Sociology Final Exam: Chapter 15

26. Feminist scholars who analyze the family often refer to the second shift. Which of the following scenarios best captures the meaning of this phrase? a. A female social worker returns home from work to drive her children to soccer practice, prepares dinner, and completes a load of laundry. b. A male truck driver works through the night to ensure that his truck arrives at the proper location at the designated time. c. A woman works two jobs to support her children, unemployed husband, and aging parents. d. A divorced man works two jobs to pay for child support, alimony, and nursing home fees for his parents.

a. A female social worker returns home from work to drive her children to soccer practice, prepares dinner, and completes a load of laundry.

30. A sociologist studies the history of the American family, focusing on the "sexual double standard." Which question focuses on the sexual double standard? a. How did men explain their desire for personal sexual promiscuity while demanding strict sexual loyalty from their wives? b. What coping mechanisms did mothers use to both grieve frequent child deaths and delight in their living children? c. How did religious understandings of conception harmonize with or conflict with scientific views of human reproduction? d. What did sexuality mean during childhood as compared with adulthood?

a. How did men explain their desire for personal sexual promiscuity while demanding strict sexual loyalty from their wives?

27. The tendency to romanticize the idea of family has included ideas about children and childhood. What would historical research lead us to predict about the lives of children in premodern United States or Europe? a. They worked at an early age or left the family at an early age to do domestic work for others. b. They were treasured and treated as angels or cherubs. c. The vast majority of them experienced a great deal of permanence and stability. d. Most of them lived in fairly large households with extended family.

a. They worked at an early age or left the family at an early age to do domestic work for others.

46. What is one factor that increases the likelihood a person will get a divorce at some point in his or her life? a. bearing children outside marriage b. having children early in the marriage c. having high income d. not cohabiting prior to marriage

a. bearing children outside marriage

22. Functionalism describes the functional value of social roles. This theory describes, in traditional families, the husband as breadwinner, which is the ________ role, whereas the wife manages the home and children in the ________ role. a. instrumental; affective b. paternal; maternal c. primary socializing; secondary socializing d. stabilizing; nurturing

a. instrumental; affective

8. Connections between individuals who are blood relatives that are established through either marriage or the lines of descent are known as: a. kinship b. family c. extended family d. nuclear family

a. kinship

15. A married couple is expected to live in or very near the home of the bride's parents. This is what type of arrangement? a. matrilocal b. patrilocal c. neolocal d. adjoining

a. matrilocal

54. What is the most common type of child abuse? a. neglect b. physical abuse c. emotional maltreatment d. sexual abuse

a. neglect

10. What type of family consists of two adults living together in a household with their own or adopted children? a. nuclear family b. extended family c. postmodern family d. marital family

a. nuclear family

31. Betty Friedan is an icon in the second women's movement in the United States. In her widely read book The Feminine Mystique, what is she talking about when she refers to "the problem with no name"? a. the boredom of housewives b. domestic violence c. the wage gap between men and women d. the pressures on males who are sole breadwinners

a. the boredom of housewives

2. In 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that same-sex marriage was legal in all states. This ruling marks a milestone in this debate over marriage. It also challenges the ideal of what David Popenoe and others have argued as to what defines a "family," namely: a. two parents, consisting of a father and a mother b. two parents, consisting of two people of any gender c. an extended family consisting of parents, grandparents, and other relatives d. a stay-at-home parent who takes care of the child or children

a. two parents, consisting of a father and a mother

32. Which woman is experiencing what Betty Friedan termed "the feminine mystique"? a. A young woman displays her sexuality beautifully and in public in a way that mystifies onlookers. b. A housewife feels lost and bored in the drudgery of housework and child care. c. A mother somehow manages to "do it all." d. A woman never tells her age and never shares her sexual past with her current partner.

b. A housewife feels lost and bored in the drudgery of housework and child care.

