Sociology: Chapter 4

In Daniel Levinson's developmental approach to adult socialization, what was the age span of "early adulthood"?

20-40

personality

A dominant pattern of attitudes, feelings, and behaviors. Sociologists call a concept of self

sociobiology

A field that integrates theories and research from biology and sociology in an effort to better understand human behavior.

self

A person's conscious recognition that he or she is a distinct individual who is part of a larger society.

degradation ceremony

A process in which an individual is stripped of his or her former self, publicly stigmatized, and assigned a new identity

life course

A process in which individuals move from one biological and social stage to another as they grow and develop.

socialization

A process in which we learn and internalize the attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms of our culture and develop a sense of self.

Daniel Levinson:

Applied a developmental approach to the study of adulthood, identifying three distinct stages in the life cycles of an adult. 1. Early adulthood (17-45) 2. Middle adulthood (45-65) 3. Late adulthood (65+)

Lawrence Kohlberg

Believed that individuals pass through stages of moral development.

rites of passage

Ceremonies that symbolically acknowledge transitions from one life stage to another.

Charles Horton Cooley

Coined the term "looking-glass self" to describe the process by which individuals use others like mirrors and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interaction.

Jean Piaget

Contended that individuals pass through successive stages of cognitive development characterized by different levels of intellectual process and abilities. 1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operation stage Kohlberg suggest post conventional stage

looking-glass self:

Cooley's concept that individuals use others like mirrors and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interaction. 1. The imagination of our appearance to others. 2. The imagination of their judgement of that appearance 3. The development of feelings about and responses to these judgements.

Carol Gilligan

Demonstrated that males tend to rely heavily on rules and abstract ideals in defining appropriate justice, while females arrive at definitions about right and wrong from a care and responsibility perspective.

nurture

Environment

Which of the following is true regarding the family as an agent of socialization?

Family is the first major agent of socialization for most individuals.

nature

Heredity

The unsocialized self as subject is the ______ and the socialized self as subject is the ______ in Mead's theory of development.

I; me

Erik Erikson

Identified three developmental stages in adult life that focus on a series of crises that must be resolved. 1. Early adulthood (20-40) conflict between family life and work 2. Middle adulthood (40-60) conflict between generativity and stagnation 3. Late adulthood (60+) conflict between integrity and despair

me

In Mead's schema, the socialized self as object.

I

In Mead's schema, the unsocialized self as object.

Which of the following is true regarding socialization?

It is lifelong, from birth to death.

resocialization

Learning a radically different set of norms, attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors.

anticipatory socialization

Learning designed to prepare an individual for the fulfillment of future statuses and roles.

developmental socialization

Learning how to better fulfill the roles we already occupy.

Sigmund Freud

Noted physician and psychiatrist, writing at a time when most people viewed personality as being one-dimensional, contended that there are three important components of personality: the id, the ego, and the superego.

total institutions

Places where people carry out virtually all of their activities.

What is the most scientific approach to studying identical twins who were reared apart in different environments?

Recognize the dynamic interplay between nature and nurture.

George Herbert Mead:

Saw personality as multidimensional, but viewed its development as a social process, particularly relevant during childhood. 1. Imitative Stage: Imitate significant others, mimic social roles, awareness of self apart from significant others. 2. Play Stage: Anticipatory socialization, pretend to fill social roles, learn norms and role expectations of significant others. 3. Game Stage: Assume social roles, anticipate actions of significant and generalized others, Conform to the norms and role expectations.

Which sociologist identified the concept of the second self—that the computer is more than a tool and that it becomes a part of our identity?

Sherry Turkle

significant others

Specific people with whom we interact and whose response has meaning for us.

________________ are most interested in understanding the link between mind, self, and society.

Symbolic interactionists

desocialization

The "unlearning" of previous normative expectations and roles.

role taking

The ability to anticipate what others expect of us, and to act accordingly.

generalized others

The dominant attitudes and expectations of most members of society.

Kingsley Davis

The first sociologist to study systematically the effects of social isolation on children.

social learning theory

The idea that much human behavior is learned from modeling others.

primary socialization

The learning of human characteristics and behaviors and the development of a concept of self.

situated self

The self that emerges in a particular situation.

What do the cases of Anna and Isabelle have in common?

They both illustrate the importance of heredity in the socialization process.

Which of the following statements BEST describes how major websites such as CNN and Fox News portray the news?

They promote ethnocentrism, social order, rugged individualism, and responsible capitalism.

agents of socialization

Those groups and institutions that both informally and formally take on the task of socialization.

According to George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley, a dominant pattern of attitudes, feelings, and behaviors in an individual is called ___________.

a concept of self

Families, teachers, and coaches can BEST be classified as ________.

agents of socialization

Attending school to prepare for a future career is called ________.

anticipatory socialization

Sociobiology is a field that integrates theories and research from ________________ in an effort to better understand human behavior.

biology and sociology

Sabrina has just entered prison to complete a 2-year sentence for armed robbery. She has been deloused, stripped of her street clothing, required to surrender her wedding ring, issued a set of prison blues, and has undergone a body cavity search. In view of this, which term BEST describes the process Sabrina has just completed?

degradation ceremony

Charles Horton Cooley identified the __________, the process in which individuals use others like mirrors and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interaction.

looking-glass self

The second stage in Piaget's model of cognitive development, in which children can experience the world only through their senses, is the ________.

preoperational stage

Agents of _________ are the groups and institutions that both formally and informally take on the task of socialization.

socialization

Which sociological perspective views socialization as serving a function of reinforcing the social structure, perpetuating society, and transmitting culture from one generation to the next?

structural functionalism

Which perspective MOST applies to socialization in which girls are encouraged to think of themselves as future mothers and boys are encouraged to think of themselves as future breadwinners?

the conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective stresses that socialization emphasizes how boys and girls are socialized differently by parents?

the feminist perspective