c. The Internet has altered social relations to such an extent that education in certain subjects no longer seems important. d. Universities in those days were controlled by the state. e. We have fundamentally changed biologically.

giving meaning to our lives

Ecclesiastes, in the Hebrew Bible, often strikes people as very depressing because it implies that life is pointless, but others take something of value from this book and feel that it shows that life and suffering are beyond human comprehension but must be appreciated anyway. Which function or dysfunction of religion does Ecclesiastes fulfill for those who value it? a. providing social cohesion b. reinforcing inequality c. providing rules and regulations d. shaping everyday behavior e. giving meaning to our lives

A sweatshop free ipod

Essentially, all mp3 players, including the iPod, are made overseas. One estimate found that it would cost 23 percent more to buy an iPod manufactured under working conditions that would be legal in the United States. What might a store call an iPod that was made under U.S. working conditions? a. a sweatshop-free iPod b. a postmodern iPod c. a globalized iPod d. a communist iPod e. an iPod prototype

Transnational Corporations

Firms that purposely transcend national borders so that their products can be manufactured at sites all over the world are called: a. gray markets b. runaway shops c. sweatshops d. open shops e. transnational corporations

For the first time, the turnout rate was based on eligible voters, as opposed to all residents of voting age

For which of the following reasons could the supposed increase in voter turnout in the 2004 election really be just an artifact of the way that voter turnout is measured? a. The turnout rate was measured by randomly sampling only a select few polling places. b. The turnout rate may have been exaggerated to make the winners look better. c. The turnout rate was based on all residents of voting age. d. The turnout rate may have included many ballots that were cast illegally. e. For the first time, the turnout rate was based on eligible voters, as opposed to all residents of voting age.

opinion leaders

High-profile individuals who interpret political information and influence the voting habits of the public are called: a. political action leaders. b. celebrity politicians. c. spin doctors. d. talking heads. e. opinion leaders.

They exploit workers to produce virtual goods instead of material goods

How are "gold farms" different from traditional sweatshops? a. They exploit workers to produce virtual goods instead of material goods. b. They usually meet minimum working standards for health and safety. c. They focus exclusively on mineral resources. d. They purchase and consume virtual goods instead of material goods. e. They may not pay much better wages, but the work is much more entertaining.

Human workers can resist and undermine the bureaucratic restraints that limit their autonomy

How are strictly controlled workers within bureaucracies different from robots? a. Human workers need forms of upkeep. b. Human workers can resist and undermine the bureaucratic restraints that limit their autonomy. c. Human workers make fewer mistakes on assembly lines. d. Human workers are more reliable. e. Human workers are cheaper.

They are collective

How are strikes different from acts of resistance like daydreaming on the job? a. They are collective. b. They are illegal. c. They are unethical. d. They are solitary. e. They are more destructive.

In a socialist economy, workers do not enjoy the same consumption patterns

How are workers' situations different in socialist, as opposed to capitalist, economies? a. In a socialist economy, workers are more at risk of extreme poverty. b. In a socialist economy, workers are more vulnerable to technological innovation eliminating jobs. c. In a socialist economy, workers do not enjoy the same consumption patterns. d. In a socialist economy, workers' jobs are more vulnerable to elimination, resulting from the movement of transnational capital. e. In a socialist economy, workers experience equality across race, gender, and sexuality.

Telecommuters must provide a concrete measure of their accomplishments, not just show up

How could telecommuting increase worker productivity? a. Telecommuters must provide a concrete measure of their accomplishments, not just show up. b. It allows employees to spend less time with their families. c. People who work from home tend to work longer hours. d. There is less direct and immediate supervision of telecommuters' work. e. There is no office gossip to distract telecommuters.

Cities might shrink because people can live anywhere and still work at the same job

How could the Information Revolution affect urbanization? a. Cities might shrink because people will spend even more time in direct contact with one another. b. It could not affect urbanization at all. c. Cities might grow because agricultural efficiency will improve. d. Cities might grow because technology makes them even more attractive places to live. e. Cities might shrink because people can live anywhere and still work at the same job.

lessons that students learn indirectly through the method in which the curriculum is presented and the way the school is organized

How does the textbook define the "hidden curriculum"? a. higher grades given for the same work, or a general rise in student grades without a corresponding rise in learning b. the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by self-sacrifice c. lessons that students learn indirectly through the method in which the curriculum is presented and the way the school is organized d. subjects that are rarely taught, which require students to seek them out on their own time e. a group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society

It has shifted the economy toward the production of knowledge and services

How has the Information Revolution changed the nature of work? a. It has made it less likely that individuals will be able to work from home. b. It has increased pressures to urbanize. c. It has shifted the economy toward the production of knowledge and services. d. It has made companies more likely to manufacture and sell goods within a single nation. e. It has increased the shallow integration of the global economy.