47. Darren and Eliza were married five years and then divorced. Their pattern of "uncoupling" followed the pattern described by Diane Vaughan's 1986 study. What happened to Darren and Eliza? a. They had a child before marriage, which created financial stress and strain with their families of origin. b. After three years of marriage, they both started creating independent social lives, without even realizing it. c. They lived in a nuclear family, which isolated them from broader extended family support. d. They refer to their divorce as "uncoupling," which makes it seem less severe.

b. After three years of marriage, they both started creating independent social lives, without even realizing it.

52. What does research on family-structure effects on children reveal about the difference in experience between girls and boys when considering both a stepfamily and a divorced household? a. Boys tend to suffer more in the stepfamily, while girls suffer more in a divorce. b. Girls tend to suffer more in a stepfamily, while boys suffer more in a divorce. c. Both boys and girls tend to suffer more in a divorce than in a stepfamily. d. Both boys and girls tend to suffer more in a stepfamily than in a divorce.

b. Girls tend to suffer more in a stepfamily, while boys suffer more in a divorce.

51. Which statement is an accurate description of the pattern(s) of remarriage among divorced people? a. Women have a higher probability of remarrying than do men. b. The divorce rate among second marriages is higher than for first marriages. c. The vast majority have no interest in ever marrying again. d. Remarriages tend to be less satisfying than first marriages.

b. The divorce rate among second marriages is higher than for first marriages.

44. How does divorce affect the living standards of the former spouses? a. Standard of living does not change significantly for either spouse. b. The standard of living drops by 27 percent for women and goes up 10 percent for men. c. The standard of living for men drops by 37 percent due to alimony and child support requirements. d. The standard of living increases by 27 percent for women and drops 10 percent for men.

b. The standard of living drops by 27 percent for women and goes up 10 percent for men.

42. Kinship ties matter a great deal to Native Americans. What is surprising about marriage within this group? a. They continue to marry strictly within their own ethnic group. b. They have a higher rate of intermarriage than any other racial or ethnic group. c. They have gradually moved away from the idea of marriage as a viable institution. d. They have passed laws that ban marriage with those who are not Native American.

b. They have a higher rate of intermarriage than any other racial or ethnic group.

20. A sociologist supports a community group in developing a program that will enhance personality stabilization. Which program fits this description? a. a suicide hotline where a person can call to talk with a support person anonymously b. a "take your spouse on a walk" night at a local park c. a family education program that offers breastfeeding support for new mothers d. a drug and alcohol prevention program at a local middle school

b. a "take your spouse on a walk" night at a local park

58. Cohabiting couples are increasing in the United States. Which of the following people in cohabiting unions are most likely to marry? a. an African American couple in which the man completed high school but the woman dropped out of school in the ninth grade b. a white child-free couple who are both physicians c. a low-income couple who both dropped out of college and have two children d. a white man and woman who dropped out of high school

b. a white child-free couple who are both physicians

29. What do we call marriage formed through personal selection and based on affection or love? a. family arrangement b. affective individualism c. the feminine mystique d. extended family

b. affective individualism

11. Your best friend lives with her mother and father, her two sisters, and her grandmother and aunt, all in the same household. A sociologist would refer to this as a(n) ________ family. a. nuclear b. extended c. matrilocal d. polygamous

b. extended

7. The term for a group of people directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of which assume responsibility for caring for children, is: a. affective primary group b. family c. monogamy d. community

b. family

12. Lisa says, "My family of orientation had, well, some problems!" She is referring to: a. the adults in the household in which she was raised b. her parents and brothers, which constituted the household in which she was raised c. her best friends, who are truly the "family" that oriented her to life d. her husband and children

b. her parents and brothers, which constituted the household in which she was raised

