Sociology of Fam Ch. 5 Review

According to the text, when did progress toward gender integration of fields of study stall? 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s-2000s

1980s FEEDBACK: In the 1970s and early 1980s, women entered many fields dominated by men. After the mid-1980s, this change slowed and the segregation of women and men into different fields of study is noteworthy.

When Anna was pregnant the ultrasound showed a female baby, so she (and her family and friends) bought pink clothes, dolls, and toys. They all assumed the baby's ______ based on the _____. Gender/ sex Sex/ gender Sex/ gender expression Sexual identity/ gender

Gender/ sex FEEDBACK: Sex is the biological category (male or female) based on anatomy and physiology. We tend to assume gender will match sex. So a female baby is assumed to be a girl, like feminine things, and behave in ways we associate with femininity.

In occupations that require similar levels of job training, education, and risk, those dominated by men tend to have _____ wages and ____ status than those dominated by women. Higher/ higher Lower/ lower Higher/ lower Lower/ higher

Higher/ higher FEEDBACK: Even when the requirements and risks of occupations are similar, those with a higher percentage of men tend to have higher wages than those with a higher percentage of women. This is a clear illustration of the way "women's work" is devalued. Often, "women's work" was historically done in the home without pay. This care work (such as teaching young children and nursing) is still devalued in the paid labor force.

Which statement is true about male and female death rates? Females are more likely to die at every age. Females are more likely to die young but less likely to die at old ages. Males are more likely to die at every age. Males are more likely to die young but less likely to die at old ages.

Males are more likely to die at every age. FEEDBACK: Men are more likely than women to die at every age. Young men are more likely to die from accidents and injuries (often inflicted on each other), and even male fetuses are more likely to be born prematurely or to experience complications.

According to your textbook, what's the biggest reason women's median earnings were just 81 percent of men's earnings in 2015? Men and women work in different jobs. Women have entered occupations formerly dominated by men. Women's jobs require less training and skill than men's jobs. Women are paid less for the same jobs men perform.

Men and women work in different jobs. FEEDBACK: Gender inequality for the same jobs in the same workplace has decreased significantly because it's illegal. Job segregation by gender accounts for the greatest amount of gender pay inequality, even when jobs require the same levels of risk, training, and education.

If a society does not educate girls in the same way it educates boys, we would not expect to see many women leaders. This is an example of _____, not ____. sex difference/ gender difference the influence of social practice on sex difference/ men's innate leadership men's innate leadership/ socially constructed difference women's intellectual capacity/ sex difference

The influence of social practice on sex difference/ men's innate leadership FEEDBACK: Many of the seemingly significant gender differences we observe have been influenced by social factors. If we do not educate girls, we should not expect to have women leaders. If we do not encourage boys to be caregivers, we should not expect to see involved fathers.

Research finds that religious Americans are more likely than nonreligious people to ____. believe dual-earner families are best believe breadwinner-homemaker families are best believe that all kinds of family life are acceptable refuse to express their opinions about family life

believe breadwinner-homemaker families are best FEEDBACK: The influence of religion on families is often conservative and people who practice religion tend to promote the breadwinner-homemaker marriage ideal.

The occupation with the highest percentage of men is _____, while the occupation with the highest percentage of women is _____. Pharmacists/ secretaries high school teachers/ food service managers registered nurses/ post-secondary teachers electricians/ prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers

electricians/ prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers FEEDBACK: Some common occupations are still very segregated by gender. These occupations, like electricians and prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers, also reflect the type of work we have historically associated with men and women.

Most people who have cosmetic surgery choose procedures that do what? enhance the differences between the sexes reduce the differences between the sexes enhance the appearance of childlike physical traits make themselves look older

enhance the differences between the sexes FEEDBACK: People who have cosmetic surgery often try to emphasize the differences between females and males. Women may have their breasts enhanced, while men may have theirs reduced. Most cosmetic surgery is purchased by women, suggesting the significant pressure women are under to look young and have their bodies conform to a particular feminine beauty standard.

Michelle likes to do the same "girl-typical" activities as her big sister. Michelle's wanting to be like her sister, whom she considers a peer, is an example of ____. androgyny sibling differentiation gender conformity biological preferences

gender conformity FEEDBACK: Doing the same kinds of activities as people who are about the same age, usually in the same neighborhood, school, or other social settings (such as the family) is an example of conformity. Sometimes two siblings of the same gender may adopt behaviors that are less gender-typical as a way of differentiating their identities.

Transgender people are people whose ____. sexual orientation does not match their sex gender identity does not match their assigned sex sexual identity does not match their sexual orientation gender identity matches their assigned sex

gender identity does not match their assigned sex FEEDBACK: U.S. society assumes that an individual's gender identity (woman or man) corresponds to her or his assigned sex (female or male). When this is not the case (as when a male-bodied person identifies as a woman), the person may behave in a way that reflects his or her gender identity.

Jos was born female and raised as a girl but identifies as a man. His ____ does not match his assigned sex and is described as ____. gender identity/ transgender sexual orientation/ heterosexual genetic makeup/ intersex body/ transgender

gender identity/ transgender FEEDBACK: In U.S. society, we expect an individual's gender identity to match his or her assigned sex. In other words, we expect people assigned the sex "female" to identify as women. When people identify with a different sex than they were assigned, they may be labeled transgender. They may live as the gender with which they identify and do not necessarily have surgery to alter their bodies according to gender expectations.

André and Latisha have a son and a daughter. Their son is expected to mow the lawn, take out the garbage, and wash the cars. Their daughter is expected to cook meals, vacuum, and pull weeds in the garden. This arrangement is an example of ____. equality gender socialization sexual dimorphism androgyny

gender socialization FEEDBACK: Sociologists have identified clear patterns in the ways parents treat girls and boys differently. The types of chores they are expected to do help shape ideas about how they should behave as adults and give them the skills to fulfill those roles.