Membership has steeply declined

How has union membership changed in recent years? a. membership has slightly increased b. membership has greatly increased c. It has not changed. d. Membership has increased in the manufacturing sector but declined everywhere else. e. Membership has steeply declined.

A sociological definition must be broad enough to encompass all brands of religious experience

How is a sociological definition of religion different from a commonsense, everyday definition? a. A sociological definition cannot take into account personal relationships with God. b. A sociological definition looks only at the way religion is created and recreated through everyday interaction. c. A sociological definition is only interested in the deity a particular religion worships. d. A sociological definition must be broad enough to encompass all brands of religious experience. e. A sociological definition looks only at the macro elements of religion.

A sociological definition must be broad enough to encompass all brands of religious experience

How is a sociological definition of religion different from a commonsense, everyday definition? a. A sociological definition must be broad enough to encompass all brands of religious experience. b. A sociological definition cannot take into account personal relationships with God. c. A sociological definition is only interested in the deity a particular religion worships. d. A sociological definition looks only at the way religion is created and recreated through everyday interaction. e. A sociological definition looks only at the macro elements of religion.

the New York Times

In 1971 Daniel Ellsberg, working for the Department of Defense, found a large collection of classified documents that showed that many members of the U.S. government did not believe the Vietnam War was winnable, despite public assertions to the contrary. Ellsberg turned to the Fourth Estate, giving the documents to: a. the New York Times. b. a member of the vice president's staff. c. a low-ranking member of Congress. d. U.S. Senator Mike Gravel. e. Judge William Byrne.

the race to the bottom

In 1995 the Philippines passed the Special Economic Zone Act, which established certain areas where corporations could set up factories, import raw materials without paying duties or tariffs, and in some cases avoid paying taxes for a number of years. What is this an example of? a. the death of industrial production b. the race to the bottom c. postindustrialism d. telecommuting e. collective resistance

It's about the struggle of janitors, most of them immigrants, to unionize

In 2000 Ken Loach made a film called Bread and Roses. The film is set in Los Angeles and is related in many ways to the discussion in Chapter 11. Given what you know from Chapter 11, what is the film about? a. It's about the struggle of janitors, most of them immigrants, to unionize. b. Based on the best-selling novel by James Ellroy, it's a crime drama that explores both the dark side of the Los Angeles police force and Southern California's criminal underbelly in the early 1950s. c. It's about globalization and follows the adventures of a young Japanese couple as they explore Los Angeles. d. It's a critique of capitalist and bureaucratic malevolence, following a conspiracy in the 1970s to control the water supply in Southern California. e. It's about the outsourcing of Hollywood jobs, especially those that involve digital editing and postproduction.

He no longer had control over what he produced

In 2003 Evan Williams, the owner of the Internet firm Blogger, sold his company to Google; in the process, he became a Google employee. Why might Karl Marx suspect that this move would leave Williams feeling more alienated than before? a. He made less money. b. Google is notorious for using technology to monitor and control its workers. c. He had to relocate to Palo Alto, where Google is headquartered. d. At Google he couldn't enjoy the solitude that he could when he worked with just a few other people. e. He no longer had control over what he produced.

Their jobs can't be moved over seas

In 2005 teaching assistants at the University of Oregon went on strike. What feature of their job made it easier for them to strike than most American workers? a. the public is much more sympathetic to academic workers b. they have more "intellectual tools" and therefore can better strategize about how to make a strike succeed c. they can cripple a key segment of the economy d. their jobs can't be moved over seas e. they have better contracts

the United States is a capitalist nation with a degree of socialism in government subsidies to businesses

In 2008 and 2009, the United States government initiated a large-scale economic bailout of the banking and auto industries, in which the government invested enormous amounts of money, becoming the majority shareholder in some corporations. According to the text this means that: a. the United States has always been primarily socialist, so the bailout is nothing new. b. the United States is a capitalist nation with a degree of socialism in government subsidies to businesses. c. under President Barack Obama, the United States has a socialist economy. d. the United States is communist. e. the United States is an example of pure capitalism.

being a Christian is an unofficial requirement for the presidency

In 2008 the Obama family's search for a church to attend in Washington, D.C., was big news. A sociological analysis of the national curiosity about the president's church might argue that a. following the media occupies an increasingly large part of everyone's time. b. the president has a very high level of intrinsic religiosity. c. unchurched spirituality is increasingly popular among those who don't feel at home in mainstream religious institutions. d. we are an increasingly secular society. e. being a Christian is an unofficial requirement for the presidency.

outsourcing

In 2009 the British government announced that it was cutting costs by transferring more than 100 jobs involving finance and information technology to India. What is this an example of? a. collective resistance b. manufacturing work c. transnational corporations d. unionization e. outsourcing

Rewards style over substance

In 2009, shortly after Sarah Palin resigned as governor of Alaska, a Republican political strategist asked: If Sarah Palin weren't attractive, "would we even be talking about her today?" This quote reminds us that politics today: a. has very little connection to the lives of everyday people. b. is mostly scripted by spin doctors. c. requires immense amounts of money to succeed. d. is based on sound bytes. e. rewards style over substance.

