Sociology Final

the Thomas Theorem

"if you define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences" is referred to as: a. the looking glass self b. the mead theorem c. the thomas theorem d. the pythagorean theorem

endogamy

85% of deaf people choose to marry others who share their language and culture, thereby practicing ___. a. endogamy b. exogamy c. homogamy d. adrogyny

personal problems into public issues

C. Wright Mills claimed that the "sociological imagination" transformed: a. common sense into laws of society b. people into defenders of the status quo c. personal problems into public issues d. scientific research into common sense

cultural relativism

Marshall is exploring how the various aspects of the Lenape culture fit together, including their religion, family values, agricultural efforts, and customs, without judging those elements as being inferior or superior to modern Western ways. in doing so, what sociological concept is Marshall practicing? a. ethnocentrism b. cultural leveling c. cultural relativism d. universalism

conflict

_____ theorists see stratification as a system of domination and subordination in which those with the most resources exploit and control others. a. structural b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. conflict

50

a 2014 study by Saez and Zucman found that in about _____% of US households, debts are roughly equal to asserts, meaning the family has zero wealth. a. 10 b. 15 c. 25 d. 50

an operational definition

a concept must have which of the following to make it observable and measurable? a. research methods b. an operational definition c. correlation d. hypotheses

common-law marriage

a relationship in which partners live as if married but without marriage's formal legal framework is referred to as ___. a. inappropriate b. civil marriage c. common-law marriage d. a domestic partnership

a positive correlation

a researcher finds that as income increases, square footage of a respondent's home also increases. this is an example of ___. a. positive correlation b. positive causation c. a negative correlation d. an increasatory relationship

crime

a specific form of deviance that involves the violation of rules that have been written into law is called: a. shunning b. shaming c. a morals violation d. crime

hypothesis

a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a a. correlation b. hypothesis c. sample d. research design

values

abstract and general standards in society that define ideal principles such as right and wrong are referred to as ____. a. laws b. public opinions c. beliefs d. values

norms

accepted social behaviors and beliefs are referred to as: a. norms b. culture c. social status d. values

bourgeoisie

according to Karl Marx, the ___ own(s) the means of production, which they use to exploit the labor of the workers a. proletariat b. bourgeoisie c. proprietors d. nouveau riche

conform

according to Stanley Milgram, ordinary people will _____ (to) orders given by someone in a position of power or authority, even if those orders have negative consequences. a. resist b. conform c. question d. change

our social bonds

according to Travis Hirschi, what is it that affects the effectiveness of our inner controls? a. our social class background b. our gender c. our social bonds d. our age

formally rational

according to Weber, that type of system produced bureaucracies? a. traditional b. informal c. formally rational d. interpretive understanding

population growth and density

according to julian simon, to what do we owe the rapid rise in living standards and technology? a. population growth and density b. capitalistic innovation c. imperialism and colonialism d. military-industrial complex

issuing directives rather than explanations

according to some studies, which of the following is characteristic of working-class or low-income child-rearing styles? a. valuing initiative b. teaching critical-thinking skills c. directly nurturing development and learning d. issuing directives rather than explanations

retreatists

according to strain theory, who gives up pursuit of societal goals and means by abusing alcohol or drugs? a. rebels b. retreatists c. neurotics d. ritualists

health care

activities intended to sustain, promote, and enhance health are referred to as ___. a. health care b. well-being c. preventative medicine d. exercise

recidivism

all of the following are deviant response to anomie as identified by Robert Merton in his strain theory, except: a. ritualism b. rebellion c. retreatism d. recidivism

medicine

an institutionalized system for the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness is known as ___. a. health b. health care c. medicine d. public medicine

higher rates of home ownership

as we move from the inner zone to the outer circle in ernest burgess's concentric zone hypothesis, which of the following changes are we likely to see? a. increased population b. decreased class status c. higher rates of home ownership d. higher rates of crime

stigma

bill was born with a large egg-shaped birthmark on his forehead. his school-mates taunt him and some local villagers believe the mark is a sign of an evil spirit. bill's birthmark would be described by sociologists as a(n): a. blemish b. curse c. bias d. stigma

population momentum

china's population continues to grow despite the fact that its fertility rate has fallen below the replacement rate. what phenomenon best explains this growth? a. immigration b. population momentum c. adoption d. baby boom

