Sociology Final

Use Paula England's research to predict what incoming college students will find on campus.

A culture of hooking up.

Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago?

Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.

Roberto has read Richard Dawkin's books for many years and decide to devote his life to advancing Dawkin's vision of humanism. Which of the following is Roberto likely to do?

Criticize religion in general rather than investing more time trying to understand it sociologically.

What was the problem with the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program?

Participants were self-selected.

The time period that is characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation is the period of:

Premodern societies.

One of the major reasons farmers genetically modify their produce is so they:

Produce higher yields.

Which of the following statements about religion is most likely to be made by a sociologist?

Religion is a powerful mechanism of social organization and social control.

A married couple and their first born child are a type of groups known as:

Triad.

In the Na culture of China, a little boy grows up very close to one of his male relatives. Everyone expects a strong degrees of influence between this man and the child. This role model male relative is the boy's:

Uncle.

Amy is a married woman with children. She and her partner Alan both work full-time jobs. When they come home, Amy makes dinner, cleans, and tends to the children for the evening. Alan helps with these things sometimes, but many days he rests after work. If Arlie Hochschild saw this household, she would say Amy is experiencing the:

"Second shift."

The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was also referred to as the:

"end of welfare as we know it."

Approximately ___ percent of the nation's population 16 years and older is functionally illiterate.

14%

Which of the following defines a church?

A religious body that coexists with its surroundings with little tension.

A paradox of the American education system is that education is:

A social institution that stratifies students based on the characteristics of their backgrounds even though it is intended to provide equal opportunity.

We face the risk of car accidents because, as a society, we have developed automobile and road technologies and invested in them heavily. Thinking from the perspective of Charles Perrow, we should make choices that might influence the manufactured risk of car accidents in what way?

Attempt to reduce the prevalence and severity of accidents.

Social change:

Can be caused by a variety of factors, like new ideas and technologies.

New technologies like the Internet and social media are major contributors to rapid social:

Change.

If Country A has a Gini coeffiecient of .37 and Country B has a Gini coefficient of .49, which country has more inequality?

Country B has more inequality.

Very few scientist disagree with:

Darwin's natural selection theory.

Seng is a single mother struggling to raise her family with a low income. In 2006, the Pension Protection Act was passed. This act will not help Seng, because, like 68% of working age Americans, she:

Doesn't have an employer-sponsered pension or retirement plan.

When Marie becomes a medical doctor and sets up her office for the first time, she sets her desk in a manner so it is between her and the patient. It just seems like the right thing to do. Sociologists study this practice and see that it:

Establishes the power of the doctor.

An example of collective action would be:

Everyone walking out on an exam.

Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins who live together in a multigenerational household are considered a(n) ____________ family.

Extended.

The Matthew effect is essentially like:

Getting promoted because of who you are, not on the basis of merit.

In discussing financial changes that influenced the economic volatility of recent years, Adeel Qalbani describes how commercial banks are mostly ____, but investment banks are mostly ______.

Heavily regulated; less regulated.

Al Gore's film An Inconvenient Truth documented the effect of ______ on climate temperature?

Human activity.

Normal science:

Is conductive within an existing paradigm.

What is one shortcoming of the current calculation of the poverty rate?

It focuses on income only and ignores wealth.

A sociologist, biologist, and psychologist are studying the causes and consequences of obesity. Their results:

May be complementary or conflicting.

A focus on science, universal truths, and objectivity was a characteristic of which period?

Modern.

Which of the following is a central belief of evangelical Protestants.

Others must be converted to the faith.

Sociologically speaking, the BRCA1 gene mutation is a good example of how:

Social practices can change the effects of genes.

Charles H. Cooley argued that the "self" emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He calls this:

The looking glass self.

The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson type of family was in its prime during which time period?

The post-World War II economic boom.