at least partially socialist

In Great Britain, the government owns the British Broadcasting Corporation, or BBC, which is the world's largest television and radio broadcasting service. This tells you that Great Britain is: a. a communist society. b. mostly capitalist. c. an example of pure socialism. d. at least partially socialist. e. deregulated.

taking orders and performing repetitive tasks

In Schooling in Capitalist America, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis argued that schools train a labor force in the skills and attitudes necessary for the health of a modern economy. What are these skills and attitudes? a. taking orders and performing repetitive tasks b. the desire to join social movements c. the mathematical skills needed to work with computer software and the drive needed to create new things d. critical thinking e. independence and initiative

Simulacrum

In Soviet Russia, it was a common practice to edit old photographs to reflect the current political mood. For example, Stalin's friends who turned into his enemies were cut out of pictures with him. These pictures were an example of: a. simulacrum. b. opinion leaders. c. important precursors to new media. d. a free press. e. sound bytes.

False

In a capitalist society, there is a great deal of competition, but all citizens, not just those who can afford it, are entitled to a college education. True or False?

their own labor

In a capitalist system, what do workers have available to sell? a. artisan goods and crafts b. stocks and bonds c. many different kinds of commodities d. their own labor e. raw materials

Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for participants

In the Sermon on the Mount, in the Christian New Testament, believers are told, "Whatever you want men to do to you, do also to them." Which of the functions or dysfunctions of religion does this remind you of? a. Religion helps us understand our lives as meaningful. b. Religion reinforces sexism and provides separate roles for men and women. c. Religion brings people together and provides social cohesion. d. Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for participants. e. Religion creates prejudice against homosexuals.

disenfranchisement

In the nineteenth century, New Jersey's legislature adopted a number of so-called "sunset laws" that closed the polls early on election day, usually before the working day at factories was over. What would the effect that this had on the working class be called? a. democracy b. totalitarianism c. representation d. voter fraud e. disenfranchisement

randomly

In their Pygmalion in the Classroom, how did Jacobson and Rosenthal select the students they identified as ready to academically "bloom" in the coming school year? a. randomly b. through IQ tests c. by looking for students who had not received adequate attention from their teachers d. by asking teachers who could do better e. by looking at grades

False

Individual acts of resistance often provide autonomy for workers and fundamentally change working conditions. True or False?

a person's inner religious life

Intrinsic religiosity is: a. a person's inner religious life. b. a cosmology that justifies a set of behaviors in terms of absolute good or evil. c. the process by which worldly concerns come to dominate a person's life. d. practicing within the religious tradition one was born into. e. any approach to religion that meets the fundamental needs of a person.

False

It is becoming increasingly common for American workers to have the same job for most of their adult lives. True or False?

the hidden curriculum

John Dewey, an American educational reformer, once wrote, "Perhaps the greatest of all pedagogical fallacies is that a person learns only the particular thing he is studying at the time. Collateral learning in the way of formation of enduring attitudes, of likes and dislikes, may be and often is, more important." What is another term for what Dewey calls "collateral learning?" a. the hidden curriculum b. simulacrums c. symbolic interactionism d. microinequalities e. conflict theory

totalitarian

Kim Jong Il and his father, Kim Il Sung, Korea's current and former leader, have both restricted the basic human rights of their subjects. What type of government does North Korea have? a. anarchist b. a republic c. democratic d. a monarchy e. totalitarian

Authoritarian

Manuel Noriega was never elected president of Panama but became its de facto ruler when he became head of the army and thus powerful enough to demand the resignation of the elected president. Given only this information, what was Noriega's government? a. a simulacrum b. democratic c. a monarchy d. totalitarian e. authoritarian

spin doctor

Mike McCurry was the White House Press Secretary from 1995 to 1998. It was his job to field questions from the press and explain the president's policies and attitudes in language that was compelling and persuasive. According to this job description, he could be called a(n): a. member of the Fourth Estate. b. spin doctor. c. advocate of new media. d. 527 committee member. e. technocrat.

Agricultural Revolution

New innovations in farming like mechanized seed spreaders and new techniques of crop rotation were part of what macro-level social change? a. the Agricultural Revolution b. the Instrumental Revolution c. urbanization d. the Information Revolution e. the Great Depression

True

Not all citizens are equally represented by a democratic government.