conflict theory

conservative politicians oppose gun control reform because they receive contributions from wealthy pro-gun lobbyists. which perspective does this statement reflect? a. symbolic interactionism b. conflict theory c. functionalism d. feminism

white collar crime

consumer fraud, bribery, and income task evasion are considered ____. a. norms b. white collar crime c. victimless crime d. index crimes

social problems: mental illness, crime, and juvenile delinquency

early urban sociologists based in Chicago mainly focused their studies on which types of urban phenomena? a. social cohesion: integration, neighborhood ties, and subcultures b. social problems: mental illness, crime, and juvenile delinquency c. transportation and technology d. space and the built environment

personal power

exercising which of the following types of power is more likely to result in highly motivated and satisfied group members? a. personal power b. positional power c. coercive power d. transactional analysis

nuclear

families characterized by parents living with their biological children and apart from other kin are referred to as ____. a. traditional b. biological c. nuclear d. extended

degradation ceremony

freud has just joined a frat. as part of his initiation, he has been forced to strip naked and roll in a tub of mud. this is an example of what can be part of: a. anticipatory socialization b. degradation ceremony c. total socialization d. being totally mean

primary groups

groups characterized by intense emotional ties, intimacy, and identification with membership in the group are referred to as ____. a. families b. primary groups c. principal groups d. reference groups

random sample

if researchers wanted to examine the options of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth of fiftieth or hundredth named list. this would constitute a a. scale b. control variable c. quota sample d. random sample

anticipatory socialization

imitating the behaviors of the lawyers in a law firm you hope to join is an example of what? a. conformity b. cognitive development c. anticipatory socialization d. behaviorism

divorce and marriage

in postindustrial societies, serial monogamy describes which of the following? a. marriage to more than one person b. divorce and remarriage c. extramarital affairs d. marriage to only one person

all violations of social rules

in sociology, to what does the term deviance refer? a. behavior that sociologists believe is bad enough to warrant being punished by society b. all violations of social rules c. the violation of serious rules d. crime

subculture

in the month of december, many jewish families celebrate Hanuka, the festival of light, during which special foods are served and families engage in ritual activity unique to their religious faith. in the context, members of the jewish faith represent a____. a. deviant culture b. counterculture c. subculture d. rival culture

variables

income, religion, race, gender, and martial status can all be examples of a. indexes b. scales c. variables d. operational definitions

cognitive development

jean piaget's focus was on: a. how children develop their motor skills b. how children are stimulated by their superego c. the role of heredity in shaping behavior d. cognitive development

I

mead describes the active, creative and spontaneous part of the self as the: a. I b. me c. id d. ego

popular culture

objects of mass consumption in society are referred to as ____. a. mass culture b. popular culture c. low-brow culture d. high culture

cultural lag

personal computers have become efficient and cost effective when looking up a medical health diagnosis. regardless, many people refuse to utilize this type of technology support and continue to seek assistance at a physican's office. what term describes this example of change in material culture, while the nonmaterial culture is lagging behind? a. cultural lag b. cultural diffusion c. cultural leveling d. cultural wars

legitimate authority

power that people willingly comply with and subordinate themselves to is referred to as ___. a. authentic authority b. electoral power c. personal power d. legitimate authority

independent variable

researchers find that pet owners live longer, healthier lives. within this study pet ownership is the: a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. spurious variable d. operational variable

structure

social pattern that impose obstacles on us or afford us opportunities are referred to as ___. a. structure b. institutions c. free will d. socialization

social-conflict paradigm

the "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the: a. structural-functional paradigm b. social-conflict paradigm c. symbolic-interaction paradigm d. all of the above

feminization of poverty

the ___ is the term that refers to a trend in US poverty whereby most poor families are headed by women: a. masculinization of society b. theory of global neutrality c. sex and the city d. feminization of poverty

structural-functional and social-conflict

the ______ paradigms are macro-level approaches that paint societies in broad strokes. a. structural-functional and social-conflict b. structural-functional and symbolic interaction c. social-conflict and symbolic-interaction d. all of the above

social closure

the ability of groups to exclude outsiders from participating in the group or enjoying group resources is referred to as ____. a. social exclusion b. social closure c. factioning d. cliquishness