During the 1800s, culture was defined by Matthew Arnold as "the pursuit of perfection and broad knowledge of the world." Sociologist today define culture as:

The sum total of beliefs, behaviors, and practices that humans create to adapt to the environment around them.

In a battle between church and state, what did the French government ban in 2004?

The wearing of religious garb or conspicuous symbols in public schools.

One important finding from the Coleman Report was that:

When lower-class students went to school with more upper-status students, they did better academically.

Theism is the _____; examples of it include _______.

Worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam.

The Gini coefficient is:

a measure of economic inequality.

What method is usually used to measure poverty?

statistical measures of income.

What percentage of Americans claim a religious affiliation?

77%

Animism is the ____; examples of it are ______.

A belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism.

Cole's parents divorced when he was six, but now both of them are remarried. He has two stepsisters on his mother's side and a new stepbrother on his father's side. These families are examples of which of the following type of family?

A blended family.

Consumers and advocates grew concerned about the plight of tomato pickers, an industry marked by exploitation and even slavery. What outcome fits with Hegel's theory?

A coalition of determined activists can break the dependencies between master and slave.

A religious movement that makes some new claims about the supernatural and does not easily fit within the sect-church cycle is called:

A cult

In the 1960s,, many social scientists, including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, views the strong role held by women in many African American families as:

A detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and causes all sorts of social problems.

A white woman goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. She is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American woman goes into the store and is also excited about the sale but hesitates to take too many clothes into the dressing room because she is afraid the staff will think she might shoplift. W. E. B. Du Bois would say that the African American woman has:

A double consciousness.

Anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1913) examined the family structure of nontraditional cultures and settled a long-standing debate when he concluded that:

A family is a universal human institution.

Which of the following reflects the growing trent of "buy and return" activity, or "religious shopping," in reference to faith?

A tendency among teens to participate in multiple congregations in order to explore the market.

Which term describes the measurement of poverty where a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members?

Absolute poverty.

Ethicalism is the _______; examples of it are ________.

Adherence to ethical principles in order to live a moral life; Taoism and Buddhism.

What does a mass protest organization do?

Advocates for social change through protest.

Which of the following factors contributed to the development of the ideal of the traditional family (male breadwinner and female homemaker) in post-World War II America?

An increase in real wages.

Michael and Shawn are cohabitating. They love each other, but sociological research predicts that, when they do marry, they will face a higher risk of divorce. Sociologists believe this is because they:

Are likely more accepting of divorce.

Espenshade, Chung, and Walling (2004) studied admission to elite colleges and found that ____ were 4 times more likely than other students to gain admission, and ____ were 3 times more likely to be admitted.

Athletes; legacy students.

The rise of large-scale production, the influx of peasants to urban areas to find work, and the rise of a system of wage labor caused the ____________ system to become obsolete in favor of a new system of legal currency.

Barter.

Herrnstein and Murray questioned whether poverty was a result of ____ conditions or whether it actually caused limited opportunities for children.

Biological.

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, what happened?

Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

Professor Stephen Duncombe argues that the Occupy Wall Street movement was a ________ and thus not a lasting ________.

Burst; success.

Adam Smith demonstrated with his pin factory example that:

By dividing labor, factory production increases output by making it more efficient.

If a sociologist collects data on only one high school in a study of the effectiveness of its parents teacher association, he or she is using which of the following research methods?

Case study.

Contagion effects often work through the influence of a leader with a lot of:

Charisma.

In the 1970s, a man by the name Jim Jones persuaded 900 people to commit suicide in Guyana. He was the leader of the Peoples Temple, and his personal appeal allowed him to have this power over his followers. Weber would call this ____ authority.

Charismatic.

Which of the following contains evidence to support the conflict perspective of religion?

Christianity in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was used as as justification for imperialist expansion into non-Christian counties.

Sheniqua is an African American girl. When she is at school, she speaks standard English. When she is at home, she speaks African American English. Her words, tone, and body language change in each setting. Sociologists call this:

Code switching.

Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. This arrangement is known by sociologists as:

Cohabitation.

Group behavior has to violate social norms in order to be classified as "collective action" because:

Collective action seeks to highlight the reasons social norms should be changed.

A ____ is a group of people who get together for worship.

Congregation.

If a U.S. president today followed Lyndon Johnson's model of addressing poverty, what might they do?

Consolidate various social programs into single office in order to coordinate and improve efforts to reduce poverty.

Violations of laws enacted by society is known as:

Crime.

In the 1960w, Peter Berger wrote that pluralism would cause a ___ in which religion would lose its legitimacy as the ____ came apart. The result would be psychological malaise and a loss of meaning to life.

Crisis of credibility: sacred canopy.

Which of the following is an example of secularization?

Crosses are used for decoration and worn as fashion accessories.

A politician who argues that poverty causes people to reject the practices of "mainstream" society is making a(n) ____ argument.

Culture of poverty.

When your friend returns from a study abroad, he reports back to you on the very different foods that people in his host country ate. He explains that to them it's normal, that people in different cultures do things differently, and that he learned not to make value judgments. This is known as:

Culture relativism.

How does genetic testing relate to race?

Definitive genetic markers for race do not exist.

Protestantism is split into many different____, or groups that share the same faith and are governed by the same administration. Examples are Baptists, Lutherans, and Methodists.

Denominations.

It has taken Africa longer to reap the benefits of the green revolution because if Africa's mix of crops and:

Dependency on rain-fed crops.

Which of the following examples would be supported by the research findings on the influence of home characteristics on education.

During the summer, children from higher socioeconomic start backgrounds make educational gains, while children from lower socioeconomic status families experience greater summer setbacks.

Gated communities are an example of which factor that interacts with wealth inequality to increase the gap between the rich and the poor?

Economic segregation.

Elaine is a sociologist going a multidisciplinary international development team. The team wants to promote economic development in underdeveloped parts of the world. Their funds are limited, so they want to choose the intervention that will be most effective. Elaine turns to sociological research and concludes that the most important intervention will be:

Eliminating malaria.

For some followers of religion, _______ such as dancing can make the religious experience feel more authentic and real.

Embodied practices.

The period when a few people try to draw attention to a particular social issue that is not in the public consciousness describes which stage of a social movement?

Emergence.

Enoch is an 80-year-old man who receives moderate Social Security funds and works part-time bagging groceries. Adolph, an 80-year-old man with more Social Security funds, has no need to work. Sociological research predicts that:

Enoch may live longer because of the social interaction benefits of working.

A sociologist and biologist work together to investigate possible epigenetic marks for cancer. In the case of Dani, a cancer patient, they are looking at both her genes and:

Environmental hazards her parents were exposed to.

Lisa Geesh is a U.S. senator who supports policies that give preferential treatment to disadvantaged groups in employment and education. She is concerned with:

Equality of condition.

Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following are true about her experiences EXCEPT:

Even with only herself to support and juggling two or more jobs, she could not afford to live off her wages.

Jamie is using secularization theory to study changes in a European society. She first studies education and notices that the public school curriculum began referring to God less and less and stopped using theistic explanations of historical and geological processes. She then turns to economy and politics, expecting to see:

Evidence of secularization across all social institutions.

In her native country of India, Malina's family would have insisted that she marry someone of a similar ethnicity and social class. Her family has immigrated to the United States, and though her family disapproves, Malina marries a Hawaiian man she has fallen in love with. Her choice reflects her preference for the U.S. marriage rule of:

Exogamy.

The Moving to Opportunity study found that those in the group who received assistance in relocating and life-skills training in addition to housing vouchers:

Experienced less stress and better health.

Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States, although most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. What factors might discourage exogamy?

Facing ostracism from within one's community.

Which of the following trends in current education achievement is supported by research evidence?

Girls from all backgrounds have performed well since the 1960s.

