Sociology Chapter Review Quizzes 12-18

(Q013) The top 1 percent of adults in the world hold almost half of the world's wealth. At the other end, the bottom half holds only 1 percent of the world's wealth. To be in the top 10 percent of the world's wealthiest citizens, one must hold assets worth at least

$4,000.

(Q021) What has research revealed about the effect of divorce on children?

Divorce has different effects on different kids, even within a single family.

(Q017) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin states that the most politically and religiously conservative states in the United States have the highest levels of divorce. How does he explain this seemingly contradictory finding?

Economic struggles, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor.

(Q011) In the United States, the social security system is designed to assist people over the age of 65. In conjunction with the thesis of the logic of industrialism, why does this identify the United States as a welfare state?

Industry does not depend on the elderly for work, so the state takes care of them.

(Q024) Which statement is true regarding genetics and race?

Race categories do a terrible job at capturing differences in genetics.

(Q007) The text discusses the concept of the "second shift," the extra domestic duties that women do for the family, in addition to paid employment. Why have time-saving devices and products such as dishwashers and laundry machines not made men's housework contributions equal to women's housework?

Technology advances have raised the bar on levels of acceptable cleanliness, and domestic housework has long been seen as "women's work."

(Q014) What is an example of hard power?

The United States enforced trade sanctions with North Korea.

(Q010) Why do many women often "bite the second shift bullet" when the threat of a divorce looms?

The anticipated financial cost of a divorce leads them to this decision.

(Q015) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Nitsan Chorev discusses negotiating trade agreements that include both labor and the environment. Why might such negotiations impact climate change?

The inclusion of environment in trade agreements could help bring more countries into the process of addressing climate change.

(Q015) Residents of a small city learn that a big-box retailer is considering opening a new store in their community. Advocates on each side of the issue mobilize to hang banners and signs around town, write letters to local officials, speak at community meetings, and research how such stores have impacted similar communities. All this is an example of which type of social movement organization?

a grassroots organization

(Q010) What is an example of a reformative social movement?

a movement that promotes a switch from standard incandescent light bulbs to energy-saving, compact fluorescent bulbs in all American households

(Q024) In neo-Marxist theory, the development of the welfare state is explained as

a way to mediate class conflict and avoid revolution.

(Q002) The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to help women suffering from the symptoms of menopause began in the 1940s. As studies proliferated and the numbers of women taking HRT increased, additional data hinted that some approaches to the regimen did not work and instead seemed to increase health risks. This led to a dramatic shift toward careful, individual evaluation and screening. In the framework of Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions, this paradigm shift is the result of the

accrual of an increasing number of anomalies.

(Q012) One of the trends in the current era of globalization is the establishment of trade agreements that

are multilateral.

(Q023) A sociologist conducts a study on the genetic markers that correlate with aggressive behavior in adolescence. She submits the paper to a top journal in sociology but the editor rejects it and responds with a letter stating that this research is not sociological and would be a better fit for a journal that publishes biological research. What is this an example of?

boundary work

(Q002) In 1969, Charles Manson and his followers murdered Hollywood actress Sharon Tate and six other people. Manson's "family" was comprised primarily of women whom he had befriended during his travels. That his followers were so easily persuaded to commit violence is an example of

charismatic authority.

(Q014) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Nitsan Chorev discusses the reasons why developing countries resist trade agreements that include labor and environmental protections. One reason is that

cheap labor in developing countries often is what gives them a comparative advantage.

(Q001) The feudal system under the Tudors in England gradually removed the commons, an area formerly available to graze animals, which led to urban migrations and the wage system. This demise of the feudal system left a framework in place for one facet of our contemporary economic system, the

class structure.

(Q017) Their ability to deal with bureaucracies and confidence in public social settings allow Liam's parents to be actively involved in his school's Parent Teacher Association. These traits are an example of

cultural capital.

(Q014) Affirmative action has been found to affect the makeup of the student body primarily at what type of US colleges and universities?

elite institutions

(Q017) The green revolution has been credited with _____ in developing countries.

helping food production keep pace with population growth

(Q005) The Milgram experiment shed light on people's

inclination to obey an authority figure even when asked to do something unconscionable.

