Sociology: Marriage and Family Terms Ch. 6-7

cohabitation

the sharing of a household by unmarried persons in a sexual relationship

It gives a person the ability to invest in a partnership with less fear of abandonment.

Identify a feature of enforceable trust. -It helps married couples get extensions on their mortgages. -It gives a person the ability to invest in a partnership with less fear of abandonment. -It lowers the risk of cohabiting partners reneging on the agreements they have made. -It stipulates the division of assets and arrangements for children among cohabiting couples.

individuals tend to be born with a sexual nature

Sociologists who advocate the integrative perspective on human sexuality believe that _____. -sexual orientation is completely genetically determined -sexual orientation is completely socially determined -genes and hormones have no influence one's sexual orientation -individuals tend to be born with a sexual nature

they prefer to be more independent of each other

Some couples in living apart relationships tend to live apart by choice because _____. -they prefer to be more independent of each other -they do not want to challenge the norm of couples living apart -one of them does not have the means to support the other -one of them has children from previous relationships

marriage

Substantial studies suggest that the advantages shown by married men over unmarried men are caused by the _____ relationship. -marriage -polyamorous -polygamous -peer

there is no clear dividing line between heterosexuality and homosexuality

The National Survey of Family Growth's (NSFG) survey on sexual orientation concludes that _____. -there is no clear dividing line between heterosexuality and homosexuality -more men describe themselves as bisexual than homosexual -there is serious influence of genes and hormones on one's sexual orientation -more men find same-sex experiences at least somewhat attractive

Kinsey Report

A 1948 book by zoology professor Alfred Kinsey detailing the results of thousands of interviews with men about their sexual behavior

Mentally and physically healthier people are more likely to get married and to stay married. Being married actually causes people to feel better and live longer.

A number of studies have found evidence that married men and women have substantially better health than unmarried men and women. Identify the possible reasons for the findings. Multiple select question. -Marriage puts a lot of mental and financial stress on men and women. -Mentally and physically healthier people are more likely to get married and to stay married. -Being married actually causes people to feel better and live longer. -Being married provides people with food, cloth and shelter.

Ch. 6

Ch. 6

Ch. 7

Ch. 7

a couple living apart because they fear their relationship will break down if they continue to live together

Identify a scenario that illustrates a living apart relationship by free choice. -A couple living apart due to irreconcilable differences -A married couple living apart because they do not want to give up their jobs which are in different cities -A divorced woman living apart from her ex-husband -A couple living apart because they fear their relationship will break down if they continue to live together

it is a group of people who are actively looking for a spouse at the same place and time

Identify a statement that describes the supply component of the market model of marriage. -It is the characteristic that a person possesses that are attractive to others. -It is a group of people who are actively looking for a spouse at the same place and time. -It is the preferred characteristic a person is looking for in a spouse. -It is a group of people who are actively concerned with planning and organizing marriages.

the increases in adolescent sexual activity have been greater for the middle class and whites than for other groups.

Identify a trend associated with adolescent sexual activity. -The historical difference in the sexual activity of adolescent boys and girls has increased drastically. -Adolescent sexual activity is less common today than it was in the middle of the twentieth century. -The rise in adolescent sexual activity has been more noticeable among blacks than among whites. -The increases in adolescent sexual activity have been greater for the middle class and whites than for other groups.

some couples maintain a living apart relationship due to circumstances arising from various constraints.

Identify a true statement about couples in living apart relationships. -Couples maintain living apart relationships only if there are children from previous relationships involved. -Living apart relationships are only maintained by married persons. -All couples in living apart relationships tend to live apart by choice. -Some couples maintain a living apart relationship due to circumstances arising from various constraints.

they are increasingly common among nearly all social classes

Identify a true statement about gender-egalitarian marriages in Europe. -They are only seen among members of the lower class. -They are on the decline among college graduates. -They are limited to college graduates. -They are increasingly common among nearly all social classes.