For as long as she can remember, Nilay has liked to play with dolls while her brother prefers trucks and tools. These were the toys they were given by their parents and their books contained illustrations of these same preferences. This is an example of ____. gender orientation biological imperative androgyny gender socialization

gender socialization FEEDBACK: When we encourage girls and boys to play with toys we deem appropriate for their genders, we teach them what it means to be girls and boys (or women and men) in our society. These expectations are reinforced in books, by peers, in the media, and in the broader culture.

Andi's sex chromosomes don't match her sexual anatomy. Her condition is known as ____. homosexual bisexual intersex transgender

intersex FEEDBACK: Our society insists on two dichotomous categories of sex and gender: female/male and woman/man. We assign each baby a sex based primarily on genitals and chromosomes (which we presume match up). When chromosomes do not correspond with sexual anatomy or sexual anatomy is not clearly female or male, we assign the label "intersex."

Shawn was born with ambiguous genitalia and XX chromosomes. Shawn's parents decided to label her female and raise her as a girl. What is Shawn's condition called? sexual identity disorder homosexuality transgender intersex

intersex FEEDBACK: We tend to assume a newborn infant's genitalia will be clearly female or male and will match their chromosomes (XX for female and XY for male). When an infant's genitalia are not clearly female or male, physicians may do a chromosomal test. This is one example of a range of conditions called intersex.

Socialization ____. results in people learning social rules and always following them is a lifelong process by which people learn to act and think in light of what they believe others expect of them is just like computer programing happens without social interaction

is a lifelong process by which people learn to act and think in light of what they believe others expect of them FEEDBACK: Socialization is a learning process that happens through ongoing social interaction: first with family and then with schools, peers, media, religion, and the wider culture.

The association of the color pink with girls and blue with boys ____. has existed for at least 200 years is a relatively new gender rule is rarely used to differentiate babies by gender is based in biology

is a relatively new gender rule FEEDBACK: We use color to differentiate girl babies and boy babies in part because babies look alike and we think gender distinction is important. Historically, pink was viewed as a "stronger" color (perhaps because it is closer to red?) and thus appropriate for boys. Blue was viewed as daintier and thus appropriate for girls. The change is relatively recent and has more to do with marketing than with any real gender difference.

An androgynous gender approach to parenting is one that ____. teaches boys to be boys and girls to be girls enhances gender expression emphasizes "doing gender" is gender neutral

is gender neutral FEEDBACK: Emphasizing children's activities that are neither exclusively masculine nor exclusively feminine is an androgynous parenting approach. Children are granted freedom to develop their interests and activities.

Which pair of terms refers to biological sex? man and male woman and female man and woman male and female

male and female FEEDBACK: Woman and man are the terms we use to refer to gender, while female and male are the terms we use for sex.

According to research, males and females are _____. more different than alike more alike than different opposites converse

more alike than different FEEDBACK: Research on physical differences as well as psychological differences reveals that males and females are more alike than different on almost all variables. There are more differences among males and among females than there are between them.

In 2016, women ages 25 to 34 were ___________ than men to _____________ less likely/ finish a BA degree more likely/ finish a BA degree more likely/ drop out of college less likely/ be successful in school

more likely/ finish a BA degree FEEDBACK: In 2016, 40 percent of women compared with 34 percent of men ages 25 to 34 completed a BA degree. Women surpassed men's rate of college graduation more than two decades ago.

Zoe was born male and later transitioned to female by taking hormones and undergoing surgery. Zoe doesn't identify as male or female but as a "third sex." Zoe is an example of someone who might be described as ______________. intersex a lesbian non-binary a transman

non-binary FEEDBACK: Some countries have made legal moves toward recognizing gender diversity, including people who identify as a combination of male and female identity. In 2016, an Oregon judge allowed someone to identify legally as "non-binary" (neither male nor female). Although some intersex people may identify as "non-binary," not all intersex people do.

Recently, some governments have begun to legally recognize that ____. people identify with more than two genders gender is biologically fixed sex and gender are the same gender is predominately biological

people identify with more than two genders FEEDBACK: A number of countries (including India, Pakistan, and Nepal) have laws that recognize transgender people and allow individuals to legally identify as another gender instead of woman or man.

A backlash among conservatives has demanded that transgender people be required to use bathrooms that match their________________, not those that match their ____________ sexual orientations/ gender identities sexes assigned at birth/ sexual orientations gender identities/ sexes assigned at birth sexes assigned at birth/ gender identities

sexes assigned at birth/ gender identities FEEDBACK: Some schools and local governments have permitted people to use bathrooms that match their gender identities. Conservatives have demanded that people be required to use bathrooms that match the genders on their birth certificates, or their sexes assigned at birth.

When individuals internalize elements of a social structure and make those elements part of their personalities, they have experienced the results of ____. integration segregation discrimination socialization

socialization FEEDBACK: When people learn the norms and expectations of a particular society and then make decisions and act based on them, they have been socialized into the culture.

The expression "doing gender" refers to ____. doctors and parents assigning gender identities at birth employers discriminating against women in hiring decisions turning sex categories into gender identities through personal interactions pairing up with a romantic partner of the same sex

turning sex categories into gender identities through personal interactions FEEDBACK: Gender is socially constructed and typically based on the biological sex we are assigned at birth. As we develop our gender identities and convince others to identify us accordingly, we enhance aspects of our bodies and behaviors that align with gender expectations.

Which pair of terms refers to social gender? man and male woman and female woman and man male and female

woman and man FEEDBACK: Woman and man are the terms we use to refer to gender, while female and male are the terms we use for sex.