(Q001) At a store, you pay the cashier $20.00 for your $13.95 purchase. The cash register is malfunctioning, so the clerk calculates your change in his head. He gives you $5 and a nickel: a dollar short of the correct amount. You don't interpret the incident as getting deliberately shortchanged but rather as an example of the clerk's

innumeracy.

(Q003) What is an example of what sociologist Phillip Jackson called the "hidden curriculum" in schools?

learning not to talk when the teacher or a classmate is talking

(Q021) What is rent seeking?

manipulation to increase profits

(Q020) Vikalp's donut shop has made him quite wealthy. One reason his business has been so lucrative is that he has an implicit agreement with the only other two donut shops in town to set prices at a very profitable level. This situation is an example of a(n)

oligopoly

(Q010) Studies show that when low-achieving students are placed in a class with mostly high-achieving students, their academic performance tends to improve. This is an example of the importance of

peer-to-peer dynamics.

(Q019) The megachurch is a relatively new phenomenon. What is one major characteristic of this type of church?

rock bands

(Q023) Sara runs a blog called "Home and Hearth" that focuses on tips for stay-at-home wives and mothers to express their true feminine nature by making their homes a warm, nurturing haven for their husbands and children. Sara is promoting the notion of ____.

the cult of domesticity

(Q002) What educational issue does Kari Smith's forehead tattoo highlight?

the general difficulty of paying for higher education

(Q017) According to Milton Friedman, what is a corporation's sole social responsibility?

to increase its profits through legal means

(Q004) Why did the changes brought about during the Industrial Revolution lead to the erosion of kinship networks?

As industry developed, farming and subsistence lifestyles declined because migration forced a restructuring of family units as men left to work in factories.

(Q003) How did the barter system, which was part of the economic system before the twentieth century, contribute to the development of the corporation?

Bartering was only viable in small villages, but in the context of large cities, the need for a monetary system emerged, leading to new institutional types.

(Q011) What is a major concern of critics of genetically modified crops?

Changing the genetic structure of one organism can have negative effects on the whole ecosystem of which it is a part.

(Q016) In the text, we learn about the effort to reduce vitamin A deficiency in children through the use of golden rice. Can this effort be considered part of the green revolution?

Golden rice was introduced to reduce disease, not to increase crop yields, so it is not part of the green revolution.

(Q013) Why is NARAL Pro-Choice America representative of a social movement organization?

It has a full-time leadership staff and a large membership base.

(Q008) As defined by __________, the state is "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory."

Max Weber

(Q018) The achievement gap between black and white students decreases significantly when students from similar socioeconomic background are compared. What does this tell us about the connection between race, class, and educational outcomes?

Much of the achievement gap can be attributed to class.

(Q016) Students' socioeconomic status (SES) reflects parental level of education, employment, and assets, and is a big factor in their educational opportunity and success. What is one nonfinancial boost that parents can provide a student planning to attend college?

Parents with more education can help with a child's more challenging homework.

(Q014) How can religious leaders promote the idea of a "traditional" family?

Religious tenets from the Bible selectively reinforce specific family structure.

(Q019) Same-sex marriage has been at the forefront of America's "culture wars" for more than a decade. What progress preceded the Supreme Court's 2015 decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationally?The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was struck down

The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was struck down.

(Q011) What is one way that wages were related to marriage in the early twentieth century?

The family wage impelled women to stay married, even if their marriages were oppressive.

(Q011) In response to rising crime perpetrated by teenagers, local residents band together to create more opportunities for recreational activities, jobs, and leadership training for young people. This is an example of what type of social movement?

alternative social movement

(Q006) According to Georg Simmel's view of monetary payment systems, who is in the best position?

an analyst for a federal government agency

(Q013) What is an example of an external risk?

an earthquake that destroys a city

(Q007) Fluidity around who you are as you interact with different subcultures, particularly when it is facilitated by social media spaces such as fan pages and private groups, is representative of your

dynamic identity.

(Q022) Teaken is an environmental activist who is working on a campaign trying to convince people to walk or bike to work (rather than drive) as a strategy to combat climate change. In which of the three camps does this solution to climate change fall?

efforts to slow greenhouse gas emissions

(Q020) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Doug McAdam explains that the Internet makes it easy for new social movements to disseminate information broadly. However, he also notes some drawbacks, including the fact that

electronically based movements may not be able to take advantage of existing interpersonal relationships to mobilize behavioral change.

