Sociology Chapter 9 Quiz

ideology

cultural beliefs that justify particular social arguments, including patterns of inequality

which of the following statements challenges Karl Marx's claims that workers will inevitably overthrow a capitalist economic system?

no advanced capitalist society has ever experienced a class revolution by the workers

Marcine is highly educated, holds an important job, makes a lot of money, and enjoys the respect of almost everyone who knows her. Sociologists would describe her social position as _____________.

having high status consistency

white collar occupations

higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity

list the five types of societies Gehard Lenski identifies

hunting and gathering, horticultural and pastoral, agrarian, industrial, and postindustrial societies

what are the dimensions of social stratification?

income, wealth, power, occupational prestige, schooling, family ancestry, race and ethnicity, and gender

In the United States, more than half of all young people between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four are _________.

living at home with their parents

blue-collar occupations

lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor

A system of social inequality by which people are ranked entirely according to their personal abilities and performance would be a(n) _______________.

meritocracy

class system

social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement

meritocracy

social stratification based on personal merit

conspicuous consumption

Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position

capitalists

people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits

proletarians

people who sell their labor for wages

what share of all wealth is owned by the richest 20 percent of all U.S. families?

89 percent

what type of stratification system is typically found in agrarian societies?

a caste system

social mobility

a change in position within the social hierarchy

intragenerational social mobility

a change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime

socioeconomic status (SES)

a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality

absolute poverty

a lack of resources that is life-threatening

structural social mobility

a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts

social stratification

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

single parent families that are poor are ________ to be headed by a woman than a man.

about five times as likely

Amanda teacher high school chemistry and earns about $60,000 a year. She is building up a retirement account and is paying off a mortgage on her home. Into which category of the U.S. class system would Amanda most likely fall?

average middle class

according to Max Weber's analysis of social stratification, the single most important dimensions of social inequality in industrial societies is _______ inequality.

class or economic

in which type of social stratification is social standing based on both birth and individual achievement?

class system

income

earning from work or investments

Symbolic-interaction Theory

explains that we size people up by looking for clues to their social standing

Research suggest that social mobility is relatively greater for people born at what levels of the class system?

generally, in the middle levels

according to Karl Marx, the defining trait of the bourgeoisie is __________.

ownership of productive property

Conspicuous Consumption

refers to buying and displaying products that make a "statement" about social class

which of the following statement most accurately reflects the symbolic-interaction approach social stratification?

social position is a matter of meanings, which in our society largely reflect the quantity and quality of products that we consume

Caste System

social stratification based on ascription or birth

Structural Funtional theory

society acts as an organism-everyone works together to support the whole -Davis Moore thesis is mentioned -In caste systems, people are rewarded for performing the duties of their position at birth. -In class systems, unequal rewards attract the ablest people to the most important jobs and encourage effort.

what key argument did Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore present to support their claim that social inequality has beneficial consequences for the operation of society?

some form of social stratification has been found in every known society

Social-Conflict Theory

stratification divides societies in classes, benefiting some categories of people at the expense of others and causing social conflict

Social Stratification, a system in which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy, is _______________.

supported by widely held values and beliefes about what is fair

Status Consistency

the degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality

alienation

the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness

Davis-Moore thesis

the functional analysis claiming that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society

relative poverty

the lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more

wealth

the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts

feminization of poverty

the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor

what social classes are in the United States?

upper class, middle class, working class, and lower class

inter-generational social mobility

upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents