sociology - chapter 3

the term ________ refers to the entire way of life of a group of people.

culture

when a driver honks at the driver of another vehicle for some perceived violation of traffic etiquette, the honk is an example of

a negative sanction

it is now possible to travel all over the world, especially if you visit major metropolitan areas, without ever having to eat anything but McDonald's food. This is an example of

cultural leveling

when Patti traveled around the world, she had lunch at McDonald's in Tokyo, ate dinner at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hong Kong, purchased clothes at Macy's in London, and was entertained at a Disney show in Paris. This homogenization of cultures around the world is called Show

cultural leveling

when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar, they are experiencing the phenomenon of

cultural leveling

what is it called when someone has the ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values without reference to any other culture's standards?

cultural relativism

folkways are

loosely enforced norms involving common customs, practices, or procedures.

many American colleges and universities require students to take classes on non-Western cultures. Why do these requirements exist?

to demonstrate the value of mutliculturaism and to reduce ethnocentrism

________ occurs when the dominant culture succeeds in imposing its values and ideas on all of society.

hegemony

incarceration, a frown, and monetary fines are all examples of

sanctions

an example of something that would be part of the material culture of an individual or society would be

weapons of war

although many people believe that expectations for personal space are inborn, members of many cultures are accustomed to noticeably less personal space than those of others. This helps demonstrate that people's expectations for personal space are

a part of our culture and, as such, are learned rather than inborn

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one group to another is known as cultural

diffusion

an employee who has a special relationship with his boss is promoted instead of a more deserving co-worker. This is an example of the

distinction between real culture and ideal culture

the values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within a society are called

dominant culture

who studied the Hopi of the southwestern United States and concluded that language not only allows us to express our thoughts, but also shapes the way we think?

edward sapir and benjamin whorf

when the dominant culture persuades the rest of society, without the use of force, that its ideas are the only or best ideas, it has achieved

hegemony

sociologists refer to the norms and values that people aspire to as ________ culture.

ideal

one of the functions of symbolic culture is that

it enables people to communicate

which term describes a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds?

mutliculturalism