Sociology Exam 3

Many clubs have "Members Only" signs to indicate that the organization does not welcome outsiders within club walls. Members of such clubs develop an awareness that they share important commonalities with other members. This awareness is called __________.

A Consciousness Of Kind

Dyads are different from triads because

A dyad is a social ground comprised of two members while a triad is three

Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes

A greater emphasis on sharing information

Which of the following is an ideal characteristic of bureaucracies as identified by Weber?

Bureaucracies are impersonal in that they require everyone to follow the same rules and to be treated the same.

An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n) __________.

Bureaucracy

A number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender, is called a(n) __________.

Category

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________.

Coercive Organizations

In the context of the basic gang types identified by Cloward and Ohlin, gangs that are unable to gain success through legitimate means and are unwilling to do so through illegal ones are called __________.

Conflict Gangs

Ali is pursuing a medical degree at one of the best universities in the United States. He wants to become a successful surgeon and works hard to excel at what he does. In the context of Merton's types of social adaptation, Ali most likely subscribes to __________.

Conformity

Occupational crime comprises illegal activities committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation, whereas organized crime comprises illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment.

False

The Uniform Crime Report gives an accurate account of the actual number and types of crimes committed in the United States.

False

The relative size of a group is the number of members the group actually has, and the absolute size is the number of potential members.

False

A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner is called a(n) __________.

Formal Organization

Reading about criminal trials in newspapers or watching them on television is likely to instill a fear of punishment in people and prevent them from engaging in similar acts of crime. In the context of the goals of punishment, this is most likely an example of __________.

General Deterrance

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of strict adherence to rules and regulations, this scenario exemplifies __________.

Goal Displacement

The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem. Some group members believe that the solution will lead to negative results. However, instead of discussing their concerns, they decide not to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. This scenario exemplifies __________.

Group Think

In his study of bureaucracies, Weber relied on an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). This model is called a(n) __________.

Ideal Type

Rishi is a member of a reading group. The group meets every Wednesday to read works of literature and analyze them. Rishi identifies with the group members and feels a sense of belonging with them. From Rishi's perspective, the reading group is an example of a(n) __________.

In-Group

Which of the following terms is used to refer to not only prisons and jails but also to a number of programs and organizations that manage people who are either accused or convicted of crimes?

Incarceration

A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime to buy some clothes she wants. In the context of Merton's types of social adaptation, the teenager's behavior is an example of __________.

Innovation

Freida had been planning to buy a car and found a website that sells cars at low prices. The website claimed that she would receive the car in less than a week of making the payment. She found a car that matched all her requirements and completed the payment immediately because she did not want to lose the deal. However, she did not receive the car even after weeks of completing the payment. Which of the following crimes does this scenario most likely exemplify?

Internet Crime

Which of the following concepts is based on the central idea that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power?

Iron Law Of Oligarchy

Which of the following is a criticism of Weber's ideal-type analysis of bureaucracies?

It Failed To Recognize The Impersonal Nature Of Bureaucracies

In the context of conflict perspectives on deviance, which of the following statements is true about the critical approach?

It is based on the assumption that the criminal justice system protects the power and privilege of the capitalist class.

Which of the following statements is true of the postmodernist perspective on deviance?

It posits that social institutions categorize people into "deviant" subgroups and then control them through specific patterns of discipline.

Which of the following statements is true about rational choice theory?

It suggests that most people who commit crimes make careful decisions based on weighing situational factors and personal factors.

Which of the following theories states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they, in turn, come to accept the tag placed upon them and begin to act accordingly?

Labeling

A minor crime that is typically punished by less than one year in jail is called a(n) __________.

Misdemeanor

Which of the following statements is true about crime in the United States?

More than half of all violent victimizations that occur in the United States are not reported to police.

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________ deviance.

Secondary Deviance

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley referred to a large, specialized group in which members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time as a(n) __________.

Secondary Group

Which of the following terms refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance?

Social Control

A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence is called a(n) __________.

Social Groups

Who among the following managers is most likely an authoritarian leader?