Democracy

On January 30, 2005, Iraq held what many claim were the first free and fair elections in its history, after many decades of military dictatorship. This was seen as the first step in transforming Iraq into a: a. totalitarian regime. b. theocracy. c. kleptocracy. d. constitutional monarchy. e. democracy

constantly retrain and learn new skills

One way you can tell that medical doctors are part of the capitalist economy is that they have to: a. develop and maintain close relationships with their patients. b. spend a great deal of time in school. c. deal with the unpleasant side effects of poor lifestyle choices. d. constantly retrain and learn new skills. e. work together to make hospitals function as effective workers' democracies.

political action committees

Organizations designed to raise money to support the interests of a particular group are called: a. media groups. b. political action committees. c. power elites. d. taste cultures. e. simulacrums.

special interest groups

Organizations formed expressly to raise and spend money in order to influence elected officials are called: a. media groups. b. unions. c. charter schools. d. power elites. e. special interest groups.

charter schools

Public schools that are run by private entities are called: a. indentured schools. b. homeschools. c. religious schools. d. charter schools. e. secular schools.

power; authority

Robert is walking down the street late at night when a man in a ski mask suddenly sticks a gun in his face and takes his wallet. Sociologists would say that Robert's mugger had ____________ but not ____________. a. power; authority b. totalitarianism; total power c. authority; power d. authority; politics e. authoritarianism; power

early college high schools

Schools that blend high school and college are called: a. college achievement schools. b. junior colleges. c. charter schools. d. hybrid schools. e. early college high schools.

sound bytes

Short sentences or phrases on a political subject, designed to be catchy and memorable but not necessarily to convey much information, are called: a. press releases. b. position papers. c. spin doctors. d. policy gripes. e. sound bytes.

The Hidden Curriculum

Sociologists like R. S. Erickson have noted that "the informal and decidedly antidemocratic set of teaching practices and power relationships by which the school operates" produces a "disjuncture between the democratic creed and what actually goes on in school," so students often learn that it's important to take orders and to not make waves. What concept is Erickson talking about? a. pluralism b. teacher expectations c. simulacra d. the hidden curriculum e. forward thinking

A service worker

Someone who works giving acupuncture to dogs in order to relieve their stress is: a. a con artist. b. a service worker. c. poorly paid. d. a manufacturer. e. located in Asia.

a knowledge worker

Someone who works primarily with information and develops or uses knowledge in the workplace is called: a. an industrial worker. b. a service worker. c. a capitalist. d. a knowledge worker. e. a social worker.

Social Institutions

Systems and structures that persist over time and help organize group life are called: a. social controls. b. pluralistic situations. c. political or governmental legislation. d. social institutions. e. secular actions.

social institutions

Systems and structures that persist over time and help organize group life are called: a. social institutions. b. pluralistic situations. c. political or governmental legislation. d. secular actions. e. social controls.

True

T or F: Educational systems can help to replicate systems of inequality.

True

T or F: Even manufacturing jobs now require workers to have some skills in knowledge work and information technology.

True

T or F: Even socialist countries like Cuba have some capitalist elements.

True

T or F: It is possible to view the modern world as one giant global economy.

True

T or F: Much of the money you pay for name-brand products finances advertising campaigns; a much smaller sum pays the workers who make the products.

False

T or F: Of the eleven "supersectors" that make up the American economy today, only two involve knowledge and service.

True

T or F: Religion is a source of both conflict and misunderstanding, but also a source of both comfort and meaning.

False

T or F: Sociology can usefully evaluate the truth of a particular religious belief system.

True

T or F: Some types of service work pay very well.

False

T or F: The Information Revolution has changed many things about the economy, but most other aspects of life have remained unchanged.

True

T or F: The candidate who spends the most money almost always wins an election.

False

T or F: The rise of the industrial economy decreased levels of stratification by class, race, and gender.

False

T or F: There is almost no chance that the clothing you and your classmates are wearing right now was made in an overseas sweatshop.

True

T or F: Those who criticize government policies are doing exactly what our democratic system calls for.

True

T or F: Unions in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were often brutally suppressed, and union organizers were frequently arrested and jailed.

False

T or F: When Jonathan Kozol interviewed students and parents in wealthy school districts, he discovered that they were very aware of the inequalities built into the educational system but that they were unsure of what to do about these inequalities.

Third Sector

Thanksgiving is one of the busiest days of the year for many soup kitchens and other groups that provide food to the homeless and the poor. It's also one of the biggest days of the year for volunteers, as many more people decide to donate their time and efforts, making them, even if just for the day, part of the: a. contingent workforce. b. postmodern economy. c. information economy. d. Third Sector. e. global commodity chain.

False

The Industrial Revolution is the most recent of the historical and technological changes that have led to new working conditions. True or False?

Autonomy

The ability to direct one's individual destiny is: a. autonomy. b. resistance. c. bureaucracy. d. unionization. e. integration.

It creates social solidarity

The adhan is the Islamic call to prayer, recited five times each day. This means that, in theory, five times each day every Muslim is doing the exact same thing at the exact same time. What function or dysfunction of religion does the adhan help bring about? a. It prevents divorce. b. It reinforces sexism. c. It creates social solidarity. d. It supports economic development. e. It creates a bias against homosexuals.

globalization

The cultural and economic changes that result from dramatic increases in international trade and exchange are called: a. runaway shops. b. globalization. c. commodity stops. d. information work. e. shallow integration.

socialism

The economic system based on collective ownership of the means of production and collective distribution of goods and services is called: a. transnational corporations. b. outsourcing. c. classical liberalism. d. capitalism. e. socialism.