(Q023) Mariana works as a customer service representative for a large cable company. She often has to handle calls from irate customers who can be very hostile and demeaning towards her. Some days she just wants to scream back at them, but her employer has made it clear that no matter how horribly a customer treats her over the phone, she must maintain a pleasant demeanor and do her best to resolve the issue. Mariana's job involves

emotional labor.

(Q017) The sect-church cycle helps to explain the

existence of so many types of Christian churches in the United States.

(Q005) Suppose you are a freelance graphic designer, and you ask clients to pay you immediately online. One client insists on paying by check, a less immediate process. You start declining this client's projects in favor of clients who pay online. In Adam Smith's terms, your decision is based on finding an unacceptable level of _______ in the proposed exchange.

inefficiency

(Q017) In the model of premodern societies, Georg Simmel suggests that they are characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation. At the center of this circle of affiliation is

me.

(Q018) One theory about the growth of conservative churches is that

members value the high demands of a stricter organization and are more willing to commit time and energy.

(Q002) Which factor played a role in the development of capitalism?

new farming technologies

(Q001) The United States is highly religious compared to other industrialized countries. The fastest growing religious affiliation in America today is

no religious affiliation.

(Q008) At the health food store, you notice that some chickens are labeled "certified organic," some "made with organic ingredients," others as "free range," and still others as "raised without growth hormones." About the only thing you can be sure of here is that the products labeled as "organic" will

not contain genetically modified ingredients.

(Q007) Sorting students according to ability, also known as tracking, is controversial. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Stephen Morgan describes his work with non-Catholic students attending Catholic schools. He casts doubt on the benefits of tracking and instead suggests that

parents' goals for their children may play a large part in their success.

(Q022) Who is counted in the "underemployment rate"?

people not working full time who would like full-time work plus those actively looking for work

(Q007) In the late 1960s, social scientists observed an apparent increase in secularization and thought that the future of religion was in doubt. According to Peter Berger, secularization was the result of a larger crisis in religion we understand as

pluralism.

(Q022) Fiona recently moved to a new city and noticed that on just one block there was a synagogue, a Hindu temple, a Greek Orthodox church, and a mosque. She thinks that this diversity in religion is a good thing. Fiona is in favor of

pluralism.

(Q020) In the past year, Yolanda has voted in the midterm elections, volunteered for a congressional candidate's campaign, called her senator's office to share her position on certain issues, and attended several protests in her city. All of these activities are examples of

political participation.

(Q020) John was thinking deeply about the nature of existence as he was hiking in the mountains one morning when after a brief rain shower the clouds parted and a double rainbow appeared. At that moment he sensed a deep connection to a benevolent force in the universe and felt his perception of the world around him shift. John had a(n) _____ experience.

religious

(Q023) An important distinction between dictatorships and democracies is how

restricted the right to political participation is.

(Q002) The Newsweek report detailing the abuses at Guantanamo Bay, where prison guards flushed a copy of the Qur'an (the Muslim holy book) down the toilet, illustrates how symbolic violence can be more painful than physical violence. In this instance, symbolic power resided in the object because it was

sacred.

(Q018) Modern social organization began to replace premodern social relations with the rise of

scientific knowledge and the concept of rationality.

(Q003) The increasing activity of groups such as ISIS in the Middle East is part of the far-right Islamic factions' efforts to reject what aspect of Western life?

secularism

(Q006) Researchers find that private Catholic schools are among the most successful in preparing students academically, particularly students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Several researchers attribute this to the beneficial connections made through the schools; this is an example of

social capital.

(Q006) Émile Durkheim spent considerable time studying animism, an early religion. One of his fundamental conclusions was that religion is

social.

(Q023) Sharia used to go to a church that taught that heaven is not real, but is rather a metaphor. She did not like this idea and left that church for one that preached the literal existence of heaven as a place souls can go after death, which she finds much more comforting. Sharia chose between these two churches based on the _____ they offered.

supernatural compensators

(Q001) In Carlos' family, his oldest brother always gets his way and bosses his younger siblings around. He invariably gets to choose the restaurants they eat out at, which chores he has to do, and what channel the TV is on. When Carlos asks his parents why this is, they tell him that in their culture the eldest son is special and that's how it was in their families growing up. What kind of authority is displayed in this example?

traditional authority

(Q007) Jim Crow laws were racially based efforts to limit the participation of blacks in American society through segregation. Beginning in 1890, a "separate but equal" status took effect in all public facilities in the southern states. Why might we view this as a form of domination of authority?