critical thinking

the ability to evaluate claims about truth by using reason and evidence is referred to as ____. a. critical thinking b. the sociological imagination c. scientific reasoning d. logical thought

total fertility rate

the average number of children a woman in a given country will have in her lifetime if age-specific fertility rates hold throughout her childbearing years is known as the ___. a. age-specific fertility rate b. age-specific infant birth rate c. total fertility rate d. total infant birth rate

the product of people interacting in everyday situations

the basic idea of the symbolic-interaction paradigm is that society is: a. an arena of conflict between categories of people b. the product of people interacting in everyday situations c. a system that operates to benefit people d. all of the above

medicare

the federal health insurance program for all people age 65 and older, regardless of income or medical history, is called ___. a. medicaid b. medicare c. social security health care d. elderly insurance

structuralism

the idea that economic, cultural, and social capital contribute to the reproduction of socioeconomic status in society is known as ____. a. organization b. leadership c. structuralism d. institutionalism

class-dominant theory

the idea that laws are designed in the interests of the ruling class is referred to as ____. a. class-dominant theory b. control theory c. capitalist culture theory d. strain theory

mean

the number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values is referred to as the a. mean b. mode c. median d. percentage

the scientific method

the process of gathering empirical (scientific and specific) data, creating theories, and rigorously testing theories known as ___. a. the sociological method b. the scientific method c. data collection d. theoretical reasoning

demography

the science of population size, distribution, and composition is defined as ___. a. ethnography b. population studies c. demography d. demographics

social stratification

the systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality is referred to as ____. a. social stratification b. social inequality c. class differences d. class status

agents of socialization

those places or locations where we learn to be who we are (family, peers, school, etc.) are referred to as: a. masters of the universe b. agents of socialization c. rolling statuses d. socializing practices

the looking-glass self

we are constantly forming ideas about how others perceive and judge us. the resulting self-image is known as _____. a. the looking glass self b. the superego c. the generalized other d. internalized personality

norms

what are the expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of group's values? a. mores b. folkways c. laws d. norms

the rate of illness

what is the definition of morbidity? a. the rate of death b. the rate of illness c. the rate of incidence of aliments d. the number of people who seek medical attention is a given period of time

socialization

what is the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture? a. socialization b. personality c. human nature d. behaviorism

theoretical paradigm

what is the term for a basic image of society that guides thinking and research? a. continuum b. perpendicular equation c. theoretical paradigm d. social fact

culture

what term do sociologists use to describe the language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, and material objects shared by members of society that are also passed from one generation to the next? a. technology b. culture c. tradition d. custom

the sapir-whorf hypothesis

what term refers to how our language determined our consciousness and perceptions of object and events? a. the Stockholm syndrome b. the sapir-whorf hypothesis c. the klinefelter syndrome d. the pythagorean theorem

accurate

when concepts and measurements are valid, they are considered ____. a. consistent b. accurate c. biased d. falsifiable

a spurious relationship

when the relationship between two variables is explained by a third, unmeasured factor, it is referred to as ___. a. causation b. a statistical relationship c. a spurious relationship d. correlation

family

when two or more people live together and have a legally or normatively recognized relationship, this is an example of which of the following social institutions? a. adoption b. marriage c. family d. household

age-specific fertility rates

which is the preferred measure for demographers to estimate future fertility? a. crude birthrates b. age-specific fertility rates c. age-specific mortality rates d. life expectancy

the extent to which a person experiences a state of mental, physical, and social well-being

which of the following best represents the sociological definition of health? a. the extent to which a person experiences a state of mental, physical, and social well-being b. access to medical care c. the extent to which a person is free from illness or able to perform day-to-day tasks d. a institutionalized system for the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness

industrial revolution

which of the following caused a radical growth in urbanization beginning in the 18th century? a. industrial revolution b. agricultural revolution c. information revolution d. american revolution

israel

which of the following countries has the highest life expectancy? a. nigeria b. united states c. israel d. south africa

the U.S.

which of the following countries spends the most per capital on health care? a. norway b. switzerland c. japan d. the U.S.