4. David Popenoe argues that mothers and fathers influence children differently. In his view, a family consisting of two fathers and a daughter would be limited because: a. mothers play more with daughters, teaching them teamwork and self-control b. mothers provide nurture and connection in a way that only women can provide c. fathers offer discipline, but this isn't needed from both parents d. men tend to compete with each other instead of cooperate

b. mothers provide nurture and connection in a way that only women can provide

14. We are all born into our family of orientation or origin, and our family of procreation is that which we enter into to raise a future generation of children. What is one additional distinction between our family of orientation and family of procreation? a. the nature of our work b. our place of residence c. whether we birth children d. whether we adopt children or give birth to new children

b. our place of residence

50. Within those of the same age group, who is more likely to get married? a. people who have never been married compared with people who have been married and divorced b. people who have been married and divorced compared with people who have never been married c. poor people compared with rich people d. divorced women compared with divorced men

b. people who have been married and divorced compared with people who have never been married

17. Sociologists have found that many societies sanction marriage between more than two individuals at the same time. What do we call this system when it is allowed? a. monogamy b. polygamy c. matrilocality d. patrilocality

b. polygamy

57. Emily moves in with her girlfriend, Aniqa. A sociologist interviews Emily about cohabitation, and Emily expresses a common reason for cohabiting. What does Emily say? a. "I doubt I could handle a serious relationship, so this keeps it fairly casual." b. "I need to test things out before marriage." c. "I love spending time with Aniqa, and this gives us more time together." d. "I'm pretty sure we will be married within six months."

c. "I love spending time with Aniqa, and this gives us more time together."

39. Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas researched low-income women and nonmarital childbirth in Philadelphia and in Camden, NJ. Another sociologist repeats their research in Chicago and finds very similar results. What is a comment that low-income women in Chicago might often make to the researcher? a. "I can earn my own income, so I don't need to marry." b. "I was married once, and it didn't work out, so I'd rather be a single parent than try again." c. "Marriage is important and valuable, but for me, marriage would probably make life worse." d. "I need to prioritize caring for my child over building a relationship with the child's father."

c. "Marriage is important and valuable, but for me, marriage would probably make life worse."

53. According to available data about child abuse, ________ percent of abused children are abused by their parents versus those abused by others. a. 50 b. 8 c. 92 d. 29

c. 92

1. Which of the following actions is an application of David Popenoe's recommendation as to how marriage could be reestablished as a strong social institution? a. A state requires couples to go through counseling prior to getting married. b. The federal government allows health care companies to refuse contraception to certain people or altogether. c. A company stops relocating employees who have children and provides generous parental leave. d. A family puts time and effort into spending quality time together.

c. A company stops relocating employees who have children and provides generous parental leave.

34. One of the major arguments that opponents of same-sex marriage have tried to advance is that childbearing and child rearing are crucial to the preservation of the family. What does the data on same-sex households reveal quite clearly in the matter of children in same-sex households? a. Any children in a same-sex household are adopted. b. Almost no same-sex couples have children. c. About 20 percent of same-sex couples have children. d. Same-sex households with children are much less stable than opposite-sex couples.

c. About 20 percent of same-sex couples have children.

41. If sociologists' predictions come true, what will Asian American families look like in the future, and why? a. They will be more distinctive according to Asian American subcultures (Korean American, Vietnamese American, and so on) due to American pluralism. b. They will have more blended families and more divorce due to exposure to U.S. media. c. They will look more like white families due to acculturation. d. They will retain features of American traditional families from the early twentieth century due to compatibility with traditional Asian norms.

c. They will look more like white families due to acculturation.

24. Whereas earlier schools of thought focused on the family as a unit, feminist thinkers instead considered the: a. family as a political creation b. functional value of various family forms c. dynamics between people within families d. socializing role played by various family members

c. dynamics between people within families

43. Cuban Americans have higher rates of wealth, lower rates of fertility, and lower levels of nonmarital fertility than other Hispanic groups. Sociologists think this is because: a. a deep historical legacy around the loss of their homeland shapes family lives b. family lives are shaped primarily around cultural factors c. economic factors may be more important than cultural factors in shaping family lives d. religious beliefs shape family lives

c. economic factors may be more important than cultural factors in shaping family lives

