Sociology Chapter 7

What percent of crime in the United States constitutes crimes against property?

75%

Elderly victims of violent crime are most likely to be assaulted by:

A relative inside the home

Deion is strong and muscular. Men with this body type are often expected to be:

Aggressive

Which of the following statements include characteristics of sanctions?

All of the above

Which of the following would be considered a dysfunction of deviance?

All of the above

Each in their own way, Lombroso and Sheldon attempted to explain deviant behavior on the basis of:

Anatomical characteristics

Control theory is primarily concerned with the:

Attachment of an individual to others in society:

Which theories of deviance are based on the idea that people adjust their behavior in response to the rewards and punishments they receive?

Behavioral

Theorists who view crime as individual choice state that crime is more likely to occur when:

Benefits for committing crime are greater than for not committing crime

Historically, the first attempts to scientifically explain deviant behavior focused on:

Biological factors

Psychoanalytic approaches to deviance are criticized because they:

Cannot easily be tested

Which theory of deviance assumes that deviance can be deterred by strengthening the bonds that tie the individual to society?

Control

The research of Shaw and Mckay, which linked crime to certain types of urban neighborhoods, provided the foundation for which theories of deviance?

Cultural transmission

"I'm not really a bad person. It's just that I was drunk and I didn't know what I was doing." This is an example of which technique of neutralization?

Denial of responsibility

Frank uses the copy machine at work for personal reasons, arguing that he does not pay because the company charges too much for personal copies. This explanation is a:

Denial of victim

Which technique of neutralization is Joe using?

Denial of victim

Willie occasionally bets on sports events even though this is illegal. Willie says no one really gets hurt as all involved are consenting adults. This rationale:

Denies the injury

Carol engages in several acts of nonconformity that violate her community's norms. Sociologists would call her actions:

Deviance

The idea that deviance is culturally transmitted or learned in neighborhoods and through personal contacts is basic to which of the following theories?

Differential association

Which of the following is NOT a function of deviance?

Ensuring that others will not violate the same norm

What are the three levels in the police system in the United States?

Federal, State and Local

A university places a fraternity on probation because some of its members served alcoholic drinks to minors. The university, in this case, was using:

Formal sanctions

According to control theory, a youth who stays out of trouble with the law most likely:

Has strong relationships with parents, teachers, and peers

What data was used by Lombroso to predict deviant behavior?

Head shape and size

The theorist most closely associated with control theory is:

Hirschi

Honking your horn at someone who cuts into your lane in a dangerous fashion is an example of a(n):

Informal negative sanction

Giving a child a hug for doing something right would be an example of a(n):

Informal positive sanction

Merton would label a person who attempts to win a race by using steroids as a(n):

Innovator

It is 3 a.m. and Tracy is driving home from work when she comes to an intersection where the light is red. Although she can see no other cars on the road in any direction, Tracy waits until the light turns green. Sociologically, this is an example of:

Internal means of control

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which deviance is dysfunctional to society?

It forces the group to organize in order to limit future acts of deviance

Which of the following is NOT true of deviance?

It is rare in highly-structured societies

Techniques of neutralization help people to:

Justify deviant acts

Cultural transmission theory is based on the idea that deviant and conforming behaviors are:

Learned from others

Durkheim saw anomie as a condition of:

Normlessness where cultural guidelines are weak

Which of the following is NOT one of Sheldon's basic body types?

Paleomorph

According to Merton's theory, a person who advocates the total abolition of capitalism and its replacement with socialism in American society would be called a(n):

Rebel

Reggie has held the same bank job for 15 years. He is always on time, never misses a day, and follows every rule to the letter even though he knows he won't be promoted. According to Merton's theory, Reggie would be labeled a(n):

Ritualist

_______ are rewards and penalties that group members use to regulate an individual's behavior.

Sanctions

Who of the following is known for his work on psychoanalytic theories?

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic theory defines that part of personality that represents the demands and restrictions of society as the:

Superego

According to Sykes and Matza, the process that makes it possible for us to justify illegal or deviant behavior is called:

Techniques of neutralization

What is the funnel effect?

The number of crimes is much greater than the number of people who are punished for committing crime, leading people to have less confidence in the system.

In order to decide whether a specific act is deviant, it is necessary to know:

The social context of the act

Wilson and Herrnstein state that people become deviant because:

They feel the rewards of crime outweigh the prospects of punishment

People conform to social norms because:

They have internalized the standards

Inmates must serve a substantial portion of their sentence, according to:

Truth in sentencing laws

Which country has the highest rate of inmates per 100,000 people?

United States

Which of the following is true about violent victimization rates in the U.S. today?

Victimization rates for people 16 to 19 are 15 to 20 times higher than for people 65 and older

According to Durkheim's anomie theory, an act is deviant because it:

Violates universal norms

An investment banker who sold bundles of home mortgages with high interest even though he knew there was a high risk of loss or default without warning his clients was engaged in:

White collar crime