Sociology Chapter 3, 4, & 5

Many clubs have "Members Only" signs to indicate that the organization does not welcome outsiders within club walls. Members of such clubs develop an awareness that they share important commonalities with other members. This awareness is called __________.

A consciousness of kind

The first step in an involuntary resocialization process in which individuals are stripped of their former selves through practices such as being denied privacy and being assigned institutional clothing is referred to as

A degradation ceremony.

Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls are typically assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________.

Gender Socialization

Sean and Amy are the parents of two young children, a boy and a girl. They adopt different parenting approaches for their son and daughter. They engage in rough play with their son, whereas they only engage in nonphysical activities with their daughter. They also give their son more freedom. This scenario exemplifies the concept of __________.

Gender socialization

According to sociologists Langhout and Mitchell, which of the following results in minority children being punished disproportionately in schools?

A hidden curriculum

In the context of the five types of societies based on various levels of subsistence technology, which of the following societies is based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food?

A horticultural society

Which of the following is not an example of a rite of passage?

A weekly religious service

The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem. Some group members believe that the solution will lead to negative results. However, instead of discussing their concerns, they decide not to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. This scenario exemplifies __________.

Groupthink

In the "nature-versus-nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to __________.

Heredity

Why is socialization so important for human beings?

Achieving full human potential requires interaction with others.

The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society are known as __________.

Agents of socialization

A fifteen-year-old boy decides that he wants to become a professional chess player. He joins his school chess team, watches videos of chess championships, and joins chess clubs in his locality. This is an example of

Anticipatory socialization.

Which of the following is an ideal characteristic of bureaucracies as identified by Weber?

Bureaucracies are impersonal in that they require everyone to follow the same rules and to be treated the same.

Which of the following terms refers to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention?

Civil inattention

Who among the following is likely to suggest that groups involve a series of power relationships whereby the needs of individual members may not be equally served?

Conflict theorists

People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Which of the following terms refers to this pattern?

Interaction order

In the sociological sense, which of the following statements is true of a status?

It exists independently of the specific people occupying it.

Which of the following is a criticism of Weber's ideal-type analysis of bureaucracies?

It largely failed to take into account the informal side of bureaucracy.

Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds?

Mechanical solidarity

Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence?

Organic solidarity

Sean is a member of The Artists, a theater club in his college. Despite performing well, his club has lost many theater competitions to Rendezvous, a rival theater club. As a result, Sean feels hostile toward the members of Rendezvous. In this context, Rendezvous is an example of a(n) __________.

Outgroup

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.

Dramaturgical analysis

The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.

Dramaturgical analysis

Who among the following pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy of and concern for others, and competition and cooperation?

Edward Wilson

Tanvi, a 13-year-old girl, prefers playing rough sports to playing with dolls. She also prefers short hair and baggy trousers to long hair and pink dresses preferred by most girls her age. Despite wanting to play with boys her age and dress like them, Tanvi continues to behave and dress like other girls because she fears that her peers will demean her and make fun of her if she does otherwise. This scenario exemplifies the concept of __________.

Peer pressure

Which of the following terms refers to a society in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy?

Postindustrial society

Which of the following includes our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups?

Primary groups

Which of the following terms did sociologist Max Weber use to refer to the process by which traditional, informal, and spontaneous methods of social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures?

Rationality

Which of the following terms refers to a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status?

Role

Which of the following occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear?

Role ambiguity

Which of the following terms refers to a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how society will attempt to meet its basic social needs?

Social Institution

A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence is called a(n) __________.

Social group

Which of the following terms refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups?

Social marginality

Which of the following refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles?

Social solidarity

The systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior is known as __________.

Sociobiology

Who among the following is most likely explaining the role of schools in the socialization of children from a conflict perspective?

Susan, who states that school experiences of students differ on the basis of their social class, their racial-ethnic background, and their gender

Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. Which perspective on socialization and society does this statement reflect?

The Functionalist Perspective

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective on socialization, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following components is illustrated by the statement "I am good at soccer"?

The active self

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that families are important for society because they are the primary source for the procreation and socialization of children?

The functionalist

Which of the following concepts is based on the central idea that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power?

The iron law of oligarchy

Which of the following terms did German political sociologist Robert Michels use to refer to the tendency of a bureaucracy to be ruled by the few?

The iron law of oligarchy

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective on socialization, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following components is illustrated by the statement "I believe in world peace"?

The psychological self

Which of the following statements is true of laissez-faire leaders?

They are minimally involved in decision-making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, he will have to maintain silence for eight hours a day, and he will have to fast on a regular basis. In this case, Joe will experience __________.

Voluntary resocialization

Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes

a greater emphasis on sharing ideas and problem-solving approaches. AND efforts to reduce the number of people in dead-end jobs.

Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________.

aggregates

An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n) __________.

bureaucracy

According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is __________.

characterized by interdependence and practical considerations

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________.

coercive organizations

Both Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies __________.

developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies

A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner is called a(n) __________.

formal organization

Which theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society?

functionalists

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of strict adherence to rules and regulations, this scenario exemplifies __________.

goal displacement

In his study of bureaucracies, Weber relied on an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). This model is called a(n) __________.

ideal type

Rishi is a member of a reading group. The group meets every Wednesday to read works of literature and analyze them. Rishi identifies with the group members and feels a sense of belonging with them. From Rishi's perspective, the reading group is an example of a(n) __________.

ingroup

People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Which of the following terms refers to this pattern?

interaction order

In the context of sociologist Amitai Etzioni's classification of formal organizations, an organization that people join voluntarily to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member is called a __________ organization.

normative

With regard to gender socialization, among African American families, children

often have "othermothers" who play an important role in their socialization.

Katy is a member of the literature club in her college, but she neither accepts nor follows the values and norms of the club. She, however, follows the norms and values portrayed by the members of her college sorority because she is a member. In this scenario, Katy's college sorority is most likely an example of a(n) __________.

reference group

Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her status __________.

set

Which of the following terms refers to the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience?

social construction of reality

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of __________.

statuses

Dyads are different from triads because

the active participation of both members is crucial to the survival of dyads.

A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common is known as a(n) __________.

aggregate

The functionalist perspective primarily maintains that families

are essential for the procreation and socialization of children.

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good student. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario illustrates the concept of__________.

self-fulfilling prophecy

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of __________.

Social institutions