Nani is a Zambian girl who needs advice regarding a friendship conflict. Following the norms of her culture, she is likely to seek advice from:

Her aunt.

One scientist hoped to solve health and nutritional problems for children in developing countries by the genetic modification of rice with:

High levels of Vitamin A.

The development of the American Medical Association was the beginning of the ned (until very recently) of:

Homeopathic medicine.

According to the controversial twin study, there is a genetic link to:

Homosexuality.

When the official poverty line was first set, food made up the largest percentage of household budgets. In today's society, what now makes up the largest percentage?

Housing.

The 1930s Townsend plan movement, which organized elderly Americans to demand a pension from the government, is an example of:

How apparent failures can create conditions for success.

Which question is a sociologist of religion most likely to ask?

How are religious beliefs patterned by social forces?

On most weekends the Smiths, who have one son and two daughters, do their assigned chores. The son mows the lawn and helps his dad with automobile maintenance, while the girls help clean the house and prepare the meals. This distribution of chores reflects:

How gender roles are learned at home.

Jackson's parents pay for him to take private violin lessons and send him to language lessons after school. In the summer, he attends science camp. His parents try to take him on one vacation to a foreign country every year. Jackson's parents hope that these activities will build his skills and better position him to get into a competitive university. Jackson's parents are investing in his:

Human capital.

Knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable are known as:

Human capital.

Which of the following characterized the preindustrial family?

Husbands and wives were partners in both homemaking and economic labor.

"Social Physics" or "Positivism" is best defined as the:

Idea that we can scientifically and logically study social institutions and the individuals within them.

Which of the following is one of the ways that sociologist study religion?

Identifying the purposes religion serves for individuals and societies.

Morbidity means ____________; mortality means ____________.

Illness; death.

Which of the following is a reason why the egalitarian nature of American democracy has made Americans more likely then Europeans to enlist in voluntary organizations?

Immigrants formed organizations to unite with other immigrants with similar values.

One of the explanations of continued racism in America is that we have:

Imported a colonized population (through slavery) and continued to exclude them.

The Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program (later CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) was established in 1945 to:

Improve Mexico's agricultural output.

Presbyterian, Green Bay Packers fan, Republican, and Italian are all group associations that help define a person as a(n):

Individual.

Research subjects have a right to know that they are participating in a study and what they study consists of. This is known as:

Informed consent.

Though she graduated from high school, Jenny does not possess the skills necessary to balance her checkbook or make change for a customer without the aid of a cash register. Jenny is:

Innumerate.

A tradeunion representing works in particular job categories acts as a(n) ____ when it attempts to influence policy.

Interest group.

The decision to develop atomic weapons during World War II was influenced by:

International geopolitical circumstances.

Which of the following is true regarding the applicability of network analysis within sociological research?

It can be used in both micro-level and macro-level studies.

Which of following is true regarding the value of high versus low culture?

It is difficult to debate the worth of high and low culture.

The research on teacher quality demonstrates that:

It is difficult to identify characteristics that will make effective teachers because these characteristics are hard to quantify.

Which of the following is a negative social function of religion? Religion can:

Justify unequal and unfair differences between groups in society.

Research has shown that the ____ the family, the ____ the children's achievement on the test scores and grades.

Larger; lower.

Toma is a nineteenth-century peasant who moved to a city to find work. Back in his village, most of Toma's transactions were bartered—swapping an animal for cloth or potatoes for a tool. In the city, monetization governs wage labor, which means that:

Legal currencies are used in financial exchanges.

According to research in Dalton Conley's The Pecking Order (2004), how does the average income of daughters raised by stay-at-home mothers compare to that of daughters of working moms? The daughters of stay-at-home mothers are:

Less likely to earn as much as their brothers.

Some sociologist of religion, such as Kelly Besecke, study how people reconcile scientific knowledge with religious beliefs. Besecke found that American Christians practice "reflexive spirituality." This means that people:

Look to religion to provide meaning, wisdom, and profound thought rather than absolute truths about the way the world works.

