sociology final exam

People who see gender as immutable and deriving solely from biology are called:

essentialists

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

England

According to the U.S. General Accounting Office, an employer that violates more than one federal or state labor law concerning wages, overtime, child labor, safety and health, or industrial regulation is classified as:

a sweatshop

Which of the following is one of the primary principles of capitalism?

privatization of the means of production

The process of learning behavior and meanings through social interaction is called:

social learning

The economic system based on collective ownership of the means of production and collective distribution of goods and services is called:

socialism

Organizations formed expressly to raise and spend money in order to influence elected officials are called:

special interest group

An association of workers who organize to improve their economic status and working conditions is called:

union

How is patriarchy defined?

"the rule of the father" or a male-dominated society

What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?

crime

In the United States, legislatures, police, courts, and prisons make up the:

criminal justice system

Which of the following disorders occurs more often in women than in men?

depression

The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called:

different association theory

The roles, traits, and behaviors that are associated with a particular gender are called:

gender identity

The cultural and economic changes that result from dramatic increases in international trade and exchange are called:

globalization

Which of the following is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit?

meritocracy

The methods and tactics of managing a political entity are called:

politics

What system of stratification is commonly used in capitalist societies?

social class

What is the group of nonprofit organizations that are designed to run as cost effectively as possible and to direct any earnings back into the causes they support called?

the third sector

Why do critics object to school vouchers?

they do not improve public education

Firms that purposely transcend national borders so that their products can be manufactured at sites all over the world are called:

transnational corporation

New innovations in farming like mechanized seed spreaders and new techniques of crop rotation were part of what macro-level social change?

agriculture revolution

A political system that denies ordinary people participation or representation in their government is called?

authoritatianism

The ability to direct one's individual destiny is:

autonomy

Who is most likely to be mocked by their peers for violating gender norms?

boys

How do teachers treat boys and girls differently?

boys get more favored and girls get better grades

What are the benefits of telecommuting?

business gets increased, productivity, and less sick days

Public schools that are run by private entities are called:

charter schools

What do sociologists call awareness of our own and others' class statuses?

class consciousness

An action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of his membership in a racial or ethnic group is called:

discrimination

What is it called when a government bars an individual, either temporarily or permanently, from voting?

disenfranchised

Schools that blend high school and college are called

early college high schools

What is the central means by which modern society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to it members?

education

According to Talcott Parsons and other functionalists, which role are women better suited for?

expressive role

Social movements organized around a belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes are called :

feminism

The family member who is task driven, breadwinning, and authoritative is taking the ____________ role.

instrumental

What two roles did the structuralist Talcott Parsons identify within the family?

instrumental and expressive

The exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group's political borders is called:

internal colonalism

When does gender role socialization begin?

it begins early and continues throughout our lives

What effect did the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 have on unions?

it instituted limitations on secondary strikes and boycotts

Why would a company outsource or contract out labor they might otherwise employ their own staff to perform?

its cheaper

Someone who works primarily with information and develops or uses knowledge in the workplace is called:

knowledge

For what two categories of crime are women more likely to be arrested than men?

prostitution and runaways

A set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another is:

racism

Tactics that let workers take back some degree of control over the conditions in which they work are called:

resistant strategies

What is a sweatshop?

shop or factory in which employees work long hours at low wages and unhealthy conditions

In terms of health and life expectancy, what is "the great equalizer"?

smoking

When students are tested, and the test results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.), this process is called:

tracking

Why are female runaways more likely to be reported as missing by their parents?

women are thought to be weak and need protection

According to Friedrich Engels, how do capitalists benefit from a patriarchal system?

women in private sphere and men in the workplace