An implicit threat of violence against blacks who defied the system undergirded it.

(Q018) In which scenario is coercion used?

Your roommate tells you that he's going to break down your door if you don't stop playing music so loudly.

(Q018) Josephine's parents divorced when she was five years old. By the time she was eight, both her parents had remarried and she had two stepsiblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family?

a blended family

(Q006) What is ironic about how we define ourselves as individuals?

We generally define our individuality in terms of our association with various groups.

(Q018) Unionization rates in the United States have __________ over the past 60 years, and recent studies show that __________ workers are interested in being part of a collective bargaining agreement.

declined; more

(Q012) Why have social movements, such as the temperance movement of the nineteenth century and the civil rights movement of the twentieth century, been closely linked with religious institutions?

the power of public confession and the idea of national sin

(Q005) Studies have shown that students in private schools outperform students in public schools. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Shamus Khan talks about St. Paul's School. Khan notes that students attending essentially convert their "birthright into credentials." What important aspect of education in the United States is reflected in his comments?

the problem of addressing inequality in schools

(Q007) According to Karl Marx, workers in a capitalist economy are alienated from the products they produce because

the production process is distributed among many different people.

(Q016) Which group is most likely to have a collective action problem?

the residents of a county trying to block natural gas drilling in their area

(Q001) What is an example of a paradigm shift (or scientific revolution)?

A biologist discovers a previously unknown genetic mechanism that definitively overthrows all currently existing thought on evolution.

(Q010) On the island of Maui, residents voted to ban the cultivation of genetically engineered crops, but courts ruled the ban invalid. What might have underpinned residents' resistance to consuming GMO products?

A stigma surrounds the consumption of GMO products.

(Q003) What is an example of how social factors can influence scientific research?

A wealthy alumna of a large research university dies of complications from diabetes, and in her will, she leaves millions of dollars to the university on the condition that the money be used for diabetes research.

(Q020) Which statement is true about changes in the achievement gap between boys and girls during the past 30 years?

Achievements among girls have improved in many ways, whereas among boys from lower-class backgrounds they have worsened.

(Q015) What did sociologists Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein find in their research that contradicts the media myth of lazy welfare mothers?

All single mothers prefer self-reliance to welfare.

(Q003) Suppose you are stopped for speeding and it turns out that the police officer is a friend from high school. He recognizes you but still gives you a ticket. In the realm of legal-rational authority, rules and procedures are central. The police officer's actions reflect what important facet of legal-rational authority?

Authority is attached to roles, not individuals.

(Q008) Why might the Occupy Wall Street movement be considered a revolutionary social movement?

It advocated the radical reorganization of American society to better benefit "the 99 percent."

(Q005) What is a criticism of contagion theory?

It downplays individual agency.

(Q010) How did the Ford Motor Company's introduction of the family wage help construct the idea of the traditional family?

It encouraged men to marry and have children, as the wage was not available to single men or married men without children.

(Q009) How does the application of microsociology help us understand why people are religious?

It illuminates the details of individual experience and meaning.

(Q014) Why has the idea of the "traditional family" helped social scientists better understand black families in America?

Its identification as a specific historical phenomenon that has rarely applied to black families helps us better understand the unique characteristics in a less judgmental way.

(Q021) Jackson has a master's degree in computer science and earns a six-figure income. Talia has a high-school diploma and her income is barely above the poverty line. When it comes to political participation, which statement is most likely true?

Jackson is more likely than more Talia to volunteer for a political campaign.

(Q024) After their football team wins the championship for the first time ever, college students pour out into the streets to celebrate with each other. Madison, a very excited freshman, climbs up on a car and begins jumping up and down, which sets the car alarm off. Pretty soon, there's a cacophony of alarms as almost all of the cars lining the street are being jumped on by revelers. This ultimately results in a riot in which 13 people were injured, thousands of dollars of property was destroyed, and 19 students were arrested. How might emergent norm theory explain this instance of collective action?

Madison was a keynoter whose behavior was copied by others.

(Q009) How might organic farming create stratification among farmers?