Sometimes meat and poultry aren't labeled organic even though they come from free-range animals raised without growth hormones or antibiotics. This is because:

Maintaining an organic farm with U.S. Department of Agriculture certification is expensive; many farmers can't comply because of this.

It is 2013, and Isaac is an incoming college student. Sociological research surrounding the data presented in this chart would predict what outcome for Isaac? He will likely:

Major in finance or engineering and ultimately out earn his fame classmates.

Imagine you are a member of Critical Mass, the cycling organization that attempts to educate the public about carbon dioxide pollution from gas vehicles. Even though it lacks organizational structure of a professional movement, it has high levels of member participation. This would be a ________ organization.

Mass protest.

A Hegelian perspective shows that the ____ relationship is alive and well today in industries such a tomato picking.

Master-slave.

Arron is doing fieldwork on the topic of poverty in First World nations. Because he understands the difference between absolute and relative poverty, he expects that poor people in wealthier countries will have:

Material goods such as flat screen TVs and cell phones.

Which of the following is an example of how social solidarity and collective conscience function?

Max attends a church youth group regularly. Because he is active in group-sponsored activities and has been socialized to the norms of this group, he is less likely to spend time with peers who may engage in deviant activities.

A strong study establishes validity because it is important that the researcher:

Measure what he or she intends to measure.

A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

Medicaid.

Michael is a case manager for a group home. Stan is a man with severe developmental disabilities who lives at the group home. Michael needs to seek medical coverage for Stan. Which government program will Michael likely seek out?

Medicare.

Why do megachurches use sales techniques such as formatting the Bible like a magazine, with photographs of attractive teens and advice about fashion and friendship?

Megachurches use sales and marketing techniques that are effective in the broader culture.

What population was Oscar Lewis studying when he coined the term "culture of poverty?"

Mexicans.

To understand the role of religion in people's lives and how individuals value and experience their faiths, which type of sociological approach should we adopt?

Microsociology.

Today, sociologists tend to study religion from a ____________ perspective. This allows them to look at everyday human interactions, practices, and beliefs on a small scale.

Mircosociology.

Jenny lives in a society in which there is a strong norm against mixing business with pleasure. Work and leisure activities are physically separate, occurring at different times, on different days, at different places, and often with different people. Jenny lives in a ____________ society.

Modern Capitalist.

Which of the following is a paradox about religion? Religions that are:

More demanding of their followers grow faster than less strict religions, but as a religion grows larger, it tends to become less strict.

A pastor is founding a community church with a core belief in gender equality. Sociological research predicts that the pastor is likely to see:

More women engaged in church activities than men.

Which of the following is mentioned in your text as a criticism of using the SAT as a college admissions criterion?

Most of the time, college admissions officers would make the same admissions decisions using information only from students' high school records; furthermore, low SAT scores might disqualify from admission students who are otherwise academically talented.

Christoph Wilhelm Lucht is an American living in Chicago during World War I. Concerned about discrimination against German Americans, he makes choices that will help his family survive. Sociologists call his strategy "passing," citing as an example his choice to:

Name his daughter Jane and to be happy when she marries and changes her last name to Jones.

College faculty members in the ____________ are much more likely to belong to churches and express religious commitment than are faculty in the ____________.

Natural, physical, and engineering sciences; social sciences, law, and humanities.

You conduct a study of romantic love among college students. You ask one student to participate, and she says she is annoyed and offended you asked her. You have caused her harm, but does this level of harm construe an ethics violation?

No, because this harm is not greater than that which people encounter in everyday life.

The principle of ____ means that each state tacitly agrees to mind its own business when it comes to the internal affairs of there sovereign countries, as long as borders are respected.

Noninterference.

The faith of Americans tends to be more broad than deep. This is evidenced by which of the following results from research?