23. A sociologist observes that couples today express a desire for equality and symmetry, but in reality, women still do much more housework than men. If the sociologist develops this observation into a research study, which theoretical perspective is most directly related to the topic? a. functional b. postmodern c. feminist d. affective individualist

c. feminist

36. The long history of "family" and the family as a unit has been a major obstacle for those seeking marital bliss as same-sex couples. Worldwide, changes have been substantial in the past decade. Today, same-sex marriages: a. are legally recognized in only one nation in South America b. are legal in most countries in the world c. have experienced increasing support in the United States and abroad d. are not legal in any country besides the United States

c. have experienced increasing support in the United States and abroad

9. A socially acknowledged and approved sexual union between two, and only two, adult individuals is called: a. a nuclear family b. a family c. marriage d. monogamy

c. marriage

21. The family plays an important role in adults' lives by giving them emotional support. Sociologist Talcott Parsons called this: a. primary socialization b. secondary socialization c. personality stabilization d. functional stabilization

c. personality stabilization

18. Many societies sanction the male having more than one wife at the same time. The most specific term for this arrangement is: a. monogamy b. polygamy c. polygyny d. polyandry

c. polygyny

40. Annette Lareau found that children of middle-class parents tended to have a sense of entitlement while those of lower-class families tended to have a sense of constraint. Her work attributes different child-rearing practices to differences in: a. race b. ethnicity c. social class d. marital status

c. social class

60. Today, it is most common for young people to leave home to begin an independent life. In previous generations, young people were likely to leave home: a. to avoid domestic violence b. because their parents died c. to get married d. to join an aunt's or uncle's household

c. to get married

13. A student in a sociology class plans a study on how divorce affects families of procreation. Which grouping does she recruit as participants in her study? a. parents, their siblings, and all children b. a person, their parents and grandparents, and all associated descendants c. two parents and the children they are raising d. a person and all their previous partners in cohabitation or marriage

c. two parents and the children they are raising

16. Most Western societies use both law and cultural norms to promote monogamy. Accordingly, in societies with these laws and norms, we can expect to see: a. more extended family households than nuclear family households b. occasionally one man married to multiple women but never a woman married to multiple men c. two, and only two, partners in a marriage d. most marriages lasting for a lifetime

c. two, and only two, partners in a marriage

48. Diane Vaughan's 1986 study found that the process of "uncoupling" in a marriage is often: a. deliberate b. the result of an affair c. unintentional d. based on economic hardship

c. unintentional

55. What is one trend that is apparent with respect to cohabitation? a. The vast majority of people who cohabit today are doing so to make sure they are compatible for marriage. b. Few people who cohabit ultimately marry. c. Cohabitation is a passing fad in American culture and has dramatically declined in recent years. d. Cohabitation as an alternative to marriage is increasing in many other countries as well as in the United States.

d. Cohabitation as an alternative to marriage is increasing in many other countries as well as in the United States.

35. What piece of legislation enacted in 1996 provided states the power to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages from other states and defined marriage as between one man and one woman? In fact, parts of this particular legislation were later found to be unconstitutional and subsequently changed the cultural landscape of marriage in the United States. a. Marriage Matters Act b. Marriage Freedom Act c. Civil Union Act d. Defense of Marriage Act

d. Defense of Marriage Act

45. Legal changes have made divorce easier in the past 50 years. What is the other significant reason that the divorce rate has gone up in the past several decades? a. Generous alimony laws give women economic incentives to divorce. b. Cultural factors such as greater sexual freedom have made it more attractive to remain or become single. c. Most people in contemporary society place a low value on marriage. d. Except for the wealthy, marriage today has less to do with handing down property and status from generation to generation.

d. Except for the wealthy, marriage today has less to do with handing down property and status from generation to generation.

33. Which of the following best characterizes the family in the United States today? a. It is about the same as it was during the previous 50 years. b. It is headed by a female single parent who works outside the home. c. The husband is employed and the wife stays home with the children. d. It has only one parent, or both the husband and wife are employed.

d. It has only one parent, or both the husband and wife are employed.

56. How do most young people see cohabitation? a. It is an inevitable path to marriage. b. It gives them greater sexual freedom. c. It is a path to domestic abuse. d. It is a way to spend more time with a partner.

d. It is a way to spend more time with a partner.