It is named after Henry Ford, who is credited with inventing the assembly line

The economic system in place in industrialized nations during the first half of the twentieth century is often called "Fordism" by sociologists. It is a system characterized by the increasingly efficient mass production of goods. Why do you think this system is called "Fordism"? a. It is an acronym for Fully Operational Research Design, the method by which the economy modernized. b. It is named after the famous filmmaker John Ford, whose movies depicted the transformation to an industrial economy. c. This economic system was like a bridge, or "ford," from craft production to the information economy. d. It is named after Henry Ford, who is credited with inventing the assembly line. e. Many of the changes that led to this economic system happened during the administration of President Gerald Ford.

Globalization

The fact that almost all of the small electronics used in the United States are made in Asia is an illustration of: a. union shops. b. collective resistance. c. the rise of cybernetics. d. the industrial revolution. e. globalization.

we are both a secular and a nonsecular society at the same time

The former Supreme Court justice Sandra Day O'Connor voted to allow a Christmas display on public property that included a nativity scene but voted to prohibit city governments from having displays that had only a nativity scene. This indicates that: a. we are both a secular and a nonsecular society at the same time. b. we are a deeply religious society, and the separation of church and state is more or less a myth. c. we used to be very secular but are growing more religious every year. d. the Supreme Court has consistently been more religious than the American public. e. we are a strongly secular society.

True

The majority of workers in the United States hold jobs that involve working with information. True or False?

Politics

The methods and tactics of managing a political entity are called: a. power. b. fascism. c. monarchy. d. politics. e. totalitarianism.

Moore's Law

The theory that the capacity of microchips will double every 18 months is called: a. the Information Revolution. b. telecommuting. c. Moore's Law. d. progress. e. knowledge work.

the death of distance

These days, many customer service representatives we talk to over the phone are based in India. Which of the following terms applies to this phenomenon? a. unionization b. collective resistance c. the death of distance d. supersectors e. socialism

the advertising firm that scripted the commercial

Think about the process by which athletic shoes are made. Which part of the global commodity chain for these shoes would you be most surprised to find in Indonesia? a. the forest where rubber trees are grown to make the elastic parts of the shoes b. the advertising firm that scripted the commercial c. the farms where the cotton is grown d. the shipping facilities from which the shoes are transported all over the world e. the factory where the shoes are assembled and sewed together

a small group of people who occupy key positions in political, economic, and military institutions

What did C. Wright Mills mean by the term "power elite"? a. members of legislatures and courts who compete for power and influence b. a small group of people who occupy key positions in political, economic, and military institutions c. a diverse group of individuals in a community who have influence over the voting behaviors of their friends and neighbors d. members of the media who set the agenda for politics in the United States e. individuals who have enough wealth to contribute to a political action committee

They are all social institutions

What do schools, churches, and governments all have in common? a. None of them function at the macro level. b. They are all less important today than in the past. c. They are all secular institutions. d. They are all run by governments. e. They are all social institutions.

simulacrum

What does Jean Baudrillard call an image in the media that people can no longer distinguish from the reality that it is supposed to represent? a. simulacrum b. fundamentalism c. extrinsic religiosity d. hidden curriculum e. sacred

All human history is the history of class struggles

What does Karl Marx claim is true about class conflict? a. Class conflict was first experienced during the Middle Ages, but it was inherited by modern society. b. Class conflict is a product of the Industrial Revolution. c. Class conflict is uniquely a feature of the Information Revolution. d. Class conflict was a feature of all premodern societies but has largely subsided. e. All human history is the history of class struggles.

Educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability

What does a sociological perspective tell us about education in the United States? a. Education is the pathway to material success and, as such, rewards the best and brightest individuals. b. Educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability. c. Boys tend to be smarter than girls. d. Tracking helps students from disadvantaged backgrounds achieve material success. e. Anyone who works hard can get good grades.

It should be illegal for employers to ask about educational credentials

What does the sociologist Randall Collins recommend to reform the American educational system? a. Standardized test scores should not be asked for on college applications. b. The first two years of college should be combined with high school to make the transition easier. c. There should be more teachers for inner-city schools so that the teacher-student ratio goes down. d. It should be illegal for employers to ask about educational credentials. e. High schools should be funded by the federal government so poor areas don't have poorly funded schools.