female-headed households with no husband present

which of the following groups has the highest level of the poverty? a. female-headed households with no husband present b. blacks c. latinos d. married couples

white women

which of the following groups has the highest life expectancy? a. white women b. african american men c. african american women d. white men

whites

which of the following groups is least likely to marry outside their own race or ethnicity? a. asians b. hispanics c. blacks d. whites

generalized other

which of the following influence us to take in account account society's norms and values that may or may not serve our self-interest? a. primary groups b. significant others c. looking-glass self d. generalized other

clear hierarchy of authority

which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy? a. rules are unwritten and implied b. clear hierarchy of authority c. staffed by volunteers d. follows abstract principles

cultural emphasis on romantic love

which of the following is a reason why the U.S. divorce rate is persistently high? a. increasing stigma related to divorce b. women's declining economic independence c. cultural emphasis on romantic love d. no changes have been made to divorce laws

a college basketball team

which of the following is an example of a secondary group? a. two close friends who practice tennis together b. a father who plays catch with his son c. a college basketball team d. a family who watches football together every sunday

residents may need to travel great distances if they want to shop at high-quality grocery stores

which of the following is characteristic of food desserts? a. fresh fruit, vegetables, and meat b. lower prices for food c. residents may need to travel great distances if they want to shop at high-quality grocery stores d. more neighborhood food options to choose from

they have increasingly replaced manufacturing jobs as the primary employment for those with less education

which of the following is characteristic of service sector occupations? a. they have increasingly replaced manufacturing jobs as the primary employment for those with less education b. they are more likely to offer benefits such as medical or dental insurance c. they typically offer a "living wage" rather than just a minimum wage d. they offer a solid road to the middle class

it helps to explain the lack of urgency or mobilization in the face of environmental threats

which of the following is characteristic of the treadmill of production? a. environmental concerns take precedence over political and economic agendas b. it helps to explain the lack of urgency or mobilization in the face of environmental threats c. governments overstate the problem d. it does not require energy resources

wealth

which of the following is most important for getting ahead in the system of stratification? a. wealth b. income c. status d. occupation

violence

which of the following is seen as a unique threat to public safety in the U.S. compared with other modern countries? a. unsafe workplace environments b. unsanitary food c. violence d. accidents

the rate for african american babies is consistently twice as high as it is for white babes

which of the following is true of infant mortality in the U.S.? a. the rate for african american babies is consistently twice as high as it is for white babies b. the rate is lower than in similarity developed countries c. the rate is lower for young teenage mothers d. there is no relationship between social class and infant mortality

the U.S. marriage rate exceeds that of most other modern societies

which of the following is true of marriage in the U.S.? a. on average, women are older than men at their first marriage b. people are choosing to get married earlier in life c. the U.S. marriage rate exceeds that of most other modern societies d. rate of marriage have increased

it is the second major cause of mortality in the U.S.

which of the following is true of obesity? a. rates do not vary much by gender and ethnicity b. over 50% of adults between the ages of 20 and 74 are obese c. childhood obesity is on the decline d. it is the second major cause of mortality in the U.S.

group stability increases

which of the following occurs as group size increases? a. the intensity of relationship within the group increases b. fewer two-person relationships are possible c. group stability increases d. the withdrawal of members becomes more threatening to the survival of the entire group

not offering your bus seat

which of the following would be considered a violation of a folkway? a. cheating on an exam b. not offering your bus seat c. robbing a convenience store d. shouting and swearing at the professor during class

investments

which of the following would be considered net financial assets? a. homes b. investments c. cars d. cash

functionalist

which perspective stresses that deviance promotes social unity and social change? a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. differential association

gentrification

which process is most likely to displace longtime low-income residents from the neighborhoods? a. gentrification b. urbanization c. urban renewal d. population momentum

jewelry, art, hairstyles

which set of concepts best illustrates material culture? a. jewelry, art, hairstyles b. beliefs, values, norms c. buildings, clothing, folkways d. sanctions, mores, weapons

the fundamental perspective

which sociological perspective emphasizes that schools in the US foster competition through built-in reward and punishment? a. the functionalist perspective b. the conflict perspective c. the interactionist perspective d. the psychological perspective

dyad

which type of group tends to be the most fragile and unstable? a. primary group b. dyad c. triad d. secondary group

sexual division of labor

women being relegated to homemakers which men obtain wealth, status, and independence is an example of which phenomenon? a. cohabitation b. personality stabilization c. common-law marriage d. sexual division of labor