Of those Americans who agree that the Bible is the inspired word of God, only half can name the first book of the Bible.

Rosenthal and Jacobson's 1968 study of the Pygmalion effect provided strong evidence that teacher expectations matter. Mr. Hildebrand is a teacher who reads this study and, in an effort to improve his teaching, decides to:

Offer promising learners detailed and personalized feedback on their performance no just a generic "good job."

Which of the following would be an example of social capital?

Parents volunteer to work in the library of a public school that does not have the funding to pay a librarian's salary.

According to the normative view of science, what should scientist leave at the laboratory?

Personal Values.

In general, rulers prove their authority by:

Persuading subordinates that their claims to power are valid.

Maria and Steve are on summer vacation in Greece. They want to go into an old church to view the artwork inside, but before they are allowed to enter the church, a volunteer church worker asks them both to cover their bare legs and arms and provides them with coverings. This example illustrates:

Places considered sacred are often protected and set apart from what is considered profane.

Sociologist T.H. Marshall discussed three types of citizenship rights. Which of the following is one of these rights?

Political rights.

The linking go social movements with religion demonstrates the:

Powerful capacity of religion to shape the social worlds.

A branch of Christianity believed that their souls were selected for salvation before birth. This is known as:

Predestination.

In _____ societies, tradition was important because the customs that were passed down through the generations helped guide everyday life.

Premodern.

Often nonscientists—such as politicians—make decisions that affect the course of science. Which of the following is an example of this?

President Bush and stem cell research.

A sociologist studies children at a day care center. She must get approved from and ethics board because children are a ____ population.

Protected.

Under feudalism, lords exchanged land with the vassals in return for what?

Protection.

Marlin Card expressed insight also found in Susan Mayer's research when he said that even more than increased income, families such as his would benefit from more:

Quality time between parents and their children.

Max Weber wondered how ____ entered the modern would when the premodern worldview was governed by ________.

Rationality: tradition.

Juanita is a graduate student studying male prisoners. She carefully considers how her gender, age, and education may affect the prisoners and their responses to her. Juanita is practicing:

Reflexivity.

An example of a(n) ____ social movement occurred during the civil rights movement, when African Americans boycotted buses.

Reformation.

Jeremy used to be religious, but after he spent a summer doing antipoverty advocacy work in New Orleans, he became an atheist. He says, "I agree with Karl Marx! Religion really is the opium of the masses." Which of the following statements reflects Jeremy's agreement with Marx?

Religion pacifies people with promises of rewards on the afterlife: therefore, they do not challenge the subjugating, exploitative, and alienating social conditions in this life.

______ social movements advocate the radical reorganization of society.

Revolutionary.

The difference between a social movement and a ritual is that:

Rituals don't aim to change something about society.

Which of the following statements reflects Durkheim's thoughts about religion?

Sacred objects have power and meaning because individuals collectively invest the power and meaning in the symbols.

In opposition to the sociology researcher Bruno Latour, many scientists assert that _______ are not made but rather preexist in objective reality waiting to be discovered.

Scientific facts.

The difference between evangelical Protestants and fundamentalist Christians is that Fundamentalists:

Separate themselves from the world; evangelicals try to win converts by engaging with the world.

Sociologist Stephen Morgan researched students in private Catholic schools, looking for a relationship among academic achievement, religiosity, and parental involvement. His findings about the non-catholic students at Catholic schools would lead him to encourage parents to:

Set high goals for their children.

When asked if they attended church services at least once a month, about 60 percent of Americans say they do. But when daily diaries of people's activities are examined, rates of church attendance are much lower. This problem of self-reporting of positive behaviors is known within sociology as:

Social desirability bias.

The Phillip Morris Company changed its name to Altria in an attempt to create a new:

Social identity.

The green revolution has made it expensive for individual farms to survive on their own, so new collectives and cooperatives have emerged to bring together household farmers. Émile Durkheim might call this a type of:

Social solidarity.

