sociology exam 3 (chapter 10)

Robert is walking down the street late at night when a man in a ski mask suddenly sticks a gun in his face and takes his wallet. Sociologists would say that Robert's mugger had ________ but not

power; authority

Why might the number of Christians who identify as evangelical in the United States be rapidly increasing?

Evangelicals emphasize the importance of gaining new converts.

Religion fulfills what role in society from a structural functionalist perspective?

It provides its adherents with a set of values, norms, and rules by which to live.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding community colleges?

Most police officers and firefighters received training at community colleges.

John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon debated during the 1960 presidential campaign. Voters who watched the debate on television were more likely to see Kennedy as the winner than those who listened to it on radio. Why?

Nixon refused to take advice on hair, makeup, and clothing that would have made him look better on camera.

Which of the following would be an example of social media?

politicians using Twitter to communicate with their constituents directly

What is a term for someone who labels himself or herself "spiritual but not religious"?

unchurched

What does a sociological perspective tell us about education in the United States?

Educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability.

Intrinsic religiosity can be defined as

a person's inner religious life.

The three branches of government established in the early years of the United States are the executive, legislative, and judicial. More recently, however, there is a growing belief that we have established a fourth branch of government. What does this refer to?

media

Abdullah II of Jordan succeeded his father, Hussein bin Talal, as ruler of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1999. This makes his government a

monarchy.

Public schools that are run by private entities are called

charter schools.

Which of the following distinguishes authority from power?

Authority is the legitimate exercise of power.

According to Randall Collins, why do members of lucrative professions like law and medicine support the current educational system?

They want to keep the number of potential job applicants down, thus minimizing competition and ensuring that there is a large number of people for less lucrative, less pleasant professions.

What is a political system called that denies ordinary people participation or representation in their government?

authoritarian

In the country where Maria lives, a dictator controls the military and the factories, voting isn't allowed, and the people have no say in what the government does. Maria lives in which type of political system?

authoritarianism

In Savage Inequalities, Jonathon Kozol contends that because schools are funded via property taxes, children in low-income areas are trapped in poor schools and thus get an inferior education. Ultimately, this continually perpetuates inequality. From which sociological perspective did Jonathon Kozol explore the educational system?

conflict

Which of the following sociological perspectives is concerned with the ways the educational practice known as "tracking" leads to inequality and different outcomes for different categories of students?

conflict

Leroy feared that because his son Carl completed classwork very slowly he'd be labeled as an underachiever in school and placed in remedial courses. This might ultimately cost Carl access to key courses as he progresses through school. This process exemplifies

educational tracking

Attending religious services would be an example of

extrinsic religiosity.

Neo recently started kindergarten, and one day he tells his dad that he got a gold star for being the best at following instructions. His dad gives him a high five, but inside he feels somewhat concerned that his son is learning to blindly obey authority figures. Neo's dad is uneasy about the effect on his son of the school's

hidden curriculum

The number of times a person attends worship services yearly is considered a measure of individual

religiosity

A society that separates church and state is a(n) ________ society

secular

It is the job of the White House press secretary to field questions from the press and explain the president's policies and attitudes in language that is compelling and persuasive. According to this job description, he or she could be called a(n)

spin doctor.

Jacobson and Rosenthal's Pygmalion in the Classroom showed that

students whom teachers expect to do well tend to fare better in the classroom.

C. Wright Mills identifies the small and unified group of people who occupy the highest positions of the major economic, political, and military institutions and exercise tremendous influence in American social life as

the power elite.

The majority of appointed U.S. Treasury secretaries have been either former partners or managers of Goldman Sachs, a global investment management firm. Sociologists would argue that this overlap between private business and the federal government is an example of

the power elite.

According to the text, one of the largest studies of homeschooled students found that

their academic achievements are significantly above those of public school students

What is the MOST extreme form of authoritarianism called?

totalitarianism

Voter participation rates are often considered to be quite low in the United States. What change in voting patterns and how voter participation is measured has challenged this idea?

use of the voting-eligible population as a metric

According to Max Weber, Protestant values contributed to the rise of

capitalism.

How is a sociological definition of religion different from a commonsense, everyday definition?

A sociological definition must be broad enough to encompass all varieties of religious experiences.

Dionne is the director of human resources at a multicounty nonprofit agency. As such, she often makes decisions about whom to hire and fire, decides which new procedures to implement, and conducts annual reviews. Regardless of whether her subordinates like her decisions, they go along with them. This exemplifies her

authority

Monique believes that religious practices such as prohibiting women from becoming priests promote inequality. Monique understands religion through which sociological lens?

conflict theory

Which of the following techniques is used to disenfranchise part of the American population today?

denying people who have been convicted of felonies the right to vote

What is it called when a government bars an individual, either temporarily or permanently, from voting?

disenfranchisement

What is the central means by which modern society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members?

education

Kathy attends church on Sundays as well as Wednesday evenings. She also routinely participates in mission work. This demonstrates her

extrinsic religiosity

When Devyn came home from college for the holidays, he tried to have a conversation about politics with his elderly Aunt Sylvia. It turned out to be quite difficult because each of them kept referring to online news reports or commentary that the other had not seen or read. Sylvia was only getting information with a conservative angle while Devyn was only getting information with a liberal slant. This phenomenon is known as

filter bubbles

Caleb has been regularly listening to a popular weekly podcast on political issues and current events produced and hosted by the well-known journalist Ezra Klein. Over time, Caleb has noticed that his political opinions have become increasingly similar to Klein's. A sociologist would describe Ezra Klein as a(n)

opinion leader

The methods and tactics of managing and influencing government are called

politics.

In the United States, school and bank calendars are planned around Christian holidays and our presidents place their hands on a Bible when they are sworn into office. These all run contrary to the commonly held idea that the United States is what kind of society?

secular

In Soviet Russia, it was a common practice to edit old photographs to reflect the current political mood and to treat the doctored photos as representations of reality rather than modifications of it. For example, Stalin's friends who turned into his enemies were cut out of pictures with him. These pictures were examples of

simulacrum.

Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theoretical perspective might explore the ways in which television advertisements influence public opinion about political candidates?

symbolic interactionist

In Schooling in Capitalist America, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis argued that schools train a labor force in the skills and attitudes necessary for the health of a modern economy. What are these skills and attitudes?

taking orders and performing repetitive tasks

What variable would account for the dramatic jump in test scores evidenced by the students in Rosenthal and Jacobson's Pygmalion in the Classroom?

teacher attitudes

The fact that school schedules are organized around Christmas is evidence

that the United States is not a totally secular society.

Sociologists have noted that the informal teaching practices and power relationships by which schools operate produce a disconnect between democratic values and what actually goes on in schools. About what concept are such arguments referring?

the hidden curriculum

What is the process called when students are tested and the test results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.)?

tracking