It instituted limits on secondary strikes and boycotts

What effect did the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 have on unions? a. It instituted limits on secondary strikes and boycotts. b. It gave unions greater power. c. It prohibited government workers from unionizing. d. It facilitated the growth of unions among knowledge workers. e. It made unions illegal.

authoritarian

What is a political system called that denies ordinary people participation or representation in their government? a. pluralist b. socialist c. democratic d. secular e. authoritarian

a workplace with poor working conditions, below-standard wages, and long hours

What is a sweatshop? a. a workplace that pays low wages and is located within the developed world b. a workplace that purposely transcends national borders c. a workplace whose workforce is composed primarily of white people in the service sector, whose jobs make them sweat d. a workplace that manufactures sporting goods e. a workplace with poor working conditions, below-standard wages, and long hours

unchurched

What is a term for someone who labels himself "spiritual but not religious"? a. atheistic b. unchurched c. fundamentalist d. secular e. evangelical

disenfranchisement

What is it called when a government bars an individual, either temporarily or permanently, from voting? a. suffrage b. pluralism c. voting conviction d. disenfranchisement e. simulacrum

Totalitarianism

What is it called when a government seeks to control every aspect of life? a. socialism b. determinism c. communism d. totalitarianism e. anarchism

the race to the bottom

What is it called when nations compete to attract transnational corporations by undercutting their citizens' wages or offering tax incentives? a. the race to the bottom b. collective resistance strategies c. the collective distribution of goods and services d. the Third Sector e. postindustrial union bargaining

They believe vouchers will drain funds from vulnerable public schools and cause them to deteriorate further

What is one reason critics object to school vouchers? a. They believe vouchers will drain funds from vulnerable public schools and cause them to deteriorate further. b. They believe vouchers will undermine the independence of private schools. c. They believe vouchers will reduce the number of choices and amount of control parents have over their children's education. d. They believe vouchers will uphold the separation between church and state. e. They fear that vouchers will cause students to be socially, rather than educationally, disadvantaged.

the extent of a person's commitment to a religion

What is religiosity? a. a measure of the variety of religious experiences a person may have over the course of his lifetime b. the degree to which religion can provide solutions to everyday problems c. a measure of the diversity of religion within a society d. the extent of a person's commitment to a religion e. the percentage of a population that practices the religion they were born into

professional socialization

When someone first takes a job as an aesthetician, they have to learn how to use wax to remove unwanted body hair from customers. In addition to having to master certain skills to do this well, new employees also have to learn from their co-workers how to talk to customers about parts of the body that are usually very private, an example of: a. outsourcing. b. commodity chains. c. individual resistance. d. postindustrial knowledge work. e. professional socialization.

to make it easier for students from underserved backgrounds to enter college

What is the goal of early college high schools? a. to move skilled workers into the economy faster b. to slow down the educational process and to keep more young people in school and out of the workforce, where too many people are underemployed c. to help prevent violence on school grounds d. to make it easier for students from underserved backgrounds to enter college e. to make education cheaper, because college teachers are paid less when teaching in these institutions

Having virtual goods isn't just a matter of personal achievement but is also a matter of reputation and status in the community

What is the most likely reason anyone would want to buy virtual goods for an online computer game like World of Warcraft rather than gaining them by playing the game? a. It's a sign of status to be able to buy certain things rather than have to "produce" them yourself. b. There are significant cash prizes available for players who can "win" these games. c. It's fun to develop a relationship with someone in a poverty-stricken nation and help support them through the purchase of virtual goods. d. Having virtual goods isn't just a matter of personal achievement but is also a matter of reputation and status in the community. e. No one really likes to play these games; they just want to see what happens at the end.

Randall Collins, The Credential Society

What is the most likely source of the following quote: American medical training is attached at the end of a very long and expensive education that keeps the supply of physicians low and their incomes and social backgrounds very high. This formal education appears to have little real practical relevance; most actual training is done on the job in the most informal circumstances, through the few years of internship and residency. a. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God b. Robert Rosenthal and Leonore Jacobson, Pygmalion in the Classroom: Teacher Expectation and Pupils' Intellectual Development c. Randall Collins, The Credential Society d. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life e. Jonathan Kozol, Savage Inequalities

the increasing importance of television

What large-scale social change has made celebrity politicians more popular and successful? a. the increasing need to connect with celebrity voters b. the increasing importance of television c. the increasing importance of Hollywood stars to fund-raising d. the rise of religiosity among celebrities e. the increasing focus on political platform and policies

the steam engine

What new technology was integral to the Industrial Revolution? a. the automobile b. the steam engine c. the microchip d. the Internet e. the jet airplane

alienation and loneliness

What serious social problem might be made worse if more people were encouraged to telecommute? a. poverty b. cancer and other new health problems c. alienation and loneliness d. racism e. intellectual property theft

Law, theology, and medicine

What subjects were taught in European universities during the Middle Ages? a. law, theology, and medicine b. chivalry and religion c. math and science d. natural philosophy and the works of ancient Greek philosophers e. only theology

the microchip

What technological development is most associated with the Information Revolution? a. container ships b. geosynchronous satellites c. the jet airplane d. spreadsheets and e-mail e. the microchip

