Sociology Exam 3

formal education

Learning that occurs in schools under teachers, principals, and other specially trained professionals.

informal education

Learning that occurs outside the schools, traditionally in the home.

Which of the following is NOT a white-collar crime? Fraudulent repairs by auto repair shops Corruption in the high-finance industry Unsafe products Motor vehicle theft Employee theft of objects and cash

Motor vehicle theft

More than half of all crime victims do not report their crimes to the police, leaving the police unaware of the crimes. True False

TRUE

Surveys indicate that a majority of offenses offences like assault, rape, or robbery are committed by someone the victim knows. True False

TRUE

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

The FBI's regular compilation of crime statistics, most of them on Index Crimes.

Part I Offenses

The FBI's term for the major crimes included in the Uniform Crime Reports, including homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

Which country has the highest incarceration rate in the world? The United Kingdom The United States Malaysia Mexico Japan

The United States

At the secondary school level, most public schools have remained single-sex institutions since the 19th century. True False

False

Which perspective? Education is the "great equalizer" in our society.

Functionalist

Which perspective? Family form is a matter of social definition. Today there is much less widespread consensus regarding family and family-related behavior.

Interactionist

Critics of school choice programs say they hurt the public schools by decreasing their enrollments and therefore their funding. True False

True

Gender affects educational attainment. True False

True

Intimate partner violence is very common and affects millions of people. True False

True

Students who have difficulties during their college years are called floundering students. True False

True

According to a study conducted by Melvin Kohn, it was found that working-class parents were more likely than middle-class parents to: practice authoritative discipline. practice authoritarian discipline. practice permissive discipline. practice uninvolved discipline. emphasize their children learning to think for themselves.

practice authoritarian discipline

Deviance is said to be relative in space. Which of the following examples illustrates this point? A given behavior is never considered deviant anywhere. A given behavior may be considered acceptable during war but not during peace. A behavior may be considered acceptable in one time period but deviant many years later. A given behavior may be considered deviant in one society but acceptable in another society. A behavior in a given society may be considered deviant in one time period but acceptable many years later.

A given behavior may be considered deviant in one society but acceptable in another society.

family

A group of two or more people who are related by blood, marriage, adoption, or a mutual commitment and who care for one another.

hidden curriculum

A set of values and beliefs learned in school that support the status quo, including the existing social hierarchy.

credential society

A society in which higher education is seen as evidence of the attainment of the needed knowledge and skills for various kinds of jobs.

self-report survey

A survey given to individuals, usually adolescents, that asks them about offenses they have committed.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects statistics about children in poverty? Poverty does not increase risks for behavioral, psychological, and health problems among children. Compared to other Western democracies, childhood poverty is lowest in the United States. African American and Latino children are far more likely than non-Latino white children to live in poverty. The United States offers large national programs for preventing poverty. Poor children in the United States fare much better than their counterparts in other Western democracies.

African American and Latino children are far more likely than non-Latino white children to live in poverty.

matriarchal family

A family where the wife and mother holds the main authority in the household.

status frustration theory

Albert Cohen's view that delinquency results from school failure and the concomitant need to regain self-esteem by being successful in delinquent activities.

Which of the following are true about "cultural capital"? a. Middle & Upper class children have more "cultural capital", giving them advantage over lower class children. b. "Cultural capital" includes symbolic/embedded forms such as language as well as physical objects such as books and computers. c. The term was coined by Bourdieu.

All true

Which of the following is(are) true? A. Children with divorced parents have moderately more delinquency and teenage pregnancy problems. B . The social and emotional conditions that often surround divorce often cause the negative consequences on children C. Most women experience a substantial decline in household income and increased dependence on social welfare.

All true

Which of the following is true of how family patterns in the U.S. compare with that in other Western nations? Americans are less likely than other Western citizens to remarry once they are divorced. Americans place more emphasis than their Western counterparts on the ideal of romantic love as a basis for marriage. The United States has lower rates of marriage than other Western nations. The United States has lower rates of divorce than other Western nations. Americans place less emphasis on the cultural importance of marriage than their Western counterparts.

Americans place more emphasis than their Western counterparts on the ideal of romantic love as a basis for marriage.

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

An annual survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice that asks a representative sample of the American public about crimes they have suffered.

