Sociology Chapter 4

In which of the following scenarios is an understanding of the generalized other discernible?

A boy and a girl argue about whether a hit ball was fair or foul in the makeshift baseball diamond they constructed in the backyard.

Which of the following best explains in a general way the difficulty experienced by parents who wish to raise their children in a nonsexist and gender-neutral way?

Because socialization is a complex and ongoing process carried out in multiple realms of social life, messages stressed in one realm of socialization are always mediated by those stressed in various other realms.

Why might work be considered a more important agent of socialization in industrialized societies than in other kinds of societies?

Because the majority of work in industrialized countries is done outside the home, it comprises a whole new set of norms and expectations to which workers must become accustomed.

Which of the following is considered the "most important" value that parents in the United States should instill in their children today?

Being responsible

Some functionalist sociologists view social roles as __________, but a more current view understands them as __________.

Fixed and unchanging; creatively negotiated

Why have some scholars, such as Phillipe Aries, argued that the concept of childhood is a modern phenomenon?

In modern societies, children are more segregated than ever before from adults and do not participate in the same work and play activities as adults.

What is the significance of the development of retirement communities composed of apartments or condos and offering amenities such as pools, adult education classes, and other kinds of social activities?

It reflects a reconsideration fo the life-stage of old age in which it may be viewed as a new opportunity, rather than the end of new opportunities.

Why did Jay Belsky and his team of researchers conclude that parenting quality mattered more than the type or location of day care in which children were placed in terms how well children adopted to, and performed, in elementary school?

Parental influence is an enduring factor in children's lives, while they are in day-care situations only on a temporary basis.

Which of the following statements BEST helps describe why nonwhite and multiracial parents are so much more likely than white parents to engage in direct forms of racial socialization with their children?

Racial inequality introduces situations and obstacles for children, teens, and adults of color not faced by most whites, for which parents of color feel they must prepare their kids.

Vanda Lucia Zammuner studied gendered toy preferences in children and adults. Her findings, supported by other studies, found that girls chose to play with gender-neutral toys or boys' toys much more often than boys chose to play with girls' toys. Which of the following hypotheses might reasonably explain this finding?

The negative sanctions experienced by boys for breaking certain gender norms may be more serious than those experienced by girls, who are thus freer to bend gender norms.

In what way might Freud's theory of gender development be said to depend on a prior degree of gender socialization that he did not explicitly recognize?

The primacy of the penis on which Freud's theory depends is a result of a cultural bias favoring men, rather than any kind of natural or biological state.

What is one similarity between the theories of Nancy Chodorow and Carol Gilligan?

They both emphasize the importance of interpersonal relationships in the development and self-conception of women.

What is the main similarity between the understandings of gender development developed by Sigmund Freud and those developed by Nancy Chodorow?

They both emphasize the importance of the social and emotional relationship between children and their parents.

can be a time of great vulnerability to physical and sexual abuse

childhood

By this time, children have learned to understand their environment from outside themselves and can understand concepts such as causality.

concrete operational stage

Based on the findings of Brown and Lesane-Brown (2006) discussed in the text, what might we expect to be commonly transmitted messages of racial socialization in black families now, in the contemporary context of police shootings and the Black Lives Matter movement?

fear of whites and racial group pride

Children are able to solve abstract puzzles by approaching the problem in a large variety of ways

formal operational stage

a grandmother tickles her infant grandson, marveling out loud at his strength and aggressiveness as he grabs her finger

gender socialization

Newspapers, magazines, and television are all examples of

mass media.

can be a time of both freedom and strain in modern societies as people must depend on individual initiative to achieve that which was previously structurally assured

mature adulthood

can be a status that receives far less prestige in modern societies than previously

old age

Manny's friends laugh at him and call him a nerd when he declines to hang out after school in order to go home and study.

peer group socialization

Upon his son's receipt of his first drivers' license, Darryl's father has a long talk with him about how to behave if he is pulled over by police, particularly if the officer is white.

race socialization

Jason considers himself a very generous person and has worked hard to cultivate that quality. He now works as a prison guard, where his job often leads him to yell at others or to deny desperately sought privileges to prisoners as a form of punishment. This situation may result in a great deal of tension between Jason's __________ and his __________.

social identity; self-identity

Socially defined expectations for a person in a given social position are called social roles.

social roles.

What is the social self, according to G. H. Mead?

the identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others

What is gender socialization?

the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family

What is social reproduction?

the process of perpetuating values, norms, and social practices, which leads to structural continuity

In terms of childhood developmental theories, what is egocentric thinking?

understanding objects and events in the environment solely in terms of one's own position

A new bartender finds she makes better tips when she behaves in a "motherly" way, and she begins regularly trying to cultivate a warm and caring impression

work socialization

has become, in modern societies, an extended time of self-exploration and development

young adulthood