While the notion of sex refers to biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to ____________ characteristics.

Social.

Émile Durkheim felt that one of the major functions of religion was that perpetuates:

Solidarity.

You are concerned about water quality in your town, but officials don't seem to be listening. You join a group that puts on a public play in which some people pour fitly water on others. When the wet people pretend to die, the water-pourers rejoice. This approach reflects the ________ approach to activism promoted by Andy Bichlbaum.

Spoof.

As is the case within Christianity, denominational divisions exist within Islam. The main division is between which two groups?

Sunnis and Shiites.

The fee-for-service system caused a situation where physicians could determine the number of (often unnecessary) visits required for treatment. This problem was called:

Supplier-induced demand.

Sacred things can include books, buildings, days, and places. From a sociological standpoint, the sacredness comes from:

Symbolic meaning created from the collective investment of community.

Reformative social movements:

Target almost everyone in a society.

A Marxist theorist of education would critique schools for socializing children to accept the status quo, because schools:

Teach skills that make students subordinate.

Liam is a sociologist studying which factors determine health outcomes. He is doing a study that will refine the outcomes of the Whitehall Study. Thus, he looks at differences in health outcomes between the following groups:

Teachers, lawyers, service workers.

According to Karl Marx, one of the ways a factory owner would control his or her workers would be through religion. This was done by:

Teaching the workers that they would reap their rewards in the afterlife.

In the 1980s, journalist Ken Auletta coined the term "underclass." He said that the underclass was different from the "rest of us" in that they:

Tended to be more dangerous.

Which of the following is true regarding the Amish community's beliefs and practices?

The Amish are more likely to start successful businesses than the general public.

People who are born into poverty and ultimately raise their own children in poverty learn how to live in poverty. They learn the norms and values associated with that particular way of life. Oscar Lewis called this:

The Culture of poverty.

James Paris and Emily Hoffman work together to develop new knowledge in physics. Hoffman is a well-established scholar with a strong reputation, and Paris is a little-known scholar. Over time, their physics discovery becomes known as the Hoffman Arc. Paris's contribution goes unacknowledged. This dynamic is common, and sociologist call it:

The Matthew effect.

Which 1966 legislation led to national welfare reform during the Clinton administration?

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act.

Which 1966 legislation led to national welfare reform during the clinton administration?

The Personal Responsibility with Work Opportunity Act.

If Peter Berger read this data about belief in God by country, he would conclude that:

The Philippines has the strongest sacred canopy.

Which federal government program for children matches the state funding while still allowing states to set their own criteria for eligibility and control the disbursement of funds?

The State Children's Health Insurance Plan.

After a traumatic accident, a male baby is left with a mircopenis that is badly damaged. Based on the case of David Reimer, what would likely be most helpful?

The baby should be raised as a boy and should participate in medical decision making in age-approatie ways.

What was one of the largest American social movements that effected major social change?

The civil rights movement.

Some gays and lesbians may be in favor of finding a so-called gay gene, because many in the gay community believe that:

The controversy will move from a moral choice to a biological characteristic, so discrimination may decrease.

College student Jerry say disease, natural disasters, and even war serve a greater purpose. His friends say his views are offensive, and Jerry replies, "But I'm a Malthusian!" Along with Thomas Malthus, Jerry believes that the benefit of problems that wipe out large number of human is that:

The decreased pressure on the food supply reduces starvation and misery.

In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as:

The domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.

In terms of the evolution of payment and exchange, wage labor is more developed than piecework payment because under wage labor:

The employer assumes responsibility for the quality of the raw materials, the technology, and the production process.

Mollie Orsshansky used the U.S. Department of Agriculture's recommendations for the minimum amount of healthy food, estimated the cost for a variety of family types, and multiplied this figure by a factor of three to measure:

The official poverty line.

How does a dialectic work?

The process of conflict and resolution leads to social change.