Many smaller farms cannot afford to meet all the necessary guidelines and maintain an organic farm, which allows megafarms to dominate the market and use their influence to change policies and guidelines to their advantage.

(Q009) Which scenario represents a common gender imbalance of domestic chores in the United States?

Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year.

(Q006) Suppose you're put into a group in class to create a presentation about genetically modified organisms (GMOs.) One of the other group members is a highly regarded science student, but you end up doing most of the work on the presentation by yourself. However, the teacher only praises the highly regarded student for the success of the presentation. This is an instance of the __________ effect.

Matthew

(Q002) At concerts by the post-punk band Parquet Courts, many members of the audience engage in "moshing," a very physical form of dancing involving jumping and colliding into others. Could this be seen as an example of collective action?

No, because moshing is an expected and acceptable behavior at rock concerts.

(Q001) Everyone in attendance at a midnight screening of The Rocky Horror Picture Show was dressed in skimpy, revealing clothing, while a sign in the theater lobby mandated a dress code of "appropriate, everyday attire." Could this be seen as an example of collective action?

No, because social norms at the screening did not diverge among those who were present.

(Q016) How might the rise of online associations be affecting the tradition of volunteerism in the United States?

People may be joining more organizations, but their participation may be more passive, involving less hands-on work and face-to-face interactions.

(Q011) What might be the reason why gay and lesbian couples spend twice as long doing domestic chores as their heterosexual equivalents?

Same-sex couples see domestic work as legitimizing their households, which makes domestic work a validating activity.

(Q005) What is one of the primary claims made by Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar in their book Laboratory Life?

Scientific facts do not simply reveal themselves through research but rather are constructed through a process that is heavily influenced by social factors.

(Q004) Studies on student achievement have demonstrated that smaller class sizes benefit students significantly. What implications do these studies on smaller class size have?

Smaller class sizes would mean that more resources, such as teachers, classrooms, books, and so forth, would be needed.

(Q004) What fundamental question about the nature of society was Adam Smith interested in that led him to reason out his ideas (as found in The Wealth of Nations) and lay the foundation for capitalism?

Smith wondered how societies could remain intact and avoid devolving into chaos.

(Q024) Solange is an African American woman. Neo is an Asian American man. On the basis of sociological research, which statement would you most expect to be true?

Solange attends a church whose members are predominantly black.

(Q010) Why has the nation of Somalia offered a glaring exception to Weber's definition of a state?

Somalia does not have a monopoly on the use of force within its territory.

(Q004) How does Taylorism (scientific management used to streamline mass production) resemble a bureaucracy?

Specialization is a characteristic of both an assembly line and a bureaucracy.

(Q007) What is true about the growing threat of global warming?

The effects of global warming have the potential to alter human societies drastically; at the same time, the primary cause of global warming is human activity.

(Q012) If success in the workplace typically requires learning on the job, why do Americans place so much emphasis on formal schooling?

The expansion of the education system attracts people who want to remain or become members of the elite.

(Q012) What major factor in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa and the civil rights movement in the United States runs counter to the idea in resource mobilization theory that the elite are the most likely to initiate a social movement?

The people with the most at stake are most likely to create success.

(Q019) Angelica, a working-class Latina student, is admitted to college due to her scholastic ability, but by the end of her sophomore year, she is in debt, so a well-meaning professor suggests she consider transferring to a cheaper school. How might this suggestion contribute to her sense of stereotype threat?

The question simply reinforced what Angelica already had come to learn about herself as being too poor to attend college.

(Q020) In his interview with Dalton Conley, John Evans explains that Americans tend to readily accept genetically modified food, but that GMO products have resulted in deep concern and protests in Europe. What reason might explain this difference?

The religious nature of Americans lets many believe it is their role to dominate nature.

(Q018) Why might the findings of the Human Genome Project be interesting to sociologists?

They could increase stratification as people could be categorized as more or less useful or desirable according to what their genetic code says or predicts about them.

(Q022) Immigrants tend to differ from native-born Americans in what way?

They form and keep families together at a higher rate.

(Q004) The annual World Naked Bike Ride protests oil use and attracts millions of people. Riders gather, disrobe, and then ride through a busy part of town, while they are watched and reacted to by nonriders. Is this consistent with the idea behind convergence theory?

Yes, because all participants have the same idea.

