Sociology Chapter 5 Study guide

In societies with minimal division of labor, a collective consciousness develops that emphasizes group solidarity. This collective frame of mind is called ______.

mechanical solidarity

In a(n) ______ society, statuses and social roles are in a constant state of flux. All members are dependent on each other for survival because the division of labor has become so complex.

organic

Which type of society is economically engaged primarily in the processing and control of information and has a main output of services instead of manufactured goods?

postindustrial

The term social interaction refers to the ways in which people

respond to one another.

According to Ferdinand Tönnies, Gemeinschaft is typical of life in ______ areas.

rural

Elements of Social Structure

statuses, social roles, groups, and social institutions

Even though they enjoy far greater mastery over the environment than their counterparts in horticultural societies, members of agrarian societies are nevertheless ______.

still primarily engaged in the production of food

a person having a difficult time performing all of the duties required by their difficult and demanding job is experiencing role _______________

strain

statuses, social roles, groups, social networks, social institutions are the five elements of social

structure

Unions emerged during ______, when groups of workers banded together to extract concessions from employers and to protect their positions

the Industrial Revolution

The hypothesis that states that employees within a hierarchy tends to rise to their level of incompetence is known as ______.

the Peter principle

People belonging to agrarian societies differ from those of horticultural societies in that ______.

they use technological innovations to increase their crop yields

The "silo effect," which occurs when divisions within a corporation fail to communicate, is a form of ______.

trained incapacity

In contrast to a hunting-and-gathering society, a horticultural society has more control over its environment and ______.

uses digging sticks or hoes for cultivation

In bureaucracies, employment is based on technical qualifications. This means that ______.

written personnel policies dictate who gets promoted

According to International's perspective what shape is the meaning we attach to peoples behavior ?

Our interactions with them and with the larger society.

Groups or play a pivotal role in the socialization process are

Primary groups

When social institutions continue historically prejudice actions, such as deny mortgages to unmarried couples, they encourage prejudice by

Reinforcing the status quo

Prior to establishing a new rule an identity an individual must undergo

Role exit

A group with very little intimacy such as a large college class is called a

Secondary group

Which of the following is true about achieved status

An individual has some control over it it can be affected by an individual's ascribed status

According to which theorist does the social structure depend on the manner in which tasks are performed in a society?

Durkheim

As society shifts to more advanced forms of technology, the social structure becomes increasingly complex, and new social institutions emerge to assume some functions that once were performed by the family. This reflects a

Macro

The connections are individuals make with people in different social circles are known as social

Networks

According to the functionalist view which of the following are the major task of a social institution if it is to survive

Replacing personnel, teaching new recruits, producing and distributing goods and services, preserving order, and providing and maintaining a sense of purpose.

VS supervising her best friend at work and feels awkward about disciplining him. What is she experiencing

Role conflict

What is bureaucratization?

The process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.

Which of the following are reasons that oligarchies emerge?

The rank and file look to leaders for direction, which reinforces the process of rule by a few. Members of an oligarchy are motivated to maintain their leadership roles, privileges, and power. Those in leadership roles have the skills, knowledge, and charismatic appeal to direct others.

Which of the following are characteristics of a formal organization

They are designed for a special purpose and they are structured for maximum efficiency

Which of the following is true of social networks

They encompass all routine social interaction

True or false: Tönnies argued that there were two opposite types of societies, while Lenski argued that societies tend to change over time, leading to the potential for a variety of different types or categories of societies.

True

Who introduced the concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft into the study of traditional rural and modern urban life?

Tönnies

Which of the following is a benefit of written rules and regulations in a bureaucracy?

Which of the following is a benefit of written rules and regulations in a bureaucracy?