marriage is uncommon among low-income cohabitants

Identify a true statement about low-income cohabitants. -For low-income cohabitants, cohabiting relationships are a stage in the marriage process. -Long-term cohabiting relationships are common among low-income cohabitants. -Marriage is uncommon among low-income cohabitants. -For low-income cohabitants, cohabitation is often a short-term alternative to marriage.

weddings have become a symbol of couple's personal achievement

Identify a true statement about present-day weddings. Multiple choice question. -Many couples are forgoing ritual-filled weddings. -Weddings have become a symbol of couples' personal achievement. -Weddings symbolize the inseparability of couples. -Many couples are forgoing public weddings altogether.

they challenge people to forgo the heterosexual, gay, or lesbian identities that have defined their sense of themselves as sexual beings and their roles in families

Identify a true statement about queer theorists' perspective on sexuality and family life. -They challenge people to forgo the heterosexual, gay, or lesbian identities that have defined their sense of themselves as sexual beings and their roles in families. -They believe that stable, fixed sexual identities, which favor heterosexuality, really exist in society and that they are useful concepts for understanding social change. -They believe that a rigid split between heterosexual and homosexual is natural. -They favor the the labels, such as "lesbian" and "straight," attached to people.

heterosexual marriage was the only morally approved venue for sexual activity

Identify a true statement about sexuality in the 1950s. -Living with a sexual partner of the opposite sex without marrying was allowed. -Heterosexual marriage was the only morally approved venue for sexual activity. -Homosexual marriage was believed to be enriched by extramarital affairs. -Engaging in sexual activity with as many as three partners was allowed.

Its result is that marriage is much less dominant as a context for intimate partnerships, childbearing, and family life.

Identify a true statement about the deinstitutionalization of marriage. -It is the idea that one can have partnerships and children only within a marriage. -Its result is that within marriages and cohabiting unions, roles of partners become less flexible and negotiable. -Its result is that marriage is much less dominant as a context for intimate partnerships, childbearing, and family life. -It is the idea that alternatives to marriage are less acceptable than in the past.

Farm families needed to function as production units in order to be successful.

Identify a true statement about the economic influence on the transition from the institutional marriage to the companionate marriage. Multiple choice question. -Women as well as men could not think in terms of their own individual development through adulthood. -Men's authority was heightened in urban marriages due to the demise of the family as production unit. -Wage work provided parents with control over young adults. -Farm families needed to function as production units in order to be successful.

after 1970, the proportion of all young adults who lived with someone prior to marrying increased sharply.

Identify a true statement about the trends in cohabitation. Multiple choice question. -Cohabitating relationships in the United States are longer, on average, than in most other Western countries. -Cohabitating relationships in the United States have increased among the lower social classes. -After 1970, the proportion of all young adults who lived with someone prior to marrying increased sharply. -Before the 1960s, cohabitation was common mainly among the rich.

family was guided by law and custom

Identify an accurate statement about family life in preindustrial Western nations. -Parents played no role in selecting a spouse for their children. -Family life was guided by love and affection. -A man and his wife were both considered heads of the family. -Family life was guided by law and custom.

The children were expected to be obedient. The husband was expected to be the head of the household. The wife was to be dutiful and submissive.

Identify the characteristics of institutional marriages. Multiple select question. -The children were expected to be obedient. -Romantic love between the husband and wife was desirable. -The husband was expected to be the head of the household. -The wife was to be dutiful and submissive. -Affection, friendship, and sexual gratification were considered most important.

Cohabitation among moderately educated young adults is less closely tied to marriage. Most moderately educated cohabitants eventually think about the issue of marriage, and few will remain together for long without marrying.

Identify the true statements about moderately educated cohabiting adults. Multiple select question. -Unlike the highly educated, moderately educated adults consider cohabitation a testing ground for marriage. -Cohabitation among moderately educated young adults is less closely tied to marriage. -Most moderately educated cohabitants eventually think about the issue of marriage, and few will remain together for long without marrying. -Moderately educated adults are much more likely to wait until after marriage to have their first child than are college-educated young adults.