The third sector

What term is used for the group of nonprofit organizations that are designed to run as cost effectively as possible and to direct any earnings back into the causes they support? a. multinational corporations b. transnational corporations c. technology firms d. runaway shops e. The Third Sector

They were extraordinarily unhappy places

What was Jonathan Kozol's impression of the poorly funded schools he visited in urban Chicago? a. Children are very resilient and can overcome even the worst conditions. b. They were poor in materials but rich in spirit. c. They were extraordinarily unhappy places. d. Even though they were poorly funded, a small group of dedicated teachers could still make a difference in children's lives. e. They could only succeed when they were closely regulated by programs like the No Child Left Behind Act.

shallow integration

When Japanese cars that are made entirely in Japan are imported to the United States to be sold to Americans and American jeans made in the United States are exported to Japan to be sold to Japanese, it is an example of: a. runaway shops. b. shallow integration. c. volunteerism. d. globalization. e. deep integration.

Nixon refused to take advice on hair, makeup, and clothing that would have made him look better on camera

When John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon debated during the 1960 presidential campaign, voters who watched the debate on television were more likely to see Kennedy as the winner than those who listened to it on radio. Why? a. The radio program was shorter than the television program and omitted some of Kennedy's key arguments. b. Kennedy smiled a lot. c. Nixon's voice was more soothing and confident than Kennedy's. d. The Kennedy campaign put out better television advertisements. e. Nixon refused to take advice on hair, makeup, and clothing that would have made him look better on camera.

Opening Runaway Shops

When manufacturing firms move to other countries to take advantage of cheap labor and lax environmental laws, it is called: a. opening runaway shops. b. industrialization. c. crowdsourcing. d. globalization. e. knowledge work.

individual resistance

When office workers hang pictures in their cubicles or waste time daydreaming while on the clock, it is an example of: a. individual resistance. b. collective resistance. c. slacking. d. sticking it to the man. e. socialism.

Gays and lesbians aren't full members of society

When schools fail to make any mention of gays or lesbians in the curriculum, what message is being sent? a. Gays and lesbians aren't full members of society. b. Schools are harbingers of progressive social change. c. no message at all, as there is nothing in the curriculum. d. Gays and lesbians are an adult subject not appropriate for children. e. Gays and lesbians are part of a more interesting world that young people are eager to escape to.

tracking

When students are tested and the test results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.), this process is called: a. tracking. b. the hidden curriculum. c. socialization. d. charter schooling. e. distance learning.

requiring polling places to be put in as many locations as possible

Which of the following is NOT a technique that could work to disenfranchise part of the population? a. denying people who have been convicted of a felony the right to vote for the rest of their lives b. requiring voters to show government-issued photo identification c. requiring polling places to be put in as many locations as possible d. requiring a literacy test to get a ballot e. requiring that poll taxes be paid in order to vote

Teachers, under pressure to raise test scores, may stop doing everything but "teaching to the test"

Which of the following is a criticism of the No Child Left Behind Act passed by Congress in 2002? a. Teachers, under pressure to raise test scores, may stop doing everything but "teaching to the test." b. It will make it harder for parents to move their children out of failing schools and into better ones. c. America's educational system is in fine shape, and any attempt to change it will simply disrupt a functioning system. d. It will disproportionately benefit students in poor, urban schools. e. It does not cost enough to be meaningful.

All of the professors at a college are white and heterosexual

Which of the following is an example of how the hidden curriculum can reinforce inequality? a. History books are rewritten to emphasize the role of women and minorities. b. Teachers invite to the classroom a wide variety of guest speakers from all walks of life. c. Schools attempt to change how they teach. d. All of the professors at a college are white and heterosexual. e. Schools attempt to address the gaps and exclusions that exist in their curricula.

Pollution

Which of the following social problems might be alleviated if more Americans were encouraged to telecommute? a. anomie b. pollution c. crime d. child abuse e. the breakdown of social networks

politicians using Twitter to communicate with their constituents and hear back from them directly

Which of the following would be an example of "new media"? a. political parties summarizing their campaign platforms on television b. a radio program that tells you where to go if you want to volunteer to work on a political campaign c. newsletters that provide "voter guides" telling you who to vote for d. a magazine that provides information on candidates' policy positions but also describes their family lives, hobbies, and favorite books e. politicians using Twitter to communicate with their constituents and hear back from them directly

a stripper who is considered to be an independent contractor and therefore exempt from minimum-wage laws

Which of the following would be an example of a contingent worker? a. a stripper who is considered to be an independent contractor and therefore exempt from minimum-wage laws b. a plumber who owns his own business, even though he has no employees c. a producer at a news station who is forced to sign a three-year contract d. university professors who have tenure, making them much harder to fire e. authors like Stephen King and Dean Koontz who are able to live off the royalties from their books

All of the above

Which of the following would be included on a list of the functions of religion? a. providing food and water b. making social mobility easier c. showing how to create world peace d. providing values, norms, and rules e. all of the above

a 30-year-old woman who works as a customer service representative for a cell phone company