(Q009) In 2011, an Occupy Movement demonstration took place at the University of California at Berkeley. Demonstrators set up tents in a campus plaza, and police used riot batons to force the protesters to disperse. The campus community passed a resolution condemning the police actions. Is this an example of the paradox of authority, and if so, in what way?

Yes, because the police department used physical force to enforce its will and lost its legitimate authority.

(Q003) What is an example of mass collective action?

a boycott of a clothing manufacturer that has factories overseas where child labor is used

(Q010) Although religious attendance in formal institutions in the United States is in decline, the number of Americans claiming religious beliefs or spiritual awakenings has gone up. We can understand this paradox as

an increase in the amount and depth of individual experience.

(Q012) Consider "fracking," the forced extraction of natural gas from fractured ground, which in turn adds to carbon emissions after it is consumed. How might such a practice be understood in the context of what Ulrich Beck calls a "risk society"?

as a human-manufactured risk, the effects of which may be mitigated

(Q012) How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families?

as a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities

(Q015) The text discusses two approaches to understanding why some states are more democratic than others. Moore suggests that the fate of each nation is determined by a struggle between different social classes. Acemoglu and Robinson, using game theory, suggest that citizens can induce change through the credible threat of revolution. The primary difference between these two approaches is Moore's emphasis on the

bourgeoisie.

(Q023) Petra finds it appalling that her university doesn't have a comprehensive recycling program on campus. She's worried about the environmental harm of so much garbage going to landfills. She starts talking with her classmates and writing editorials in the college newspaper about this issue, but she becomes frustrated because nobody seems to care. She finally gives up and decides to transfer to another university that better shares her values. Petra's social movement failed to reach which stage?

coalescence

(Q004) The argument that religion is used to perpetuate inequalities has its roots in which theoretical approach to studying religion?

conflict theory

(Q014) The Keystone XL Pipeline has been the target of politic protest in recent years. Proponents argue that it provides energy and jobs; opponents argue that it poses unacceptable environmental risks. If framed against Charles Perrow's thesis in The Next Catastrophe, the pipeline

could be built and any negative impact reduced by dispersing the risks.

(Q022) During the Free Speech Movement protests at the University of California-Berkeley in 1964, more than 800 students participated in a sit-in, occupying the administrative building on campus for 11 hours before the police began mass arrests. This is an example of

crowd collective action.

(Q015) One reason why intelligence quotient (IQ) tests correlate highly with academic performance is that the tests were

developed to assess one kind of intelligence found in schools.

(Q013) Johannes's parents both work as highly paid executives in large multinational corporations. His parents have ensured that Johannes received lessons in a number of different languages, including Mandarin and Italian, and visited many countries as a child. Now, as a young adult, he is finding that being multilingual and having a global perspective gives him a competitive advantage in his education and career. Johannes is benefiting from possessing which form of cultural capital?

embodied

(Q008) In the last few decades, women's earning power has increased, yet they continue to do more domestic work than men. The text notes that when a woman's earnings surpass that of her husband's, the husband often quits doing housework. From a sociological perspective, we might attribute this to

entrenched norms and values concerning masculinity and femininity.

(Q021) Lars is actively trying to promote a religious movement based on a single idea ("Be excellent to each other.") that he thinks will help people live more meaningful, moral lives. The religion he is trying to establish would be considered an example of

ethicalism.

(Q016) The idea that there is a high level of competition among the various religions in America seems to lead religions to work harder to attract more adherents. One of the main reasons for this competition is the

extensive diversity of religions found in America.

(Q020) What is one of the strongest predictors of sibling-on-sibling violence?

fathers with short tempers

(Q003) Talcott Parsons's claim that the nuclear family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (men) and child rearers (women) is an example of a functionalist approach to sociology. The main problem with this idea is that the

function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is not exclusively that of a single institution.

(Q011) The number of high school and college graduates in the United States has significantly increased over the past century. Explaining this as a case of supply and demand in which a need for a more educated workforce encouraged more people to stay in school longer would be in line with

functionalism.

(Q015) Appearing first as a lowly weed, corn has, over the past several thousand years, become embedded in our food chain as a vegetable, a sweetener, and even a fuel. The long process of selecting, weeding, cultivating and fostering selected strains of the original weed is a form of

genetic modification.