A corporate CEO hires members of a senior staff. The senior staff hire managers for each department, who have the responsibility of hiring staff to fill various roles. This is an example of what element of a bureaucracy?

hierarchy of authority

According to the sociologist Émile Durkheim, organic solidarity exists when societies become ______.

more advanced technologically and more interdependent on each person's expertise

Impersonality in a bureaucracy can result in which of the following?

motivate officials to perform their duties without personally discriminating against other employees

Through written rules and regulations in an organization, bureaucracies ______.

offer employees clear standards for an adequate performance

In a bureaucracy, each position is under the supervision of a higher authority. This is because bureaucracies follow the ______.

principle of hierarchy

Which of the following refers to the long-term social trends in societies that result from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection?

sociocultural evolution

Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires is called ______.

technology

Replacing members of society is key to survival according to the _________ perspective the family is a social institution of fulfills this task

Functionalist

Which of the following social perspective would be least likely to point out that social institutions operating gendered and racial environments

Functionalist

Sociologist Daniel Bell portrays the postindustrial society as basically consensual. This view aligns with which sociological perspective?

Functionalist perspective

The consistent gender wage gap that stems from a devaluation of women and their work is an example of the effect of what for women working in formal organizations?

Ascribed status

Which of the following would be most likely to influence the way one sees themselves within a formal organization?

Ascribed status

Identify a similarity between the members of agrarian societies and horticultural societies.

Both engage primarily in the production of food.

And active will evaluate themselves against a reference group composed of others in the acting profession. This demonstrates what function of reference groups ?

Comparison

US public schools are funded primarily through property taxes this means children living an affluent communities go to schools that have better equipment and higher pay teachers and the children living in less wealthy communities. As a result children and welfare communities often receive better education and children and impoverished communities which sociological theory best explains this problem?

Conflict

Match the bureaucratic characteristic to the potential NEGATIVE consequence that it has on the organization.

Division of labor produces a narrow perspective Hierarchy of authority permits concealment of mistakes Impersonality discourages loyalty to the company Written rules and regulations lead to go displacement Employment based on technical qualifications foster Peter principle

Match the bureaucratic characteristic to its positive consequence.

Division of labor produces efficiency in large scale corporations Hierarchy of authority clarifies who is in command Impersonality reduce bias Employment based on technical qualification discourage his favoritism and reduces petty rivalry qualifications Written rules and regulations let workers know what is expected of them

Rank the four stages of all exit in order they occur with the first stage at the top

Doubt Search for alternatives Action or departure Creation of a new identity

Match the theorists to the best description of what their view of society's social structure emphasizes

Durkheim emphasize the division or lack of division of labor Lenski emphasize a historical perspective of social structure Tonnies emphasize the overriding concern in each type of community one's self interest or the well-being of the larger society

It's social roles restrict Peoples interactions and relationships they are

Dysfunctional

According to the scientific management approach, management attempts to achieve which of the following through scientific planning, standards, and supervision?

Efficiency

Which of the following are characteristics of primary groups

Emotional warmth, cooperation, and face-to-face interactions

Interactionist believe that our perception of reality is defined by objective aspects of social life

False

True or false ascribed status and achieved status function independently of one another

False

98% of people have many fewer friends then they do online friends. This is referred to as ________.

Friendship paradox

From a _________ perspective social roles contribute to society stability by enabling members to anticipate behavior of others into pattern their actions accordingly

Functionalist

Match each social logical view to the belief it describes

Functionalist view describes institutions can be understood by the way they fulfill essential functions Conflict view describes institution exist to serve the needs of groups in power Interactionist view describes institutions influence the rules and status we accept

In which type of community is there little agreement about values, and social control relies on more formal means such as laws and policies?

Gesellschaft

Why does sociologist Daniel Bell view the transition to postindustrial society as a positive development?

He believes that the rise of interest groups concerned with common national interests will decrease conflict.

Match the social types to its characteristics

Hunting and gathering relies on whatever food and fibers are readily available technology is minimal Horticultural plants crops and places more emphasis on production of tools and household objects Agrarian society engages primarily in the production of food but new technological innovations such as the plow allow an increase in crop yields Industrial societies depend on mechanization to produce goods and services relies on new inventions and new sources of energy Postindustrial societies Relies primarily on processing in control of information Post modern societies depend on consumer goods and media images

Which of the following refers to the analytical construct that Weber developed for evaluating specific bureaucracies?

Ideal type

Integrated and persistent social networks focused on making sure society score needs are met are called social

Institutions

If a specific group has ability to do the really affect the way we defined and conceptualize are social reality what do we know about that group?