Which of these workers would be most typical of the economy in America today? a. a 22-year-old man who has a union job doing construction in New York City b. a 25-year-old woman who paints dollhouse furniture and sells it on eBay c. an 18-year-old college dropout who hacks into credit card companies' computer systems and uses cybertheft to pay the bills d. a 30-year-old woman who works as a customer service representative for a cell phone company e. a 55-year-old man who works on the assembly line at Boeing making aircraft parts

Pluralism

Which theory of power argues that a variety of organizations and institutions have roughly equal access to the power structure? a. pluralism b. the theory of power elites c. conflict theory d. disenfranchisement theory e. authoritarianism

Unlike candidates or political parties, there are no limits on how much money an individual can give them

Why are political action committees much more important to political campaigns now than they were in the past? a. They are the only organizations that have proved successful in the struggle against the power elites. b. Unlike candidates or political parties, there are no limits on how much money an individual can give them. c. Their members have positions of power within the media. d. Many of their members hold high political office. e. They have far and away the largest number of grassroots supporters.

Unlike candidates or political parties, there are no limits on how much money an individual can give them

Why are political action committees much more important to political campaigns now than they were in the past? a. Unlike candidates or political parties, there are no limits on how much money an individual can give them. b. Their members have positions of power within the media. c. They are the only organizations that have proved successful in the struggle against the power elites. d. Many of their members hold high political office. e. They have far and away the largest number of grassroots supporters.

They are paid for their labor but do not own the things they produce

Why did Karl Marx believe that workers in a capitalist economy experience alienation? a. They are often poor and deprived of their basic needs. b. They are paid for their labor but do not own the things they produce. c. The mass media make them feel bad about themselves. d. Increasingly, they are surrounded by images and representations that don't really seem to relate to reality. e. Shallow consumerism doesn't give them something to believe in and work for.

Political, religious, and educational concerns often overlap in everyday life

Why do politics, education, and religion all appear in the same chapter of your text? a. All three exist only at the macro level. b. They have all come to be increasingly involved in terrorism. c. All three are important to sociologists, but have less effect on everyday life. d. All three exist only at the micro level. e. Political, religious, and educational concerns often overlap in everyday life.

Work is not the satisfaction of need, but only the means to satisfying needs

Why does Karl Marx argue that work is no longer a satisfying and enjoyable activity? a. Work has become exponentially more difficult. b. Much work is involved in international trade. c. Work is not the satisfaction of a need, but only the means to satisfying needs. d. Work does not produce useful goods and commodities. e. Work is conducted only in the presence of other people.

Evangelicals emphasize the importance of gaining new converts

Why is it not surprising that Evangelical Protestantism is the most common religious affiliation in the United States? a. Evangelicals are the oldest religious group in America. b. Evangelicals focus on an unchurched spirituality. c. Evangelicals emphasize the importance of gaining new converts. d. Evangelical churches are the most popular churches among new immigrants. e. Evangelical churches tend to be the wealthiest churches in America.

It's cheaper

Why would a company outsource or contract out labor they might otherwise employ their own staff to perform? a. The staff available is not fully qualified. b. They want to support union labor. c. Their customers demand it. d. It's cheaper. e. They care about quality.

The profane

Within the Christian religion, certain days (Sundays), books (the Christian Bible), and objects (crucifixes) are treated differently than other days, books, and objects. Chapter 10 would say that this different treatment is needed to separate them from: a. the sacred. b. other religious traditions. c. impure beliefs and rituals. d. the profane. e. people who worship a different god.

a resistance strategy

Workers at a large retail outlet are required to wear green aprons with name tags on them, which often leads customers to address them by their first names. Sometimes employees alter their name tags in humorous ways (changing "Asagi" to "Soggy"). What is this an example of? a. globalization b. shallow integration c. knowledge work d. professional socialization e. a resistance strategy

deep integration

You want to discover who made the comforter on your bed. You notice that one tag says, "Made in the USA from imported materials" and another tag says, "Shell made in China." Eventually, you discover that the cotton for your comforter was grown in Egypt, the thread made in Thailand, the shell woven in China, and the down harvested in South America, before the comforter was assembled in the United States. What is this an example of? a. knowledge workers b. the death of distance c. a contingent workforce d. unionization e. deep integration

the power and potential of new media in the political process cuts both ways

n 2008 Joe McCain, brother of the presidential hopeful John McCain, called 911 to complain about a traffic jam. When the 911 operator scolded him, he used a vulgarity and hung up. This incident was reported on the news almost immediately, illustrating that: a. new media are a valuable tool for politicians trying to reach youth. b. new media primarily reach older voters. c. sound bytes are now the primary way by which politicians communicate with the public. d. the power and potential of new media in the political process cuts both ways. e. Republican politicians are more likely to make costly high-profile gaffes.