The age at which half of all first marriages occurred rose by nearly five years for Americans. Having sexual intercourse many years before marriage became common.

Identify the ways in which young adults' sexual lives changed in the United States starting in the mid-1960s. Multiple select question. -The percentage of Americans who think of themselves as homosexual or bisexual declined. -Forming a family of choice among Americans became rare. -The age at which half of all first marriages occurred rose by nearly five years for Americans. -Having sexual intercourse many years before marriage became common.

the sexual orientation of men was a continuum running from exclusively heterosexual behavior to exclusively homosexual behavior

In his study, Alfred Kinsey concluded that _____. -the proportion of men whose experiences were predominantly homosexual was lower than most had imagined -the sexual orientation of men was a continuum running from exclusively heterosexual behavior to exclusively homosexual behavior -the proportion of men having some homosexual experience or feelings was very low -the sexual orientation of women was a continuum running from slightly homosexual behavior to exclusively heterosexual behavior

a sharp split of sexual activity into either a straight or gay way of life

In the context of sexual identities, queer theorists reject _____. -sexuality as a continuum along which individuals may position themselves -the concept of gender identity -the concept of cultural identity -a sharp split of sexual activity into either a straight or gay way of life

heterosexual

Queer theory contributes the insight that a rigid split between heterosexual and homosexual is not natural but rather reflects prevailing _____ norms in the society. -bisexual -transsexual -homosexual -heterosexual

Throughout the period, most young adults at least completed high school. According to a national survey of high school students conducted in 1960, about two-thirds of all boys had begun to date by grade 9.

Select all that apply Identify the true statements about the dating system in the 20-year period—1945 to 1965—after World War II. Multiple select question. -Throughout the period, most young adults at least completed high school. -Throughout the period, college enrollments declined sharply. -There was more parent-child disagreement about the dating system than had been the case in the 1920s and 1930s. -According to a national survey of high school students conducted in 1960, about two-thirds of all boys had begun to date by grade 9.

there is no clear dividing line between heterosexuality and homosexuality

The National survey of Family Growth's (NSFG) survey on sexual orientation concludes that _____. -more men describe themselves as bisexual than homosexual -more men find same-sex experiences at least somewhat attractive -there is serious influence of genes and hormones on one's sexual orientation -there is no clear dividing line between heterosexuality and homosexuality

resources

The characteristics a person possesses that are attractive to others correspond to the _____ component of the market model of marriage. -space -resources -supply -preferences

married women working for wages

The increase in _____, as well as rising standards of living, underlay the transition to the individualistic marriage. -married men losing their jobs -married women working for wages -married women working inside the home -married men having substantial authority

three

The market model of marriage has _____ components. -three -six -five -four

Europe

The phenomenon of living apart relationships was first noted in _____ -Europe -Asia -the Philippines -the United States

the heterosexual norms restrict the possibility for a more fluid sexual identity

The queer theorists believe _____. -in the political influence on the organization of sexuality -that genes predispose a person towards one sexual orientation or the other at birth -in the biological influence on the organization of sexuality -that heterosexual norms restrict the possibility for a more fluid sexual identity

dating

The rules of the ___________ system shifted the balance of power in courtship from women to men.

false

True or false: With the triumph of dating, courtship moved from a peer-run system to parent- and other-adult-run system where the participants made the rules and punished the offenders. True false question. -True -False

labor

When sociologists and economists study who marries whom, they often make an analogy to the _____ market. -knowledge -labor -marriage -media

Roles of husbands and wives are more flexible. Focus on self-development and individual satisfaction is more central.

Which of the following are characteristics of individualistic marriages? Multiple select question. -Performing the roles society expected of couples is considered more important. -Roles of husbands and wives are more flexible. -Wives are expected to be dutiful and submissive to their husbands. -Focus on self-development and individual satisfaction is more central.

More women starting to work outside home An increase in the standard of living A growth of expressive individualism

Which of the following factors contributed to the rise in independent living in the late twentieth century? Multiple select question. -More people living in rural areas -More women starting to work outside home -Less housing available -An increase in the standard of living -A growth of expressive individualism

The family's subsistence was a higher priority than the personal development of the parents and children.