In which type of discipline do parents set clear rules for their children's behavior but at the same time let their kids exercise independent judgment? Authoritarian discipline Authoritative discipline Permissive discipline Uninvolved discipline Negligent discipline

Authoritative discipline

crime

Behavior that violates criminal laws.

deviance

Behavior that violates norms and arouses negative social reactions.

What was common between the Nayar of southwestern India and the Israeli kibbutz? Both practiced monogamy Both were patrilineal in nature Both lacked a nuclear family Both were patriarchal in nature Both practiced endogamy

Both lacked a nuclear family

Which of the following about symbols is true? A.Not every culture is filled with symbols. B. Symbols are always communicated verbally. C. Gestures cannot be considered as symbols. D. Some symbols are material objects. E. All symbols evoke similar reactions and emotions in any culture.

D. Some symbols are material objects.

Which of the following is the explanation for deviant behavior provided by the social control theory? People with power pass laws and otherwise use the legal system to secure their position at the top of society. Differential access to illegitimate means affects the type of deviance in which individuals experiencing strain engage. Gender socialization is a key reason for large gender differences in crime rates. Deviance results from being labeled a deviant. Delinquency results from weak bonds to conventional social institutions such as families and schools.

Delinquency results from weak bonds to conventional social institutions such as families and schools.

Why did sociologist Émile Durkheim stress that a society without deviance is impossible? Deviance serves several important functions for society. People inherently have a deviant mindset. Deviance is behavior that violates government rules. Governments cannot enact laws that ban deviance. Social control is not at all a useful tool in preventing deviance.

Deviance serves several important functions for society.

Which of the following observations is true about the correlates of educational attainment? The dropout rate is lowest for Latinos and Native Americans and highest for Asians and whites. Educational attainment depends heavily on family income. In earlier generations, women were more likely to go to college than men. Research reveals that the more educated we are, the more prejudices we are likely to hold. Studies reveal that education makes us less tolerant.

Educational attainment depends heavily on family income.

differential association theory

Edwin Sutherland's view that deviance stems from interacting with primary group members who commit deviance and have values conducive to deviance.

According to the theoretical perspective of functionalism, the interaction of family members and intimate couples involves shared understandings of their situations. True False

False

College-educated respondents are more likely than those without a high school degree to agree with the statement that "it is much better for everyone involved if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family." True False

False

Most marriages in the United States are interracial. True False

False

Nonmaterial culture includes the values, beliefs, and all the physical objects in a society.

False

One reason that authoritarian discipline is better than authoritative discipline for children is that it avoids spanking in favor of other, more "reasoning" types of discipline and punishment. True False

False

Studies reveal that gender has virtually no effect in our fear of crime. True False

False

Symbolic interactionists say that tracking perpetuates social inequality based on social class and race and ethnicity. True False

False

The graduation rates of Latino and African American students match those of whites at all 4-year institutions. True False

False

The number of Americans incarcerated in jail or prison at any one time is much lesser compared to the number 30 years ago. True False

False

Though it has cost billions of dollars, the get-tough approach to crime has been effective in controlling crimes. True False

False

Which perspective? David Popenoe (1993) attributes the weakening of family function to decreasing family size; growing absence of fathers and mothers in their children's lives.

Functionalist

Which perspective? The media serve as a link between individuals, communities, and nations, and helps create a collective consciousness, shared norms and values.

Functionalist

Who pointed to the fact that deviance creates jobs for the segments of society - police, prison guards, etc., whose main focus is to deal with deviants in some manner? Martin Luther King Herbert Gans Émile Durkheim Robert Merton Cesare Lombroso

Herbert Gans

victimless crime

Illegal behavior in which people participate voluntarily, including drug use, prostitution, and gambling.

According to research, which of the following reduces with education? Feminism Activism Sexism Functionalism Egalitarianism

Sexism

Which of the following is possibly the most important function of education? Social integration Social placement The establishment of peer relationships Social and cultural innovation Socialization

Socialization

Which of the following statements is true? The UCR estimates about twice as many crimes as the NCVS reports. The NCVS estimates about twice as many crimes as the UCR reports. The NCVS estimates half as many crimes as the UCR reports. The NCVS estimates the exact same number of crimes as the UCR reports. The UCR estimates about four times as many crimes as the NCVS reports.

The NCVS estimates about twice as many crimes as the UCR reports.

