sociology exam 2 (chapter 4)

Which of the following terms refers to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention?

Civil inattention

a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties

status

all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time.

status set

a material sign that informs others of a person's specific status

status symbol

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.

stigma

__ is used to characterize situations in which workers have become so highly specialized or have been given such fragmented jobs to do that they are unable to come up with creative solutions to problems

trained incapacity

a group composed of three members.

triad

Which theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society?

Functionalists

a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

Gemeinschaft

a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values.

Gesellschaft

Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds?

Mechanical solidarit

Many clubs have "Members Only" signs to indicate that the organization does not welcome outsiders within club walls. Members of such clubs develop an awareness that they share important commonalities with other members. This awareness is called __________.

a consciousness of kind

__ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.

aggregate

___ societies use technology of large scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment, to produce their food supply.

agrarian

a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself.

alienation

how do we construct social reality (situation definition)?

analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly

age, where you are from, caste position are all exacted of what type of status?

ascribed

___ is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control.

ascribed status

__ leaders make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members.

authoritarian

an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n) __________.

bureaucracy

an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters.

bureaucracy

a psychological construct that describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly.

bureaucratic personality

__is a number of people who share a similar characteristic

categories

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________.

coercive organizations

__ DO NOT beleive that social institutions work for everyone

conflict

__ theorists agree that social institutions are originally organized to meet basic social needs.

conflict

Which theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people?

conflict theorists

Who among the following is likely to suggest that groups involve a series of power relationships whereby the needs of individual members may not be equally served?

conflict theorists

the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group.

conformity

__ leaders encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building.

democratic

leaders who encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building.

democratic leaders

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.

dramaturgical analysis

Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.

dramaturgical analysis

a group composed of two members.

dyad

Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes

efforts to reduce the number of people in dead-end jobs.

the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves

ethnomethodology

leadership that provides emotional support for members.

expressive leadership

Erving Goffman's term for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss of face.

face-saving behaviour

imprisonment, fines, community service hours are examples of what type of social control?

formal

a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals

formal organization

__ control is the use of the law and ultimately force to control our behaviour

formal social

__ say that the social institution exists because they preform 5 tasks: 1. replacing members 2. Teaching new members. 3. Producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services. 4. Preserving order. 5. Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

functionalist

___ perspectives provide a macro sociological overview because they concentrate on large-scale events and broad social features.

functionalist and conflict

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of strict adherence to rules and regulations, this scenario exemplifies __________.

goal displacement

a process that occurs in organizations when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, and organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals.

goal displacement

rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, and organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals

goal displacement

BP Oil Rig - Shuttle Disaster - Expansion of Vietnam War - Iraq Invasion are examples of what?

groupthink

__ is the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately belief is unwise. Ignoring or squelching dissent - Can lead to poor decisions

groupthink

__ societies are based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food.

horticultural

In the context of the five types of societies based on various levels of subsistence technology, which of the following societies is based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food?

horticultural society

__ societies use simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation

hunting and gathering

an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon.

ideal type

__ societies are based on technology that mechanizes production. Steam Engine - Urbanization

industrial

__control is the response we get from those around us who, knowingly or unknowingly, persuade us to conform to the unwritten rules of society.

informal social control

gossip, being shunned as examples of what type of what type of social control?

informal social control

A group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity is called a(n) __________.

ingroup

__ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

ingroup

__ leaders are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions

laissez-faire

__ refers to the ability to influence what goes on in a group or social system.

leadership

being rich or poor influences many things that happens in you life and this is what type of status?

master

__ is the most important status a person occupies; it dominates all the individual's other statuses and is the overriding ingredient in determining a person's general social position

master status

__ refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

mechanical solidarity

A __ is a web of social relationship that links one person with other people and, through them, with other people they know.

network

the transfer of information between persons without the use of words.

nonverbal communication

In the context of sociologist Amitai Etzioni's classification of formal organizations, an organization that people join voluntarily to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member is called a __________ organization.

normative

the tendency to become a bureaucracy ruled by the few.

oligarchy

refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

organic solidarity

__ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

outgroup

the immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private.

personal space

promoted to level of inefficiency

peter principle

__ societies are ones in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.

postindustrial

a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

primary group

chruch, love, and family groups are examples of what?

primary groups

we as humans act on __ as we see it

reality

__ are groups that strongly influence a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

reference group

__ occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.

role conflict

___occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their selfidentity

role exit

a group's or society's definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played.

role expectation

how a person actually plays a role.

role performance

__- occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies.

role strain

a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

secondary group

employee and boss or doctor and patients are examples of what type of group?

secondary group

a situation in which a false belief or prediction produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

self-fulfilling prohecy

__ the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience

social construction of reality

the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

social construction of reality

__refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance

social control

a group that consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence

social group

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of __________.

social institution

__ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs

social institution

a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

social institution

__ is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.

social interaction

student, a parent, an aspiring teacher, a son or daughter, a spouse are examples of what?

social roles that we acquire throughout life

a "playbook" that "actors" use to guide their verbal replies and overall performance to achieve the desired goal of the conversation or fulfill the role they are playing.

social script

__ is the complex framework of societal institutions and the social practices that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior.

social structure

Which of the following terms refers to a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status?

Role

Which of the following terms refers to the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience?

Social construction of reality

Which of the following statements is true of laissez-faire leaders

They are minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists?

To meet the instrumental and expressive needs of group members

becoming a doctor, parent or profesional athlete are all examples of what type of status?

achieved

__ is a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

achieved status