Sociology Chpt 3 & 4
ego
According to Sigmund Freud, the ________ is the realistic and practical part of the mind that works to balance our instinctive and biological drives and the internalized demands of society.
weapons of war.
An example of something that would be part of the material culture of an individual or society would be
According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is
an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles.
taboo
A ________ is a kind of norm so deeply ingrained in that the very thought of violating it evokes feelings of disgust or horror.
psychosexual
According to Sigmund Freud, the personality passes through four distinct ________ stages of development.
How is culture transmitted and internalized?
We learn values and beliefs slowly and incrementally.
dramaturgy
What have scholars called Erving Goffman's ideas, given that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance?
The process of training dogs helps to resocialize prisoners.
What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn's program, in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs, and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction?
folkways, mores, taboos
Which of the following best represents the ranking of different types of norms from least to most powerful or morally significant?
We tend to believe that it is harder to manipulate expressions given off.
Why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given when we try to understand how other people define a situation?
Changes in the importance of socialization's different agents might occur over time within a society. Identify the major agent(s) of socialization that is/are less important to adolescents now than in the late 1800s.
the family
Sociologists define the self as
the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people.
the looking-glass self.
Julian is a child who consistently earns mediocre grades and is often picked last for team games. He likes to make silly jokes and play pranks, and he notices that people laugh when he does so. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. Charles Cooley would say this development is part of
socialization
Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process?
socialization
Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately twelve years old. After being reintroduced to human society, Victor was incapable of talking and never fully adjusted to life with other humans. This case shows the importance of
Sigmund Freud once said that the id was like a wild horse and that the ________ was like a rider astride the horse struggling to keep it under control.
ego
Folkways
loosely enforced norms involving common customs, practices, or procedures.
Ade and his parents immigrated to the United States from Nigeria when he was a young child. Growing up, he found himself behaving and talking differently at school than at home because he felt it would help him fit in and be treated like everyone else. Which sociological concept best explains Ade's behavior and interactions with others?
impression management
Examples of ________ are the furniture and artwork in a building.
material culture
A goal of socialization is to
teach norms, values, and beliefs.
The term "master status" is defined as a
status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses.
Many people in the United States express disgust at the idea of people snacking on grasshoppers and crickets despite the fact that people do so in places such as Thailand. This suggests that, in the United States, eating insects is a
taboo.
Read the quote from Freud below, which describes a part of the mind as he theorized it. "It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, what little we know of it we have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms. . . . We all approach [it] with analogies: we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations." Which part of the mind was he talking about?
the id
Many American colleges and universities require students to take classes on non-Western cultures. Why do these requirements exist?
to demonstrate the value of multiculturalism and to reduce ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism
using one's own culture as a standard by which to judge others.
Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered
agents of socialization.
Patrick isn't old enough to go to school yet, but he loves to play house. He has a toy stove and pretends to be a stay-at-home father. Playing house sometimes gets boring, so he goes outside, takes a garden hose, and pretends to be a firefighter. George Herbert Mead would say that Patrick is
in the play stage.
Eating human flesh
is taboo in American society.
According to George Herbert Mead, the dual nature of the self refers to the idea that
we experience the self as both subject and object.
taboo
A ________ is a kind of norm so deeply ingrained that the very thought of violating it evokes feelings of disgust or horror.
cult
A ________ is an example of a total institution.
an expression of behavior.
A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls his eyes. Erving Goffman would identify this as
______ is an example of something that would be part of an individual's or society's symbolic culture.
Belonging to a political party
________ is an example of something that would be part of an individual's or society's symbolic culture.
Belonging to a political party
Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule?
Boys don't cry
role conflict.
Janae and Ren are coworkers who recently started dating. One day Janae notices Ren stealing office supplies. She's torn between being a good employee and reporting the theft or helping her new romantic partner avoid getting in trouble. Janae is experiencing
Recent research by marine biologists suggests that bottlenose dolphins have names for themselves. Scientists played sounds they had identified as the names of particular dolphins by putting them through a synthesizer so that they did not sound like the voices of particular dolphins. The researchers found that dolphins would respond to the names of other dolphins to which they were related or with which they were associated, but they ignored the names of strangers. This discovery suggests a much greater degree of self-awareness in aquatic mammals than was previously suspected. What does this research suggest about dolphins if it is accurate?
Dolphins have a sense of self similar to that of humans.
impression management
Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us. What did Goffman call this process?
______ occurs when the dominant culture succeeds in imposing its values and ideas on all of society.
Hegemony
the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
In the movie Mean Girls, students identify each other using categories like "jocks," "cheerleaders," "skaters," and "nerds." These classifications of different groups represent what aspect of culture?
Counterculture
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was an activist organization in the 1960s that protested the Vietnam War, racial injustice, and economic exploitation. The organization largely favored direct action and protest, most of which opposed traditional organizing and politics. What could you say that members of SDS were part of based on this information?
socialization.
The process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and beliefs of their social group and thereby become functioning members is known as
the mass media
The story about the young girls with eating disorders in Fiji in the late 1990s conveys the strong influence of which agent of socialization?
culture
The term ________ refers to the entire way of life of a group of people.
dominant culture.
The values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within a society are called
Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of
an individual's personal front.
Expressions given off
are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways.