During the 1960s some social scientists touted the secularization theory. This theory predicted:

The the influence of religion would be diminished in the coming years.

A Christian missionary goes to a tribal society and shares the Christian faith. The missionary teaches that there is one God who exist in heaven, apart from the natural world. The tribal people insist that the sacred is everywhere, an essence in trees, wind, and animals. The missionary is expressing a(n) _____ view of religion; the tribal people are expressing a(n) _____ view>

Theistic; animistic.

Which of the following is a factor affecting the strong academic performance of Asian Americans?

There is a high degree of social capital in Asian American communities, and the community reinforces norms of regarding education and parenting.

Mika is going to Africa to implement a development project in a poor rural area. She takes Jeffrey Sach's advice, focusing on malaria reduction. Which outcome is most likely?

There is a resurgence of malaria due to antibiotic-resistant strains of the disease.

Weak ties are valuable parts of a social network because:

They are more likely to introduce us to new information and ideas.

A sociologist and an environmental scientist are each interested in global climate change. The sociologist prioritizes human choices that influence climate. The environmental scientist finds biological factors that influence climate. When the sociologist and environmental scientist dialogue, they may find that their apparent disagreement is actually due to the fact that:

They are working through different frameworks.

One argument against genetically modified food is that:

They may pose long-term adverse health effects.

Phillipe Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:

Thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing.

In what way are the conclusions of Max Weber and Karl Marx Similar?

To Weber, people in the modern world are trapped in the iron cage; to Marx, people e in the modern world are alienated.

One of the major reasons Native Americans were placed in boarding schools for 60 years was:

To socialize them to become "civilized" Americans.

According to Nell Irvin Painter, author of The History of White People, white people:

Typically just see themselves as "individuals"

Since the late 1990s, large portion of Asia has been:

Using high-yield rice seeds.

According to Max Weber, in order to understand what drives social action, we must try to understand what meanings social realities have for others. This is called:

Versthen.

Who of the following has argued that African American female-headed families are the outcome, rather than the cause, of racial oppression and poverty?

W.E.B. Du Bois.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father) in U.S. history? The traditional family:

Was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and in broader historical view, seems almost unusual.

Research has shown that religious attendance and affiliation are inversely correlated with alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. Which of the following is a valid conclusion of this?

We cannot determine if religion causes healthy lifestyles or if some other factor predisposes people to both healthy behavior and religion.

Income-based measurements are deceptive because they hide the real influence of:

Wealth.

With regard to research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes, which of the following is true?

When social class characteristics are controlled for, test score gaps between black and white students shrink, black students have a higher high school graduation rate, and black students are less likely to be held back a grade.

Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crimes, as defined by sociologists?

White-collar crime.

With regard to gender and religion, which of the following statements is supported by research?

Women tend to be more religious than men.

Marissa is a Catholic of Mexican descent and has recently immigrated to the United States. She studies the civil rights movement wanting to apply her findings to her immigrant community as they seek upward mobility and inclusion in the United States. She is most likely to:

Work to strengthen the organizational and symbolic resources of the community, such as building social networks and coalitions.

In her study of real estate and inequality, graduate student Shania looks for the "Aspen effect." She is looking for:

Workers who must live very far from their jobs due to real estate prices.

A mass protest organization and a grassroots organization both rely on high levels of membership but a grassroots organization:

Works through existing political structures to promote change.

One of the concerns with the Human Genome Project is that once your genetic structure is known:

You may be labeled in such a way that a self-fulfilling prophecy takes place.

If your identity is a definition of who you are, then how does your affiliation with multiple groups affect it?

Your unique identity comes from the collection of groups to which you belong.

An Ascribed status is one that:

a person has little or no control over.

The concept of race:

has changed over time

Convergence theory says that the role of planning in collective action:

isn't necessary; collective action can emerge from social circumstances.

Broadly defined, education is:

the processes through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools—both general and specific—are developed.