It has power

_____ considered alienation to be the defining feature of industrial work.

Karl Marx

Which of the following holds true for hunting-and-gathering societies?

Kinship ties are the source of authority and influence.

Which approach to social structure emphasizes a historical perspective?

Lenski's sociocultural evolution approach

Michael Harrington argues that conflict between social classes will continue in the postindustrial society. This follows in the tradition of whom?

Marx

Sandy had worked for the same company for 15 years. Over the years the company began to modernize, and some workers were replaced by technology. Emphasis was placed on efficiency and predictability. Sandy's company was undergoing ______.

McDonaldization

As each individual takes on multiple social roles, people come to rely more on social networks and less on kinship ties, the social structure becomes more complex, and people's relationships become more impersonal, transient, and fragmented. This reflects a

Micro

All social interaction takes place within a_________, including those interactions that redefine social reality

Social Structure

Which of the following are drawbacks of social networks

Social networks can distort social reality and not everyone can participate equally in social networks.

According to Lenski, which of the following is key to the evolution of a community from preindustrial, to industrial, to postindustrial?

Technological advances

Effie had a solid education, a great attitude, and an eagerness to learn. As a result, she was steadily promoted to more responsible positions. After two years, Effie was promoted to a director position, but she discovered she did not have the qualifications or skills the position required. Effie was a victim of ______.

The Peter principle

According to interactionist which factors define our understanding of reality

The norms and values of dominant groups Social interaction Experiences within the dominant culture

In an industrial society, elements of bureaucracy enter into almost every occupation.

True

Interactionist emphasize that are social behavior is condition by the rules and statuses we except, the Group C belong to, and the institutions within which the function.

True

Emile Durkheim used the term ______ to label a society in which all individuals perform the same tasks and everyone knows everyone else.

mechanical solidarity

An industrial society is defined as ______.

a society that depends on mechanization to produce goods and services and relies on new inventions to facilitate production.

As compared to the sociocultural evolutionary approach, Durkheim's and Tönnies's theories ______.

allow for the existence of different types of communities in the same society

Horticultural societies are different from hunting-and-gathering societies because horticultural societies ______.

allow people to settle in one place

Weber identified various characteristics of bureaucracy in order to provide a standard for measuring how bureaucratic an actual organization is. He called this standard ______.

an ideal type

The term ______ refers to the unofficial activities and interactions that are a basic part of daily operations within formal organizations.

bureaucracy's other face

The sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies used the term Gemeinschaft to refer to a(n) ______ society and the term Gesellschaft to refer to a(n) ______ society.

close-knit; impersonal or Rural and Urban

Michael Harrington argues that although scientists, engineers, and economists are involved in important political and economic decisions in postindustrial society, they do not have a free hand in decision making, independent of the interests of the rich. This aligns with which sociological perspective?

conflict

As compared to the Gesellschaft, the Gemeinschaft is more likely to ______.

discriminate against those who are different

According to Durkheim, the social structure of a society depends on its ______.

division of labor

The classical theory of formal organizations states that workers are motivated almost entirely by

economic rewards

According to Max Weber, there are five basic characteristics that make up an ideal bureaucratic structure. What are those basic characteristics?

employment based on technical qualifications written rules and regulations impersonality hierarchy of authority division of labor

Which of the following are advantages for people who develop social networks

empowering people by making several types of resources available, helping people find employment, and making connections to people in other groups

Your boss is a staunch follower of the rules, which were written decades ago and no longer apply in an era of modern technology. Your boss suffers from ______.

goal displacement

If a company focuses on employee job satisfaction and gathers information from the employees to improve morale and communication with the management, this type of organizational culture is called the ______.

human relations approach

Which type of society is based on kinship ties, has little division of labor, and has scarce resources?

hunting-and-gathering

The _____ is a type of preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available.

hunting-and-gathering society

The sociologist Robert Michels argued that the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction. As such, they reinforce the process of rule by a few. He referred to this idea as ______.

iron law of oligarchy

Organized workers who share either the same skill or the same employer are known as ______.

labor unions