Sociology Chapter 06

An educator is disgusted with standardized testing and teaching methods that lead students to simply gain a credential rather than actually learn about the world. She decides to start a charter school that employs innovative teaching methods, doesn't give students grades, and encourages creative thinking over rote learning. How would Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance classify this educator?

as a rebel

The year ______ saw the highest homicide rates in U.S. history, at _______ per 100,000 persons, or 24,700 murders. Between then and ________, there was a dramatic ______ in homicide rates, and the rate has stayed _______ ever since.

1991 9.8 2000 drop low

The latest crime statistics in the United States suggest that eighteen-to-twenty-four-year-olds make up about ____ percent of the population but account for ____ percent of criminal arrests, while people sixty-five and older make up more than ____ percent of the population but account for less than _____ percent of arrests.

9 20 16 2

The phenomenon of social deviance can be studied through many different sociological lenses. Identify how social deviance would be viewed through the lens of symbolic interactionist theory.

Correct Answer - a focus on individual psychology rather than on the social dynamics of large populations - a recognition of the impact of assigning labels to behaviors and to people Incorrect Answer(s) - a search for the functional importance of a person's behavior in relation to the rest of the social group

American criminologist Richard Quinney theorized that capitalism-and the exploitation and oppression of the working class-make deviant and even criminal behavior nearly inescapable for workers. The ruling class can make laws that target the poor. When the poor act out against repression, they become targets for law enforcement, while the rick and powerful remain free to do what they like. Quinney's theory falls under which sociological perspective?

conflict theory

The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) is an example of what stigma-related concept?

in-group orientation

Place each personality type to the proper location in Merton's typology of deviance.

Cultural Means First Institutionalized Means Second (Left to Right - Downward) Accept/Accept = conformity Accept/Reject = innovation Reject/Accept = ritualism Reject/Reject = retreatism

Match each social theorist to how his work relates to social deviance theory.

Emile Durkheim - offered a functionalist theory of deviance Erving Goffman - applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of stigma Howard Becker - applied labeling theory to the question of how deviance begins Robert Merton - developed strain theory as a functionalist account of social deviance

Which of the following hypothetical scenarios are examples of social control in the United States

Example(s) of Social Control - compulsory schooling laws for high-school-aged students - parents often reminding their young children not to pick their noses. Not Example(s) of Social Control - playing a team sport such as football - eating lunch with your group of friends in the mall found court

Someone who admits that he has a problem, such as alcoholism, but wants to shake the stigma associated with it and changed his life for the better, is experiencing tertiary deviance.

False

The term "deviant" refers to a moral, not a social, judgement.

False

Match each personality type from structural strain theory to its definition.

Retreatist - renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and lives outside the conventional norms altogether Rebel - renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and instead works toward their own goals using new means Ritualist - gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals Innovator - accepts society's approved goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals

Which statement about Nikki Jones's 2012 ethnographic study of inner-city African American girls in Philadelphia is true?

The intersectionality of race, class, and gender places these young women in a bind as they navigate respectability and practicality.

Identify the true and false statements about deviance.

True Statement(s) - What is considered deviant can change over time. - What is considered deviant can vary across different cultures. False Statement(s) - Deviant behavior may not be serious or unusual but can still spark a negative sanction. - Group reactions are unimportant in determining deviant behavior.

Identify the following as either violent crime or property crime

Violent Crime - aggravated assault - rape - murder - robbery Property Crime - motor vehicle theft - arson - larceny - burglary

What, in broad terms, is the definition of deviance?

a behavior, trait, belief, or characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction

A sociologist believes that students with less money or connections who are caught plagiarizing are punished harshly and have fewer options afterward, whereas students with more financial or social resources can either transfer to another school or rely on their parents for help. What theoretical perspective does this thinking represent?

conflict theory

What is the systematic scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal justice known as?

criminology

According to Émile Durkheim, which of the following are functions that deviance performs?

Function(s) of Deviance - Deviance can help clarify moral boundaries - Deviance can promote social cohesion. Not Function(s) of Deviance - Deviance can provide occupations and jobs - Deviance helps us classify people into more specific groups

A psychology experiment (Rosenhan 1973) applied labeling theory to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a psychiatric setting. Identify the results of this experiment.

Results - An initial diagnosis of schizophrenia tended to color the medical staff's interpretation of patients' later behaviors - Patient initially diagnosed with schizophrenia were kept under observation for several weeks, despite behaving normally all that time. Not Result(s) - After an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia, a change in behavior led to patients shedding the deviant tag. - Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia tended to the treated with suspicion and hostility by both medical staff and other patients

In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, which is the initial deviant behavior.

Identify the following as either white collar crime or street crime.

White Collar Crime - Crime committed by people of high social status individuals - Crime that is policed and typically punished less strenuously than other types of crime - Crime that does not involve force Street Crime - Crime that is caused by lack of jobs, lack of after-school child care, lack of goods schools, and other factors

The opening text of this chapter suggests that William Randolph Hearst pressured politicians in early twentieth-century America to make marijuana illegal. Over many decades, social scientists have examined how the selective application of drug laws and the penalties attached to them have favored some groups while harshly penalizing others

conflict theory

A citizen group sends letters to the governor of a southern state and asks her to reconsider stopping the execution of a man on death row convicted of murdering a police officer. The governor declines, stating that the purpose of the criminal justice system is to remove this convicted murderer from society so that everyone else can be protected. What type of justification for punishment is used by the governor?

incapacitation

Match each form of body modification to its corresponding culture

the Suri - inserting plates to enlarge the lower lip Brazilians - butt augmentation the Padaung - neck stretching Americans - breast augmentation