37. The trend toward marriage at a later age is unmistakable, and scholars have suggested many reasons for this. How has the increase in women's participation in the labor force along with career establishment played a role in accelerating this trend? a. The decreased economic independence of women has improved men's economic position and their desirability as mates. b. Increasing numbers of women are taking jobs once held by men, making it difficult for men to find work. c. There has been a decrease in the number of marriageable women because of women's disinterest in marriage. d. The increased economic independence of women has helped foster a deterioration in men's economic position and their desirability as mates.

d. The increased economic independence of women has helped foster a deterioration in men's economic position and their desirability as mates.

38. William J. Goode's research into changing family patterns reveals a great deal that subsequently has been shown to be true. What do we know about the relationship of family patterns and geographical factors such as the growth of cities and the changes in rural demographics? a. Cities tend to have more stable family structures. b. Rural areas worldwide have tended to cling to traditional family patterns. c. The rights of women and children are more widely recognized in cities. d. The rate of change in family patterns differs substantially between urban and rural areas.

d. The rate of change in family patterns differs substantially between urban and rural areas.

28. Scholars have shown that the nature of the family in premodern times was very impermanent. What is one of the likely reasons that this was true? a. There was a very low rate of child mortality, which allowed children to live to adulthood with their families. b. There was a very high rate of women dying in childbirth, which led to children becoming mother figures to others in the home. c. The overall rate of marriage was far lower than it is today. d. There was a high rate of overall mortality, which tended to dissolve family structures more frequently.

d. There was a high rate of overall mortality, which tended to dissolve family structures more frequently.

49. Although their studies may not be representative of the population as a whole, what did Judith Wallerstein and her colleagues find out about most children of divorced parents? a. They resented their parents and often had severed relationships with one or both parents by adulthood. b. They were less likely to say that they wanted to be married. c. They were better off financially than children whose parents did not divorce. d. They were coping reasonably well after five years despite an initial shock.

d. They were coping reasonably well after five years despite an initial shock.

6. The text offers a few examples of the changing nature of the American family in the twenty-first century. In this perspective, what does the family that reflects these changes look like? a. an elderly woman living with her cat and loving neighbors b. college roommates who wind up living across the street from each other c. migrant workers who share the space in the back of one of their vehicles while working d. a cohabitating couple with a biological child from their partnership and an older child from one parent's previous relationship

d. a cohabitating couple with a biological child from their partnership and an older child from one parent's previous relationship

3. Judith Stacey argues that the model perpetuated by Popenoe and others is a "dated and oppressive institution." In her view, this broken, outdated model of the so-called modern family is usually defined as: a. both father and mother as breadwinners and a sufficient program of child care and support b. a child-rearing father and a breadwinner mother c. a father and mother who share child-rearing duties equally d. a father as breadwinner and a child-rearing mother

d. a father as breadwinner and a child-rearing mother

19. In some societies, women are allowed to have more than one male spouse at the same time. The most specific term for this arrangement is: a. monogamy b. polygamy c. polygyny d. polyandry

d. polyandry

5. Omar and Michael live in a large house with their adopted daughter Lilly, Omar's son Amid, and Michael's aging aunt Cecilia. Sociologist Judith Stacey might describe this family as: a. patrilocal b. typical c. modern d. postmodern

d. postmodern

25. Feminist sociologists and feminist approaches to the sociology of the family have made important contributions to our understanding of the family. Which of the following issues is embedded within a feminist analysis of the family? a. the way that the instrumental and affective roles work together for family stability b. the extent to which personalities are supported and kept healthy in marriages c. the virtue of nuclear families for handling the demands of industrial society d. the time demand imposed by the emotional labor that is expected from women

d. the time demand imposed by the emotional labor that is expected from women

59. Which of the following are more likely to divorce at some point in the life cycle? a. those whose parents never divorced b. those with children under the age of 12 c. those who marry at an older age d. those who cohabit more than once before marriage

d. those who cohabit more than once before marriage