(Q019) Studies show that a primary concern held by US workers about unionizing is related to management hostility. In this age of technology, there's another consideration: employee monitoring. Underlying all this is the fear of

getting fired.

(Q013) The text notes that the charisma and strength of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was instrumental in ushering in the civil rights movement. One of the important advantages of his effort stemmed from

his ability to mobilize a wide range of resources and constituencies.

(Q006) The Tobachnik family has one son and two daughters. The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, dust, vacuum, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of

how gender roles are learned at home.

(Q022) Jordan's parents are both college-educated professionals who make a comfortable living and have a sizeable net worth. Jerome was raised by his mom who dropped out of high school and has worked in various low-wage jobs in the restaurant industry. As they approach high-school graduation, Jordan is trying to decide which admission offer she should accept from several elite universities, whereas Jerome is worried that he won't even graduate because of low grades in several of his classes. This illustrates

how parents' socioeconomic status tends to affect students' educational achievement.

(Q019) Jordi founded an organization to advocate for improvements in community mental health services in his state. His group files lawsuits to hold the government accountable for its legal responsibilities and also lobbies state representatives directly to convince them of the importance of mental health care. Jordi's organization is an example of a(n)

interest group.

(Q024) Zaria is on her way to a job interview when she gets a call from the babysitter that her daughter Mia is sick. Zaria can't afford to miss the interview so she calls her aunt who agrees to pick up Mia and take her to the pediatrician. Zaria was able to make the interview (and get the job) because she had help and support from her ____

kinship network.

(Q024) Ahmed's daughter, Elif, suffers from a moderately severe developmental delay. Her school suggested she might be better off in a special classroom just for disabled students. Ahmed argued forcefully against this plan because he thinks Elif would benefit socially if not academically by being in a typical classroom with the "normal" children.Ahmed is arguing for the ______ approach to special education.

mainstreaming

(Q004) The debate over whether intelligent design is a religious belief, as the courts have ruled, or a scientific theory in its own right shows the difficulties and importance of

maintaining the border between legitimate and nonlegitimate science.

(Q015) Highly educated people are more likely to explore faiths that are less traditional. Given what we have studied thus far about class, inequality, and education, one of the reasons this might be true is that more highly educated people are

more likely to have been exposed to alternative thinking.

(Q013) In the Moynihan report, The Negro Family, released in 1965, it was found that 25 percent of black wives outearned their husbands, leading the report to conclude that there was a "pathological" matriarchy. One of the chief conclusions that emerged from this report was that black women

needed to be more feminine in order to be successful wives.

(Q021) It has been argued that the drastic cultural shift in our society's tolerance of homosexuals in recent decades resulted from homosexuality no longer being medically classified as a mental illness along with increased visibility of homosexuals as they took pride in their sexual orientation and "came out of the closet." This is an example of which cause of social change?

new ideas and identities

(Q016) The investment firm Goldman Sachs was indirectly implicated in the events precipitating the 2008 financial crisis. Some have alleged that the firm's deep ties to the US government made it possible to capitalize on gains using

political arbitrage.

(Q012) What are the three types of citizenship rights as defined by sociologist T. H. Marshall?

political rights, social rights, and civil rights

(Q002) The US television show Sister Wives tells the true story of Kody Brown, a Utah man with four wives. Existing legal sanctions in the United States prohibit polygamy, including the type of polygamy that Brown practiced, which is referred to as

polygyny

(Q017) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Zephyr Teachout draws attention to the fact that elected officials spend a considerable amount of their time in office

raising money for their campaigns.

(Q005) The Industrial Revolution had a dramatic effect on the division of labor between (white) men and women, changing the nature of gender roles and shifting kinship networks. This represents a major shift in the

realms of the public and private.

(Q019) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Alondra Nelson addresses the question of whether race is a social construction or a biological one. Genetics is one way to resolve questions of ancestry and forces us to reconcile biology with social realities. Although genetic testing may help many African Americans trace their genealogy, one of the major obstacles is that

records of slaves' origins are not complete or even existent in many cases.

(Q011) Even though Sharon belongs to and is committed to her evangelical church in which belief in creationism is a tenet, she also believes there is some truth to the theory of evolution. She resolves this contradiction by considering that the absolute truth is unknowable and even if it's not completely true, there's useful wisdom in the story of creation. Sharon is practicing

reflexive spirituality.