Which citizens' advocacy group was founded in 1986 and and has since sought "to bring national attention to disturbing trends and inequities in the criminal justice system with a successful formula that includes the publication of groundbreaking research, aggressive media campaigns and strategic advocacy for policy reform"? The Sentencing Project The Prison Activist Resource Center Penal Reform International Advancement Project People For the American Way

The Sentencing Project

Coca-Cola originally contained cocaine and, perhaps not surprisingly, became an instant hit when it went on sale in 1894. Today, cocaine is a banned substance. This shows that deviance is relative in time. True False

True

conventional crime

Violent and property offenses, including homicide, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft.

focal concerns

Walter Miller's term for the key values of lower-class subcultures.

Which of the following statements is false? If whites lived under the same conditions as African Americans, their crime rates would be much higher as well. African Americans have higher rates of arrest than whites for conventional crime. Whites have higher rates of arrest than African Americans for conventional crime. African Americans are much poorer than whites on average. African Americans are much more likely to live in the large cities with high crime rates.

Whites have higher rates of arrest than African Americans for conventional crime.

Which of the following is true of findings of studies grounded in social interactionism? Wives in working-class families are more likely to say that ideal husbands are ones who communicate well and share their feelings. Men in blue-collar families are more emotionally expressive than their white-collar counterparts. Wives in blue-collar marriages liked to talk with their husbands about problems they were having. Social class does not seem to affect the expectations that spouses have of their marriages and of each other. Wives in middle-class families are more apt to say that ideal husbands are ones who do not drink too much and who go to work every day.

Wives in blue-collar marriages liked to talk with their husbands about problems they were having.

_____ report the highest rates of domestic and dating violence in government surveys. People aged 25 to 45 Teenagers (aged 13-15) Young people (aged 16-24) Middle-aged people (aged 50-60) Elderly people (aged 70-80)

Young people (aged 16-24)

A(n) _____ is a society in which higher education is seen as evidence of the attainment of the needed knowledge and skills for various kinds of jobs. open economy credential society oligopoly capitalist society democracy

credential society

Segregation of schools by law is known as _____ segregation. de jure de facto de fideli dictum de novo

de jure

Marriage within a social category or group, including race, ethnicity, social class, and religion is termed: exogamy. monogamy. endogamy. polygyny. polyandry.

endogamy

Because compulsory schooling in the United States began in part to prevent immigrants' values from corrupting "American" values, critics see its origins as smacking of _____. sinocentrism colonialism imperialism ethnocentrism anthropocentrism

ethnocentrism

Conflict theorists say that schooling teaches a _____, by which they mean a set of values and beliefs that support the status quo, including the existing social hierarchy. latent curriculum hidden curriculum curriculum of inequality faulty curriculum secret curriculum

hidden curriculum

patrilineal

inheritance through the male line

White-collar crime: does not involve tax evasion. is crime committed as part of one's occupation. is committed mostly by poor people. is less deadly than conventional crime. carries a lower financial cost than conventional crime.

is crime committed as part of one's occupation.

De facto segregation is school segregation stemming from _____. credential societies political ideologies religious differences neighborhood residential patterns legal requirements

neighborhood residential patterns

A married heterosexual couple and their young children living by themselves under one roof is called a nuclear family. extended nuclear polygamous exogamous polyandrous

nuclear

Schooling: occurs in schools under teachers, principals, and other specially trained professionals. may occur almost anywhere. for young children has traditionally occurred primarily in the home. requires parents to teach their children to read. in the middle 1800s included boys who were not white.

occurs in schools under teachers, principals, and other specially trained professionals.

The social ecology approach propagates the idea that: social and physical characteristics of urban neighborhoods raise the odds that people growing up and living in these neighborhoods will commit deviance and crime. deviance creates jobs for the segments of society - police, prison guards, etc., whose main focus is to deal with deviants in some manner. criminal behavior is learned by interacting with close friends and family members who teach us how to commit various crimes. deviance strengthens social bonds among the people reacting to the deviant. gender socialization is a key reason for large gender differences in crime rates.

social and physical characteristics of urban neighborhoods raise the odds that people growing up and living in these neighborhoods will commit deviance and crime.

A(n) _____ refers to a group that shares the central values and beliefs of the larger culture but still retains certain values, beliefs, and norms that make it distinct from the larger culture.

subculture

Harsher law enforcement, often called _____, has been the guiding strategy for the U.S. criminal justice system since the 1970s. broken windows policing the routine activity approach the get-tough approach the neutralization technique the rehabilitative approach

the get-tough approach

In a school choice program: schools use specific eligibility tests to enroll students. students are allowed to choose the subjects that they would like to study. students are asked to evaluate their schools based on criteria identified by the government. the government provides more funding to those schools with a track record of higher performance. the government gives parents vouchers that they can use as tuition at private or parochial schools.

the government gives parents vouchers that they can use as tuition at private or parochial schools.