Which of the following is true of family life in preindustrial Western nations? -The family's subsistence was a higher priority than the personal development of the parents and children. -Children remained with grandparents in the event of the mother's death. -The personal development of the parents and children was a higher priority than the family's subsistence. -Children remained with the mother in the event of a divorce.

John and Celina are married but live apart because they do not want to give up their jobs which are in different cities

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of living apart relationships because of a constraint? -John and Celina are married but live apart because they do not want to give up their jobs which are in different cities. -Harry and Rosy live apart because they believe sharing a household is not good for a relationship. -Michael and Julie live apart because they do not want to be dependent on each other. -Rohan and Tina live part to give each other plenty of personal space.

Women place less importance on signs that a man is a good provider. Men place less importance on a woman's domestic skills. Men place more importance on a woman's earning power.

Which of the following statements are true about the changing value of characteristics preferred in the marriage market? Multiple select question. -Women place less importance on signs that a man is a good provider. -Women place more importance on chastity. -Men place less importance on a woman's domestic skills. -Both men and women place more importance on refinement. -Men place more importance on a woman's earning power.

sexual monogamy is still the rule rather than exception among married persons

Which of the following statements is true of the current public attitude on sexuality among married persons in the United States? -Married people engaging in extramarital affairs have declined greatly from the 1960s. -Americans are intolerant of sexual activity among cohabiting couples. -Sexual monogamy is still the rule rather than exception among married persons. -Marital relationships are enriched by extramarital affairs.

true love

Which of the following types of love was much preferred during the Victorian era? -Infatuated love -Passionate love -True love -Unrequited love

because of the cultural and historical variation in what constitutes sexual identity

Why do social constructionists argue that sexual identities are defined by the society we live in? -Because of the cultural and historical variation in what constitutes sexual identity -Because of the biological influence on an individual's sexual identity -Because of the clear boundaries of the two-gender, heterosexually dominant model -Because of the predisposition of an individual's sexual preference at birth

romantic love

_____ was considered a dangerous emotional state that was hard to control. -Fatuous love -Romantic love -Spiritual love -Consummate love

chosen family

a family formed through voluntary ties among individuals who are not biologically or legally related

gender-egalitarian marriage

a marriage in which both spouses share the housework and child care much more equitably than in the past

companionate marriage

a marriage in which the emphasis is on affection, friendship, and sexual gratification

institutional marriage

a marriage in which the emphasis is on male authority, duty, and conformity to social norms

individualistic marriage

a marriage in which the emphasis is on self-development, flexible roles, and open communication

income-pooling model

a model of the marriage market in which both spouses work for pay and pool their incomes

specialization model

a model of the marriage market in which women specialize in housework and child care and men specialize in paid work outside the home

courtship

a publicly visible process with rules and restrictions through which young men and women find a partner to marry

living apart relationships

a relationship in which two people define themselves as a couple, but do not live together

hooking up

a sexual encounter with no expectation of further involvement

union

a stable, intimate relationship between two people who live in the same household but may or may not be married

serial monogomy

a succession of monogamous sexual relationships

marriage market

an analogy to the labor market in which single individuals (or their parents) search for others who will marry them (or their children)

serial cohabitation

living with two or more partners without marrying them

selection effect

principal that whenever individuals sort or "select" themselves into groups nonrandomly, some of the differences among the groups reflect preexisting differences among the individuals

extramarital sex

sexual activity between a married person and someone who is not his or her spouse

enforceable trust

the ability to enforce the agreements one has made with a partner

integrative perspective

the belief that human sexualities are determined by both social and biological factors

social constructionist perspective (on sexuality)

the belief that human sexualities are entirely socially constructed

deinstitutionalization of marriage

the idea that alternatives to marriage are more acceptable and more prevalent than in the past

union formation

the process of beginning to live with a partner through cohabitation or marriage

nonmarital birth ratio

the proportion of all births that occur to unmarried women