(Q013) Suppose you believe your supervisor at work is jeopardizing a current project through incompetence, but you don't say anything because it won't improve anything and could result in you being removed from the project. This scenario is an example of which dimension of power, according to Steven Lukes's definition of the concept?

second dimension

(Q009) Max Weber asserted that capitalism would not have arisen without the Protestant Reformation because theological insecurity and predestination

served, along with accounting advances, to make people see monetary fortune as a sign from God.

(Q009) The text recounts an example of classroom difficulties around discipline when students become rowdy and hard to manage. The teacher, Mr. Ortiz, uses classroom time to encourage students to insult one another. What kind of approach is Mr. Ortiz failing to use in this case?

teaching methods that are supported by extensive research

(Q005) Max Weber argued that the development of capitalism was closely intertwined with beliefs and values of Protestantism. Once the capitalist system took full root, however, he held that it was possible that

the Protestant ethic could simply fade away.

(Q008) Leticia, a high-school student who has been in remedial math classes for years, changes schools and is placed in a regular math class. Her new math teacher encourages Leticia and tells her she shows promise. In a few weeks, Leticia is surprised to find that she is doing well in the class. This scenario is an example of

the Pygmalion effect.

(Q006) Suppose you have been invited to a big party by a good friend. When you text your friend to cancel, she issues a few veiled threats about how she might be getting too busy to hang out in the future. What is the difference between your friend's attempts to persuade you and what the text calls "domination by authority"?

the absence of a threat of physical force from your friend

(Q022) Rosie unsuccessfully ran for mayor of her city last year. Her campaign focused mainly on trying to convince poor, marginalized, politically apathetic residents to get out and vote for her so she can work to improve their situation. Which theory or model would explain her failure by pointing out that mobilization efforts can increase political participation only among the willing and able?

the civic voluntarism model

(Q024) Lizzy is trying to get by in the expensive city of San Francisco but hasn't been able to secure a full-time job with benefits. She instead has pieced together a living by finding work through online apps through which she can earn money by delivering food, walking dogs, and doing freelance writing. Although she has, for the most part, been able to get by, Lizzy worries about affording health insurance and her inability to save for retirement. Lizzy is a participant in

the gig economy.

(Q014) What is the primary difference between a participatory movement organization and a professional movement organization?

the level of involvement of rank-and-file members

(Q008) According to Marx, capitalism is doomed to fail because of a self-made crisis of overproduction, leading to goods becoming unaffordable to workers. This in turn gives rise to socialism. The fundamental mechanism of distribution differing between these systems is

the market.

(Q021) Piper and Madrigal are two economists with a long-running disagreement. Piper thinks economists have a moral duty to do research that can be used to change and improve society by making it fairer and more equal. Madrigal disagrees, arguing instead that scientific researchers in all fields should aim for objectivity and not be influenced by their personal views or political pressures. Madrigal's position in this debate is known as

the normative view of science.

(Q016) The divorce rate in the United States rose steadily since the nineteenth century. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin suggests that one of the primary reasons for this paradox of the increasing divorce rate at the same time the "love of marriage" persists is due to

the pervasive idea of individualism that has flourished in America since the Colonial period.

(Q021) Julia is the fourth of five children. When she started college, her parents told her she would have to get a job to help pay for her education. Julia's parents are an example of

the resource dilution model.

(Q008) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Susan Crawford shared findings of her research with lower-class religious women. She was surprised to hear that while the women said religion was very important, they rarely attended services at churches, mosques, or temples. Why was this the case?the stigma of being poor, especially at moments like the collection of offerings

the stigma of being poor, especially at moments like the collection of offerings

(Q001) It was not until 1967 that black-white marriage was legalized in the United States as a result of the case of Loving v. Virginia. For many people, that couple's union represented a violation of social norms because

they married outside their group.

(Q023) Zaria failed a few classes early in high school due to a stressful family situation. Due to her performance, she was subsequently placed in classes meant for students that will not go on to attend college after graduating high school. This is an example of

tracking.

(Q019) Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram give us instant access to the smallest details of others' lives. We need no personal connection to those we follow, nor knowledge of their culture or history. For the postmodernist, this embodies the idea that

we should question whether there is a history.

(Q009) What are two factors that are used to distinguish between different types of social movements?

whose behavior they seek to change; whether the change sought is limited or radical