Drug use, prostitution, pornography, and gambling are examples of _____ crime. violent victimless property white-collar conventional

victimless

egalitarian family

A family where both spouses share authority equally.

patriarchal family

A family where the husband and father holds the main authority in the household.

nuclear family

A family composed of two parents and their children living in the same household.

extended family

A family in which parents, children, and other relatives live in the same household.

Which of the following statements about the history of education in the United States is true? During the colonial period, the Catholics in Massachusetts required parents to teach their children to read. Compulsory education became widespread by the end of the 19th century. In general, schooling was required in the colonies. Only about 5 percent of colonial children went to school, although others became apprentices. Free, compulsory education applied only to primary schools.

Compulsory education became widespread by the end of the 19th century.

Which perspective? Social and economic inequalities inherent in our educational system and the system perpetuates these inequalities.

Conflict

Which perspective? Those who control the media are able to manipulate what we see, read, and hear.

Conflict

Which perspective? The family serves the interests of the dominant groups in society.

Conflict

"The social identity the family gives to its children does affect their life chances, but it also reinforces a society's system of stratification." Which sociological perspective reflects this reality? Functionalism Conflict theory Symbolic interactionism Positivism Dramaturgical

Conflict Theory

white-collar crime

Crime committed in the course of one's occupation.

Which of the following statements is correct? Social control is behavior that violates social norms and arouses negative social reactions. Deviance refers to ways in which a society tries to prevent and sanction behavior that violates norms. Crime is behavior that violates government laws. Social control is behavior that violates government laws. Social control and deviance are effectively the same in meaning.

Crime is behavior that violates government laws.

strain theory

Robert Merton's view that deviance is caused by a failure to achieve the American goal of financial success through the conventional means of working.

Which of the following is true of the effects of divorce and single-parent households? Divorce does not have any impact on the financial status of a woman. All divorced spouses have poor mental health after a divorce. Individuals seem to fare better psychologically after ending a very contentious marriage but fare worse after ending a less contentious marriage. Children from divorced families are likely to fare as well as children from non-divorced families. Children from divorced families usually fare the same irrespective of whether the marriage was contentious or not.

Individuals seem to fare better psychologically after ending a very contentious marriage but fare worse after ending a less contentious marriage.

matrilineal

Inheritance through the female line.

Which perspective? A student labeled as "dull" by his teachers may assume that there is some truth to the label, not try very hard, and as a consequence receive poor grades.

Interactionist

Which perspective? Mass media helps shape public agendas by influencing what people think about, and what is considered as a social problem.

Interactionist

Which of the following is true of intimates committing violence against each other? Researchers unanimously say that husbands are just as likely as wives to be beaten by a spouse. Intimate violence is more common in poor families. All research studies reveal that wives are more likely to be beaten by their husbands. Studies reveal that violence committed by husbands against wives is usually as serious as violence committed by wives against husbands. Intimate partner violence is rare among college students.

Intimate violence is more common in poor families.

exogamy

Marriage between social categories or groups.

endogamy

Marriage within a social category or group, including race, ethnicity, social class, and religion.

Which of the following observations about cohabitation is true? Studies reveal that married people who have cohabited with each other are less likely to divorce than married couples who did not cohabit. Married adults are happier and otherwise have greater psychological well-being than cohabiting adults. Adults living alone have better psychological well-being than cohabiting adults. Among young adults, relationship violence is more common among married couples than among cohabiting couples. Children of married parents exhibit lower well-being than children of cohabiting parents.

Married adults are happier and otherwise have greater psychological well-being than cohabiting adults.

subculture of violence

Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti's term for the value system of poor, urban neighborhoods that calls for violent responses to insults and other interpersonal problems.

de jure segregation

School segregation stemming from legal requirements.

de facto segregation

School segregation stemming from neighborhood residential patterns.

Which of the following accurately describes the statistics revealed by U.S. Census data on marriages? Today, the median age at first marriage stands at 25 years for men and 22 years for women. Most marriages are between people of the same race. More than half of all adults have never been married. Age at first marriage increased gradually during the first half of the 20th century. Most households in the country are nonfamily households.

Most marriages are between people of the same race.