Steve, who makes all major group decisions without asking for inputs from his team members and demands their compliance

Unlike the liberal feminist approach, the radical feminist approach

Views the cause of women's crimes as originating in patriarchy

Large groups typically have more social solidarity than small groups.

False

Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________.

Aggregates

Who among the following is a member of a utilitarian organization?

Angela, who works as a lawyer at a prestigious law firm and earns $60,000 annually

In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Furman v. Georgia) that the death penalty __________.

Arbitrary/ Unconstitutional Punishment

Criminologist Ronald Akers's theory on deviance that suggests that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes is called __________ theory.

Differential Reinforcement

A person's gender is the most significant predictor of whether that person will participate in mainstream normative organizations.

False

In the context of leadership functions from a functionalist perspective, expressive leadership is task oriented, whereas instrumental leadership provides emotional support for members.

False

Sean is a member of The Artists, a theater club in his college. Despite performing well, his club has lost many theater competitions to Rendezvous, a rival theater club. As a result, Sean feels hostile toward the members of Rendezvous. In this context, Rendezvous is an example of a(n) __________.

Out-Group

Who among the following is most likely to believe that groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and depthlessness in social relationships because employee interactions with customers are largely scripted and customer behavior and responses are often tried-and-tested ways of dealing with employees?

Post- Modernists

George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n) __________.

Primary Group

Burglary, larceny-theft, motor-vehicle theft, and arson are examples of __________ crimes.

Property

When police officers single out African Americans and Latin Americans during criminal investigations and subject them to discriminatory treatment, the police officers engage in __________.

Racial Profiling

Katy is a member of the literature club in her college, but she neither accepts nor follows the values and norms of the club. She, however, follows the norms and values portrayed by the members of her college sorority because she is a member. In this scenario, Katy's college sorority is most likely an example of a(n) __________.

Reference Group

Emma was convicted of larceny and is currently undergoing therapy in prison. She is visited by a counselor on a regular basis and also receives vocational and educational training to help her reintegrate with society. In the context of the goals of punishment, this scenario best exemplifies __________.

Rehabilitation

People who cannot obtain wealth may nevertheless seek to maintain the respect of others by being hard workers or honest individuals. In the context of Merton's types of social adaptation, this best exemplifies __________.

Ritualism

Who among the following would most likely be considered deviant because of an unusual belief system?

Terri is convinced that the government is using vaccines to intentionally make people ill.

Kenny is a 30-year-old man who has been a frequent user of marijuana and cocaine for over five years. He believes there is nothing wrong with using these drugs recreationally and that using marijuana and cocaine is no different from consuming alcohol. Kenny's attitude best exemplifies __________.

Tertiary Deviance

Which of the following feminist perspectives on deviance is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy?

The Marxist Feminist Approach

Which of the following statements is true of laissez-faire leaders?

The leader gives complete freedom to the subordinates

Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists?

To Meet The Instrumental And Expressive Needs Of Group Members

About 90 percent of criminal cases are resolved by plea bargaining rather than by court trials.

True

According to German political sociologist Robert Michels, all organizations encounter the iron law of oligarchy.

True

According to conflict theorists, deviance is important to society because people unite in opposition to deviant behavior that is seen as a threat to group solidarity.

True

External social control involves the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists.

True

Fiona is a 6-year-old girl who attends school. Her network will consist of her friends and her family, her teachers, her peers, everyone she knows of, and everyone who knows of her.

True

Foucault's research on deviance and social control indicates that power, knowledge, and social control are intertwined.

True

It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group.

True

Milgram's study provides evidence that obedience to authority may be more common than most of us would like to believe.

True

Official statistics are problematic in social science research because of limitations such as victims not reporting the crime because of embarrassment or fear of reprisal by the perpetrator

True

People voluntarily become members of utilitarian organizations.

True

Social scientists who use a rational choice approach suggest that terrorists constantly calculate the gains and losses of participation in violent acts against others.

True

The informal side of a bureaucracy is composed of those aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy.

True

The most important gender differences in arrest rates are reflected in the proportionately greater involvement of men in major property crimes and violent crime.

True