Which of the following is true of conventional crimes? Most people arrested for conventional crimes have high levels of education. Most people arrested for conventional crimes have low incomes. Poor people commit most white-collar crimes. The strain theory cannot explain the class differences in arrest. Social class has no connection with crime rates.

Most people arrested for conventional crimes have low incomes.

What is polygyny? One woman having many husbands A family comprising more than one set of parents and their children A family with one set of parents and more than three children One man having many wives A marriage of individuals from separate social groups

One man having many wives

ennifer and Jack set few rules for their children's behavior and do not discipline them when they misbehave. Identify the style of discipline they use. Authoritarian discipline Authoritative discipline Permissive discipline Uninvolved discipline Balanced discipline

Permissive discipline

Which of the following statements regarding conventional crime is correct? African Americans and people of color are less likely than whites to be victims. Poor people are more likely than wealthy people to be victims. Women are more likely than men to be victims for all categories of conventional crimes. Urban residents are less likely than rural residents to be victims. Wealth of the victim has no role to play in these crimes.

Poor people are more likely than wealthy people to be victims.

According to the functional theory, which of the following is a latent function of education? Teaching children norms and values Providing social and cultural education Providing child care Providing social placement Bringing about social integration

Providing child care

Whether a behavior is considered deviant depends on the circumstances in which the behavior occurs and not on the behavior itself. Which term is used to denote this concept? Social control Relativity of deviance Comparative deviance Negative and positive deviance Absolute deviance

Relativity of deviance

differential opportunity theory

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin's view that differential access to illegitimate means helps determine the types of deviance in which poor people engage.

Which of the following is considered a violent crime? Larceny Burglary Shoplifting Arson Robbery

Robbery

Identify the correct statement about divorce. During the Great depression, divorce rates fell drastically. The best estimates say that almost half of all new marriages will one day end in divorce. Divorce rates rose during the 1950s and dropped during the 1960s and 1970s. The women's movement was responsible for the rise in divorce rates during the 1960s and 1970s. According to the text, divorce is less likely when both partners work outside the home.

The best estimates say that almost half of all new marriages will one day end in divorce.

Which of the following is true about child abuse? Most child abuse is committed by strangers. The best evidence indicates that child abuse is more common in poorer families. Economic inequality cannot be blamed for child abuse. Cultural values and practices do not lead to child abuse. Most child abuse victims report the abuse to the appropriate agencies.

The best evidence indicates that child abuse is more common in poorer families.

In terms of the sociological perspectives on family, which of the following statements reflects the functional approach? The family socializes children, provides emotional and practical support for its members, and it provides its members with a social identity. The family contributes to social inequality by reinforcing economic inequality and by reinforcing patriarchy. The family can be a source of conflict, including physical violence and emotional cruelty, for its own members. The interaction of family members and intimate couples involves shared understandings of their situations. Romantic love is the common basis for American marriages and dating relationships, but it is much less common in several other contemporary nations.

The family socializes children, provides emotional and practical support for its members, and it provides its members with a social identity.

education

The social institution through which a society teaches its members the skills, knowledge, norms, and values they need to learn to become good, productive members of their society.

social ecology approach

The view that certain characteristics of neighborhoods and communities influence the likelihood of committing deviance and crime.

labeling theory

The view that extralegal factors affect whether someone acquires a deviant label and that being labeled deviant increases the chances of future deviance.

social control

The ways in which society prevents and sanctions behavior that violates social norms.

social disorganization

The weakening of social bonds and conventional social institutions in a community.

social control theory

Travis Hirschi's view that deviance results from weak bonds to conventional social institutions, such as the family and schools.

A latent function of education is that it keeps millions of high school students out of the full-time labor force. True False

True

Although marriage is generally beneficial, its benefits seem greater for older adults than for younger adults, for whites than for African Americans, and for individuals who were psychologically depressed before marriage than for those who were not depressed. True False

True

The census defines a household as being: a nuclear family of husband, wife, and minor children, whether or not they share a dwelling together. all the people who live together in a dwelling unit and are related by blood, marriage, or adoption. all the people who identify themselves as a family because they are related by blood, marriage, or adoption, whether or not they share a dwelling together. all the people who live together in a dwelling unit, whether or not they are related by blood, marriage, or adoption. all the adult, earning members of a dwelling unit who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption to the other members of the unit.

all the people who live together in a dwelling unit, whether or not they are related by blood, marriage, or adoption.